Ukuzivikela kombuso okuzimele kuyimfundiso enamandla esekelwe eMthethweni weSichibiyelo seshumi nanye, evikela izifunda ukuba zingamangalelwa enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Emkhakheni wezindlu zomphakathi, lesi simiso sidala izithiyo ezinkulu kubantu abahlalayo namaqembu azimele afuna ukuvala izikhulu zezindlu ezizimele ezizimele ezilawulwa uhulumeni nezwe. Kukude nokubekwa isakhiwo sobungcweti, ukuvikela ubukhosi obusemqoka kwezindawo ezizimele, ukuma kwezindawo zonke ezizimele, ukuthonya lapho amasudi akhona, ukuthi amakhambi akhona kanjani, nendlela engokomthetho esetshenziswa ngayo. Lemfundiso ivikela izakhiwo zezwe nezokuvikela i-Orthonsialba, kodwa futhi ibeka izingozi ekushiyeni abaqashi ngaphandle kobandlululo, izimo eziyingozi, noma ukuvinjezwa ngokungekho emthethweni. Ukuqonda izindawo ezisemkhandleni lomphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi kuhilela noma uhulumeni owenziwayo ezindaweni zomphakathi ezingokomthetho kuhileleke kumthetho, nakuphatha abamele ukuphatha abamele ukuphatha izikhulu.

Ukuqonda Ukuhlangana KoMbusi Wezwe

Umthetho ogonyelwe uhulumeni umthetho ovamile obekwe ngaphambi komthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kamuva ogunyazwe futhi olinganiselwe yimibhalo yoMthetho-sisekelo nencazelo yokwahlulela. Emgceni wawo, kusho ukuthi akunacala lamacala ayimfihlo enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba bavume ukumangalelwa noma ukumiswa kwe-Congress. ISivumelo seSigunya seSimiso seshumi Elinye sesizwe, esigunyazwe ngo1795, esigunyazwelwe ngokwe-ka ngokomthetho, sivalwa ngokucacile izinkantolo zezwe ekuzweni kwempahla ethile ezindaweni ezithile, kodwa imfundiso idlulela ngalé kwemithetho engokoqobo esekelwe emthetho kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba ivume ukuthi i-Romston ihlelwe ngokusemthethweni. INkanto ephakeme iphethe ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwesimiso sombuso, esisesimweni esingaphakathi esingokomthetho sombuso wombuso wombuso ohlangene. Le komiti isebenza ezinhlangothini ezimele iphethe kanye nezikhulu zezindawo ezisemthethweni zezindawo zomphakathi, ngaphandle kwegunyazwe eliqinile, futhi iveza ukuvikelwa ngokusebenza kahle.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwaso

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye sithi: "Amandla eSiphakamiso sokwahlulela e-United States ngeke athathwe ukuba adlulisele kunoma yiliphi isu elingokomthetho noma ukulingana, aqaliswe noma amangalelwe omunye we-United States yizakhamuzi zeZwe elithile, noma yi-Citizens okanye iZihlomo zanoma yiliphi Izwe." Nakuba umbhalo wayo ubonakala ulinganiselwe ekulawuleni, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yawachaza ukuthi ayinqabe zonke izigwebo ezizimele ezisenkantolo zikahulumeni, ngisho nalezo ezisekelwe enkantolo zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kokuba isebenzise i-Promentervement. I-Promentiase-Promes [[Foct:] i-Flarge] [f] [Flarge] [f]] i-Flarges Bank. i-Foffancer ezindaweni ezihlukene ze-ogcense, i-Astionstion, i-octivease, noma i-Activestionstion, i-octus ezindaweni ezihlukene, i-octus ezindaweni ezihlukeneyo

