Table of Contents

UMthetho-sisekelo umi njengomthetho ophakeme we-United States, umisa izimiso nemithetho eyisisekelo ebusa isizwe. Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwayo ngo-1787, lencwadi ephilayo iye yavela ngenqubo eklanywe ngokucophelela evumela ukuba ivumelane nokushintsha izikhathi kuyilapho ilondoloza izindinganiso zayo eziyisisekelo. Ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa komthetho - sisekelo okubumba ngayo imithetho yethu kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika nesimiso somthetho esithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Ukuqonda Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. wakhiwa iSingeniso, izihloko eziyisikhombisa, nezingama - 27, ukwakha uhlelo olubanzi lomthetho oluye lwaqondisa isizwe iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Lombhalo ophawulekayo waklanywa unenjongo ehlala njalo nevumelana nezimo engqondweni, uvumela izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo ukuba zibhekane nezinselele nezimo abaFrame ababengeke bazilindele.

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni(-legislative, isikhulu, neyahlulelo (*) futhi uchaza amandla nokulinganiselwa kwawo. Iveza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalesi sakhiwo sikahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo uveza ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, ukudala isimiso sombuso esilinganisela ubunye besizwe nobukhosi bombuso.

Okwenza uMthetho-sisekelo uphawuleke ngempela ikhono lawo lokuhlala usebenza emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka enguquko enkulu yezenhlalo, yezobuchwepheshe, nezombangazwe. Lokhu kuvumelana kubangelwa ngokuyinhloko yinqubo yokulungisa, evumela le dokhumende ukuba ishintshe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yikho okuyisisekelo. AbaFramers baqonda ukuthi ayikho incwadi engalindela noma isiphi isidingo sesikhathi esizayo, ngakho bakha indlela yokushintsha edinga ukuvumelana okukhulu kuyilapho bevimbela ukuguqula ngokuxhamazela noma ngokugula.

Injongo Nokubaluleka Kwezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Zivumela umthetho oyisisekelo wezwe ukuba uzivumelanise nezimo ezintsha, ukuqondisa okulungile noma izinkinga embhalweni wokuqala, ukwandisa amalungelo nesivikelo sezakhamuzi, futhi ubonise ukuguqula izindinganiso zomphakathi nokuqonda ubulungisa.

Izinqumo ziqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho sisalokhu sifanelekile futhi silungile njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka. Sinikeza indlela engokomthetho yokusingatha izindaba uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala owawungazigubuzeli ngokwanele noma oye wavela ngenxa yezimo ezishintshayo. Ngokushintsha izingxenye ezithile zoMthetho-sisekelo, ukulungisa kungandisa amalungelo, ukucacisa amalungiselelo adidayo, ukuvimbela izenzo ezithile zikahulumeni, noma izindinganiso ezingcono ezingokomthetho ezithinta izigidi zabantu baseMelika.

Le nqubo yokulungisa isebenza futhi njenge-valve yokuphepha yentando yeningi, ivumela abantu ukuba bagcine abantu − ngabameleli babo abakhethiwe nezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni − ukwenza izinguquko eziyisisekelo kuhulumeni wabo uma kudingekile. Lokhu kuvimbela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba ube yisidala futhi kusiza ukuba ulondoloze ukholo lomphakathi ekugunyazweni kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izinguquko ziye zakhuluma ngezinye zezimpikiswano ezicindezela kakhulu zesizwe. Baye baqeda ubugqila, bandisa amalungelo okuvota emaqenjini ayehlukunyezwe ngaphambili, aguqulwa izinqubo zikahulumeni, nenkululeko evikelekile. Ukulungisa ngakunye kumelela isikhathi lapho isizwe sinquma ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo udinga ukushintsha ukuze ubonise kangcono izindinganiso nezindinganiso zaseMelika.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo: ISiphakamiso V

Igunya lokulungisa uMthetho - sisekelo waseUnited States lithathwe eSiphakamisweni V soMthetho - sisekelo, esimisa inqubo enzima ngamabomu eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa ngokusekela okukhulu kuphela kuba ingxenye yomthetho oyisisekelo.

Izinqumo Ezisikiselayo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukuthi ushintsho lungahlongozwa yiSishaya-mthetho ngamavoti ayizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kokubili eNdlu yabameleli naseSigele noma ngomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo obizwa ngeziphakamiso ezimbili ezithathu zezindlu zomthetho-mthetho. Lezi zindlela ezimbili zibonisa isifiso samaFramers sokuvumela kokubili uhulumeni wombuso nezwe ukuba ziqalise izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho.

Ngokwenqubo, indlela yokuhlela i-conodion ibiyindlela ekhethekile yokulungisa izinguquko. Akukho nanye kwezingu- 27 eziye zahlongozwa umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba kuye kwaba nemizamo yokubiza umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo ngezindaba ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokulungisa uhlelo lwemali olulinganiselwe, lemizamo ayikaze ifinyelele emngceleni odingekayo wokusekela izishaya-mthetho ezimbili eziyisithathu.

I-Congress iveza ushintsho oluyisinqumo esihlanganyelwe, futhi njengoba uMongameli engenayo indima eMthethweni enqubweni yokulungisa, isinqumo esihlangene asiyi eWhite House ukuze sisayinwe noma sivunyelwe. Lokhu kukhishwa kukaMongameli enqubweni yokulungisa kumelela ukuhlola okubalulekile ngamandla aphethe futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zidinga ukuvumelana kwemithetho kunokuba zivunyelwe ukuba kube yigunya elikhulu.

Izinqumo Ezijabulisayo

Uma nje sekuhlongozwe ukulungisa, kumelwe kuvunyelwe ukuba kube yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kuba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokushesha lapho kugunyazwa abantu abathathu kwabane base-United States (ama-38 ku-50). Lomnyango ophakeme uqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho sisekelo ziyasekelwa ezingxenyeni zezwe nakwezombangazwe.

ISishaya-mkhandlu sinquma ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa imishado okufanele zisetshenziswe yizwe. Izwe lingalungisa iziphakamiso ngezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni noma ngemihlangano ekhethekile e-operation. Inqubo yombuso yokulungisa izinguquko iye yasetshenziselwa zonke ngaphandle kwesisodwa se-$iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esaphinde sagunyazwa yimihlangano yombuso.

Lapho iHhovisi Le - Federal Register liqinisekisa ukuthi liye lathola inani elidingekayo lezincwadi eziqokonyiswayo eziqinisekisiwe, limisa isimemezelo esingokomthetho sokuba umsekeli we - Archivice aqinisekise ukuthi ukulungisa kuyasebenza futhi sekuyingxenye yoMthetho - sisekelo, futhi lesisitifiketi sikhishwa kuyi - Federal Register nase - U.S. iMithetho engokomthetho enkulu futhi isebenza njengesaziso esingokomthetho eMkhandlwini nasesizweni sokuthi inqubo yokulungisa sekuphelile.

Ubunzima Bokushintsha Umthetho - sisekelo

Abahleli benza lo msebenzi onzima wokuqinisekisa ukuzinza nokuvimbela izinguquko ezivame ukusekelwa ezithandweni zesikhashana zezombangazwe. UMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu - 27 kuphela kusukela wabuthwa ngo - 1787, kuhlanganise nezinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi ezamukelwa eminyakeni emine kamuva njengeBill of Rights.

Lobubunzima buyinhloso futhi bufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile. Buvimbela ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ulungiswe ngezinjongo ezincane noma ezihlukene, buqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho olubanzi nokusekelwa okuhlala njalo luyingxenye yomthetho oyisisekelo, luvikela amalungelo amancane ukuba angasuswa amasonto amakhulu esikhashana, futhi lulondoloza ukuzinza nokuqhubekeka kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo.