Izingxabano Zezindlu Zomphakathi Nobunye Obuphakeme

Izingxabano zezindlu zomphakathi zivela ebuhlotsheni obukhethekile phakathi kwabaqashi neziphathimandla zezindlu ezilawulwa uhulumeni. Lezingxabano zivame ukuhlanganisa ukucwasana okusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ukukhubazeka komkhaya; izimo zokuphila ezingalondekile ezinjengopende womthofu, isikhunta, noma ukuhlanya; ukuxoshwa okungalungile; nokuphulwa kwelungelo lokufaka inqubo efanelekile. Uma lezi zimpikiswano zilethwa kumelene neziphathimandla ezihlangene nezindawo zokuhlala, isoshanelo lobukhosi liba yimpikiswano enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isithiyo esiqinile esilawulayo esilawulayo singenze isakhiwo sezwe esihlulekayo ukuvumelana nezindinganiso zezindawo ezisezihlahleni eziphezulu zezindawo eziphezulu ezingokomthetho. Nokho, uma igunya libhekwa njengengalingani nengalo yemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho yokulawula ngaphandle kokuba i-anerfaunce. Lokhu kudala isithiyo esivimbela esihluliwe esimweni esingakhohlwini esilawulayo, ngisho nesekungene imibandela esingokomthetho sokulawula inkantolo esingokomthetho sokulawula.

Izinhlobo Zokusho

Ilinganisela ngokukhethekile izisu zenkantolo kahulumeni ngokumelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Nokho, izinhlobo zezimali ezivame ukuthinteka ezindlini zomphakathi zihlanganisa:

  • Imithetho yokuphithana ithi ngaphansi koMthetho weFair House Act, amaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka, nesigaba 504 soMthetho wokubuyisela isimilo. Nakuba imithetho eminingi kahulumeni ehlanganisa ukukhishwa kwemithetho ye-Congress Congregation yokuvikela, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi ukunqandwa kwemisebe kuyasebenza yini ngaphansi komthetho wokugunyaza iSichibiyelo se-14.
  • Izinga lokukhosela nokuphepha kufunwa [ kusekelwe kumthetho we-United States House Act noma umthetho wezwe olawula indawo yomphakathi. Lokhu kuvame ukufuna umonakalo wokulimala komuntu siqu noma ukulimala kwempahla, okwenza ukuvikela kobukhosi kube yisivikelo esiyinhloko.
  • Inqubo efanelekile engokwesayensi ithi ngenxa yokuxoshwa okungalungile noma ukuqedwa kwezindlu. Nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye singazibambele izisu zezikhulu zikahulumeni ngenxa yosizo olungenalusizo ngaphansi kwe-Expace Young, izikhangiso zokudazululwa kwenani elidlulileyo ziyavinjelwa.
  • [ umfundisi wesiteshi ngaphansi kwezindlu zomphakathi noma imithetho yendawo. Izifunda eziningi ziye zavala ukuzivikela kombuso ngenxa yesivumelwano esithile noma izivumelwano zokuthatha i-tort, kodwa umlindi angalinganiselwa enkantolo yesifunda noma abeke izikhonkwane ezisosizini.

Uhlobo ngalunye oluthi ludinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela ukuthi luyasebenza yini ekuvikelekeni kwesimiso sokuzivikela sobuso futhi noma ikuphi ukungemthetho kuvumela ukuthi isudi iqhubeke enkantolo kahulumeni. Kubantu abahlala kulo, umphumela ongokoqobo uwukuthi ukukhetha kwabo i-foum kungase kulinganiselwe, futhi kungase kudingeke bathembele emakhambini enkantolo athuthukile noma angcono kakhulu kunesivikelo sikahulumeni.

Abayintandokazi Ezindaweni Zomphakathi Zokuhlala

Naphezu kokungavikeleki okubanzi, amadlanzana amiswe kahle avumela ukumangalelwa kwezindlu zomphakathi ukuba kuqhubeke enkantolo kahulumeni. Lokhu kushiyeka kuwela ezinhlangothini ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuxoxiwa kwe-Congregal, ukulahlwa kwe-stative, nemfundiso ye-Exe Young. Ngamunye unezindinganiso zakhe ezingokomthetho kanye nokuvumelana kwezibalo eziqondile.