UKhomishane unikeze izinguquko ezingu-33 kuMthetho-sisekelo, ezingu-27 zazo ezavunyelwa yizwe, zibonisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho izinguquko zicacisa isithiyo esiphakeme sokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano, zingase zihluleke ukufinyelela ukudukiswa yizwe. Izinguquko ezisobala zihlanganisa iSimemezelo samaLungelo esilinganayo, esifuna ukuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo kungakhathaliseki ubulili, nezihlongozo ezihlukahlukene zezimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zemali, imingcele yamalungu eSishaya-Hulumeni, nezinye izinguquko.

I - Ibheli Lamalungelo: IziNguqulo Zokuqala Eziyishumi

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo zakha iBill of Rights, futhi uJames Madison wabhala izinguquko njengekhambi lokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngoMthetho-sisekelo. Lezinguquko zagunyazwa ngo-1791, eminyakeni emine nje ngemva kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo wamukelwe.

Imvelaphi Yesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

I - Bill of Rights yaphuma ekuyekethiseni kwezombangazwe phakathi nezimpikiswano zokudilizwa koMthetho - sisekelo. Abalweli bamaFederalst basekela uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla futhi bakholelwa ukuthi abantu futhi babusa ngokuzenzakalelayo bagcina noma yimiphi imibuso eyayinganikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni, kuyilapho abashisekeli be - Anti - Federali babefuna igunya lokuhlala nohulumeni bendawo futhi bethanda incwadi yamalungelo okuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

UJames Madison, ekuqaleni owayengabaza ukuthi kufanele kubhalwe incwadi yamalungelo, waqiniseka ngokubaluleka kwayo futhi wahola ekubuthweni nasekubuthweni kwemithetho yokulungisa nokulungisa ngeSishaya - mthetho. Imizamo yakhe yaphumela ekulungiseni izigwegwe eziyishumi nambili ezazihlongozwa yimibuso.

Izivikelo Eziyinhloko ESivumelwaneni Samalungelo Abantu

ISiphakamiso sama - Rights sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo ehlukahlukene futhi simisa imingcele ebalulekile emandleni kahulumeni. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yenkolo, yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, nesicelo (imvume ezibalulekile ekuzilawuleni kwentando yeningi nasekuzilawuleni komuntu siqu. ISishaya-Mkhandlu senqatshelwe ukwenza imithetho emisa inkolo noma evimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, ilungiselelo eliqhubeka libangela impikiswano ephawulekayo engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe.ISichibiyelo Sesithathu sivimbela ukufakwa kwengxenye yesine yamasosha emizini yabantu ngaphandle kwemvume, sisingatha isikhalo esithile esivela enkathini yamakoloni.

ISichibiyelo Sesine silondoloza ilungelo lokungagxambukeli kuhulumeni ongenangqondo emakhaya abantu ngemfuneko engokomthetho.

IziNguqulo zesihlanu kuya ku-8 zimisa isivikelo esibalulekile kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuzilahla, ilungelo lenqubo efanele, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi yijaji, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nesivikelo esijezisweni esinonya nesingavamile. Lezi zivikelo zezemvelo zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ngokulunga esimisweni sokwahlulela esiwubugebengu futhi zivimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya likahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth ne-Tenth sikhuluma ngobuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo ahlukene nangalinganisiwe naphakathi kwemibuso kahulumeni ne-Hulumeni. IsiHlanzi se-Ninth sicacisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni akusho ukuthi abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo angashiwongo ngokuqondile. Isisekelo seSichibiyelo seshumi esigabeni sezwe nabantu asinikezi mibuso kuhulumeni kahulumeni.

Izinqumo Ezingaphezu Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Nakuba iBhili of Rights yasungula isivikelo esiyisisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, izinguquko zeshumi nesikhombisa ezagunyazwa kusukela ngo - 1791 ziye zakhuluma ngezinkinga eziningi ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekulungiseni izinkinga zokwakha eMthethweni wokuqala kuya ekwandiseni ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi nasekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi.