Ukuxoshwa Kwenhlangano

IKhomishane ingavikela uhulumeni ekulweni ngesimiso sokuzimela lapho imisa umthetho ngaphansi kweSiqeshana 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esinika uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ukulhliswa kwecala kumelwe kube sobala ngokungenakungaguquguquki" embhalweni ongokomthetho futhi kufanele kube ukusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kwamandla eSigabeni 5. Esomphakathini, imithetho eminingana yezwe iye yagcinwa ekuvinjelweni kwesimiso sombuso:

  • Umthetho weFair Homes Act (FAHLA): IFHA inqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala futhi ivumela amalungelo azimele okuthatha isinyathelo sokulimaza. Itrenase v. I-La[ [2004], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela iSihlomo II samaMelika anokukhubazeka njengomthetho osemthethweni wokukhipha amalungelo ayisisekelo, kodwa isicelo sezezomthetho zezindlu zomphakathi sihlala siyiqiniso-9. Ngokwezinkantolo eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi i-FAHARPRS [204] ukuzivikela kwezindawo ezithile, ikakhulukazi ezihilela ukucwasana kwezenzo zezenzo zezenzo.
  • AmaMelika anomthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA): Isihloko II se-ADA sinqabela ukucwaswa kwemigoqo ezinkonzweni zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezindlu zomphakathi. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme i-Lane[ iqinisekisa ukuthi i-Sihlomo II sisebenza ngokusemthethweni ekuvimbeleni kwecala elibalulekile elihilela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokungena ezinkantolo, kodwa ukufinyelela kwayo kwezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi akucacile. Izinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa ezintathu: ukuthi isho ukuthi iphuzu liyilungelo elibalulekile, ukuthi i-FLTBRC ilungile yini futhi ilingana ukulimala, nokuthi ukuziphatha kombuso kuyawuphula yini umthetho.
  • Ukuhlukanisa 504 kuMthetho wokubuyisela unqanyulo: Lomthetho, owenqabela ukucwaswa kobukhubazeka ezimisweni ezixhaswe uhulumeni, uhlanganisa ukuveza ukuvikela. Izinkantolo ziye zaphikelela ukuthi ukunyuswa kuyasebenza ngoba kuhlangene nezimali zikahulumeni, okuthi ngokuzithandela kuyamukeleka. Kubaphathi bezindlu zomphakathi abamukela izimali zikahulumeni, lokhu kuthathelwa ngaphandle kuyithuluzi elinamandla labaqashi abakhubazekile.
  • Ubudlova obungavumelani noMadoda Act (VAWA): IVAWA inikeza izikhuseli zezisulu zobudlova basekhaya ezindlini zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokungaxoshwa ngenxa yobudlova. Umthetho uhlanganisa ilungiselelo eliqondile lokukhipha igebe, kodwa ukufaneleka kwayo akuvivinywanga ngokugcwele eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ezinye izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zalisekela ngaphansi komthetho osetshenziswayo.

State Waivers

Amazwe angawaphazamisa ngokuzithandela amagonogodu awo okubusayo ngomthetho, imithetho yokuphatha, noma ngokwamukela izimali zikahulumeni. AmaWaiver kumelwe abekwe ngendlela ecacile; izinkantolo ngeke zisho ukuthi ahluliwe emithethweni evamile noma athathe isinyathelo ezimisweni zikahulumeni. Emongweni wezindlu zomphakathi, izimiso eziyinhloko zokuvimbela ukuvukwa kwemithetho zihlanganisa:

  • Ukwamukela imali kahulumeni: Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ukwamukela izimali zikahulumeni akuzihluphi ngokuzenzakalelayo esuthwini langasese ngaphansi komthetho wezimali (bona College Savings Bank[), uKhomishane ungaxhasa imali ephumayo. Izimiso eziningi zezindawo zokuhlala, njenge United States Homeat Act, zihlanganisa amalungiselelo adinga ukuvumelana nesidingo sokwamukela izimali. Nokho, izinga le-waver i-raver lilinganiselwe ekuthi i-patting sholove i-pal ngeyal'univer ngokwayo.
  • I-stagory rautemporyr: Eminye imibuso iye yamisa izenzo zokuzisholo noma izenzo zokuvimbela izindlu zomphakathi eziphazamisa izinhlobo ezithile zesivumelwano, njengokuphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukunganaki, noma ukuvinjelwa okungekho emthethweni. Lezi zigebengu zivame ukubeka imingcele, njengokudingeka kokubhala iziphakamiso zokulawula phambi kokukhokha, isethi yemali emonakalweni (umzekelo, ingqikithi ka-500,000) noma isilinganiso esifushane semithetho yokulinganisela. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia ivimbela izivumelwano zokumelana nezinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nezokuvikelwa kwemithetho ethile yezindlu zenkantolo yenkantolo.
  • I-Conent ukuvumelana nenkantolo kahulumeni : Ezinye iziphathimandla zezindlu zezwe, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisebenza njengezinhlangano zangasese, zingavuma ngokucace kakhulu ukuvumelana nomthetho wazo ozenza zikwazi. Izinkantolo zifuna ulimi olucacile olubonisa inhloso yokumangalelwa enkantolo kahulumeni, hhayi inkantolo yesifundazwe.

Imfundiso Ewumntwana

Imfundiso ye-Exte Young, eyasungulwa ngo-19908, ivumela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zidlulise izikhulu zikahulumeni emathubeni azo angokomthetho ukuze zivimbele ukuphulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni okuqhubekayo. Imfundiso isekelwe ensumansumaneni yokuthi isikhulu sikahulumeni esisebenza ngokungemthetho sincishisiwe futhi kanjalo singavunyelwa ukuba sidluliswe njengecala lomuntu. Ezindaweni zomphakathi, lokhu kubucayi ukuze abaqashi bavimbele ukunqandwa okungavunyelwe okungavunyelwe umthetho, futhi kuphoqelele ukuthobela izindinganiso zezindawo zokuhlala ezihloniphekile, noma ukubekela imingcele yemithetho engokomthetho. Nokho, imfundiso inemingcele ebalulekile: ayivumi imvume yokukhokhwa kwemali ekhubazekayo, idinga ukuboniswa kwecala eliqhubekayo, futhi ayinakusetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni izikhulu noma izinhlangano zayo ezisempini. Izikhulu zikahulumeni eziningi zenkantolo zikhomba ukuvinywe kakhulu.

Izimemezelo Ezingokomthetho Zamaqembu Ezihlubuki Namaqembu Ezezenkolo

Uma kucatshangelwa ubunkimbinkimbi besimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni, abaqashi namaqembu agunyazayo kumelwe athathe amasu omthetho okwakha ukuze anqobe izithiyo ze-procedrose futhi athole impumuzo. Ukukhetha i-forum, uhlobo lweziphakamiso, nekhambi kwafuna konke okungathonya amathuba empumelelo. Ukuphumelela kuvame ukuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezenzo zenkantolo zikahulumeni ne-odoli, ukuthembela ezindaweni ezithile ezihlukile, nokunxusa ngokucophelela ukugwema isivikelo sokuzivikela.

Ukuphikelela Enkantolo YoMbuso

Icebo eliqondile ukuletha ukufaneleka enkantolo yombuso, lapho ukuvikela kombuso kulawulwa umthetho wezwe kunayiSichibiyelo seshumi nanye. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zawaphula amasu esivumelwano, izikhankaso, noma izimpikiswano zomnikazi wendawo, ngokuvamile ezinezikhonkwane eziboshiwe. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zijwayelene kakhulu nezindlela zomphakathi zokuhlala futhi zinganikeza abaqashi i-athom etholakalayo ngaphandle kwemithombo yezimali engokomthetho. Nokho, amakhambi enkantolo angase angabi nalwazi kakhulu kunezindlela zokulawula izivumelwano zomthetho, futhi abaqashwaname bezwele bangakwazi ukuphakamisa iziphakamiso zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Fair - Act noma i-AAD, ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo inegunya lokuzilalela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izigwebo ezisemthethweni zemithetho engekho emthethweni wokulawula noma ukuqaphela izimpawu ezimfushane, ukuthi izigwebo eziwubulongweni eziwubulongweni eziwubukhali ngokuvamile zeze izigaba zenkantolo ezithiwe, lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zishosho umthetho omthetho omthetho omthetho owe kabi.

Imithetho Ehlukile Ewumbukwane Wezitebhisi

Uma inkantolo kahulumeni ithandwa, ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa amakhambi abanzi e-FHA noma ukufinyelela kwe-ADA ezinkokhelweni zommeli .ADA kufanele kuphawule ukucocwa noma ukudutshulwa okusemthethweni. Uma inkantolo ikhubazeka, i-Rehabilitation Act iyisisekelo esiqinile ngoba isimo somkhaya sibotshelelwe ngokomthetho ngokwezimali futhi isekelwe ngokungaguquki. Imibono yokucwaswa kwezinhlanga ngaphansi kwe-FHA, abakhohlisi kufanele basole amaqiniso abonisa ukucwaswa ngephutha noma ukususwa kwemiphumela, okungase kushukumise amandla okucwalisa ngaphansi kwe-Gademineralite. Izikhulu ezingasenzile, ngoba isimo somkhaya sithi, ukuhlaziya okufanayo kuyasebenza. Advocationvoism kufanele futhi kucabangele ingxenye ye-exptionstionsss, ukuveza imvume yokuthola imvume ehlukene, kungabangela ukuvuma kwemvume yokuthola imvume, futhi kungenzakali ezikhulwini somthetho somthetho.

Isenzo Sekilasi

Izingxabano zezindlu zomphakathi ngokuvamile zithinta amaqembu amakhulu abaqashi, okwenza izenzo zesigaba zibe zikhanga. Ukuzivikela kombuso kusebenza ngokulinganayo ezithandweni zesigaba, kodwa futhi kuyasebenza. Isenzo sekilasi esifuna ukukhululeka kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Ex pace Young sivumelekile, njengoba kunjalo nesigaba esifuna izindleko zemali uma inqubo yokuziphakamisa noma ukuphambanisa isigaba esithile. Nokho, ukuvimbela kwesigaba kungaba nzima kakhulu uma ukuzivikela kobuso kusempikiswa, ngoba isigaba kumelwe sihlanganyele inkolelo engokomthetho ehlelile ehloni enqoba isivikelo sokuzivikela. Izenzo zeqembu lezisebenzi eziphumelelayo ezindlini ngokuvamile zigxile ekuphathweni kwezimiso ezisemthethweni, njengokuvunyelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni noma ukuhluleka kokulondoloza iproductive nengxenye yesigaba esinelisayo. Isigaba esincane sidinga ukucucupheka okune ngokucucuthayo kanye neseqe.

Izinselele Nokunakekela Okuwusizo

Naphezu kwezindlela ezihlukile ezikhona, ukugonyelwa kwezilwane ezizimele kuseyisithiyo esikhulu sokuthola imvume yezindlu zomphakathi.

  • Izindleko zokuzimela nokulibala : Isivikelo sokuzivikela esibusayo sivame ukuholela ekuthatheni izinyawo ukuxosha nokunxusa, ukwandisa isikhathi nezindleko ze-literium. Imali enemali elinganiselwe ingase ingakwazi ukusekela impi, futhi amaqembu angokwabela amaqembu kumelwe alinganisele ingcebo yawo phakathi kwamacala amaningi.
  • Azikho emthethweni: Ukufaneleka komthetho we-Congregational ukugcotshwa kwe-corvanion kuyahluka-hluka ngokomthetho nangenkantolo, kwakha ukungabikezeli. Ukusho okuvunyelwe eSifundeni se-Genetic kungavinjelwa eFrekini leshumi nanye. Lesifunda esihlukanisayo sinamandla ukucwaninga ngokucophelela inqubo yendawo futhi singaholela ekuthengeni.
  • Ukujezisa omonakalo: Ngisho noma ukwenzeka okuhlukile, ukulimala kungaphazanyiswa yiziphazamiso zezwe noma kulinganiselwe imfundiso ye-Expate Young. Abafelwa abalimala kakhulu, njengokulimala komuntu siqu ngenxa yoshevu womthofu, bangathola ukuthi amakhambi akhona awabahlawuleli ngokugcwele.
  • Izingozi zokuphindisela: Abamangalelwa abaphethe izikhulu zezindlu bangase babhekane nokuphindisela, njengokuxoshwa noma ukuhlukunyezwa, ngisho noma umthetho ukwenqabela. Nakuba ukuziphindisela kutholakala ngaphansi kwe-FHA kanye nezinye izimiso, banezela ungwengwengwezi olwengeziwe lwezintambo nengozi.
  • imithombo ilahla izilinganiso[: Abameli bezwe banemithombo ebanzi nobuchwepheshe ekuvikeleni kokuzivikela kobuso, kuyilapho abaqashi ngokuvamile bethembela kubameli abasemthethweni noma obeluleki be-probono abangase bangabi nolwazi kulendawo. I-asymmetry ingakuvimbela ukusho okuncomekayo.

Ukuze kuxazululwe lezinselele, amaqembu okuthola izimvume aphishekele izinguquko ezingokomthetho emazingeni ezwe nakuhulumeni. Amanye amazwe aye akhipha iziphakamiso zokunqanda ukunqanda ukuthengwa kwezindlu zomphakathi, futhi iSishaya-mthetho siye sacabangela ukubuyiselwa kwe-Fair House Act ne-United States Hospital Act ukuze kucaciswe izinga lokukhishwa kwemvume. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano zamalungelo abaqashi ziye zasungula amathuluzi okuvimbela ukugcinwa kwezindawo kanye neziluleko zokusiza abenzi bezokuzivikela komthetho ukuba basebenzise imibandela engcono kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Ukuzivikela kombuso okuzimele akusona isithiyo esiphelele sokulunga ezimpikiswaneni zezindlu zomphakathi, kodwa kuyisithiyo esikhulu esidinga ukuhanjwa okungokomthetho. Lemfundiso ivikela ukubusa kwezwe kodwa ingavikela futhi izikhulu zezindlu ekubekelweni icala lobandlululo, izimo ezingalondekile, nokuphulwa kwamalungelo. Abaqashi namaqembu azimele, impumelelo ixhomeke ekuqondeni ukucwalwa okungaphandle kuka-(Chonationalation, ukunqanda, ukunqanda ukulawulwa kwemithetho, nokungahleleki kwemfundiso yentsha, kanye nokukhetha ilungelo lecala necebo lecala ngalinye. Nakuba inkantolo yezwe ihlala isendaweni ethandwayo ngenxa yamandla amaningi empilweni kahulumeni, inkantolo inganikeza indlela eqondile ngokwengeziwe yezindaba ezithile, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilela ukuphulwa komthetho wezindawo ezingekho emthethweni. Ukuhlulwa kwezindawo zezindawo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zezindawo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, ukucunulwa kwemisweni zezindawo zezindawo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, futhi ezincike kakhulu zezindawo ezingoko ezingokomthetho ezisemfaniswayo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, ezifunwayo eziwufaneleyo, eziwu