Iziphendu Zokuvuselela

IziNguqulo Zeshumi Nantathu, Zeshumi Nane Nesihlanu, ezagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, ngokuyisisekelo zawuguqula uMthetho - sisekelo nobuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo.ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithathu sabuqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa okungahlosiwe, ekugcineni saqeda isimiso esasivikelwe uMthetho - sisekelo wokuqala.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane mhlawumbe siyisilungisi esiwumphumela esikhulu kakhulu sokufakwa komthetho-mthetho kusukela eSigqeni samalungelo. Akukho Zwe eliyokwenza noma ukuphoqelela noma yimuphi umthetho ozovimbela amalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi zase-United States; futhi noma yimuphi uMbuso ngeke unciphise noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; noma uphike noma yimuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwawo ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho. Lokhu kubuyiselwa kuyoba yisisekelo sesinqumo seNkantolo ephakeme evikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi nenkululeko.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu sasinqabela ukunqatshelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili.

Ukwandisa Amalungelo Okusakaza

Izinguquko eziningana ziye zandisa ngokuqhubekayo amalungelo okuvota ukuze zihlanganise amaMelika amaningi enqubweni yentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, saqinisekisa abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka empikiswano. Lokhu kulungisa kwaphindeka kabili ukukhethwa okungase kuqhutshwe futhi kwamelela intuthuko enkulu ekuhlanganyeleni kwentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo seThird esingamashumi amabili nantathu, sagunyazwa ngo-1961, sanika izakhamuzi ze-Foold of Columbia ilungelo lokuvota kukhetho lomongameli. ISichibiyelo seNguquko samashumi amabili namathathu se-Fourth sagunyazwa ngo-1964, sanqabela intela yokuvota kuhulumeni, sasusa isithiyo esikhulu sokuvota esasisetshenziselwa ukususa abampofu nabavoti abambalwa.

ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili nantathu, esagunyazwa ngo - 1971, sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota esukela ku - 21 kuya ku - 18, lokhu kwabangelwa ngokuyinhloko yimpikiswano yokuthi uma intsha yayimdala ngokwanele ukuba ibuthwe futhi ilwe eMpini yaseVietnam, yayikhule ngokwanele ukuba ivote.

Izinqumo Zokwakha Nezenqubo

Izinguquko eziningana ziye zaguqula isimo nezinqubo zikahulumeni kahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seTwelfth, esagunyazwa ngo-1804, sabukeza isimiso se-Electoral College ukuze kuvinjelwe izinkinga ezazivele kukhetho ngo-1796 nango-1800. ISichibiyelo se-Seventeenth, esagunyazwa ngo-1913, samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabantu kunababendlu bombuso.

Ngaphambi kokuba iSichibiyelo esingamashumi amabili nane esihlangene sisetshenziswe ngo-1951, kwakungekho mithetho evimbela ukuthi umongameli angasebenzisa amagama amangaki, futhi nakuba kwakuyisiko ukuthatha amagama angaphezulu kabili, abaholi abambalwa babesebenzise amagama esithathu, kodwa akekho owaphumelela kwaze kwaba yilapho uMongameli uFranklin Delano Roosevelt ekhethelwa imibandela eyisithathu neyesine engakaze ibonwe. ISiphendu samashumi amabili nane seSiphenduko manje silinganisela abaphathi emagameni amabili.

ISichibiyelo se-1970, esagunyazwa ngo-1933, sashintsha izinsuku lapho kuqalwa khona izinkulumo zikamongameli nezithi ziphele, sisusa inkathi ende "yedada" eyayikhona ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu, sagunyazwa ngo-1967, samiswa, samiswa, salungisa izinqubo zokulandelana komongameli nokukhubazeka, sisingatha izikhawu eMthethweni wokuqala woMthetho-sisekelo ezazilokhu zibonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili Seshumi Nambili: Indaba Eyingqayizivele

Ukulungisa kwamuva kakhulu komthetho-sisekelo kwahlongozwa ngo-1789 kodwa akwavunyelwanga kwaze kwaba ngoMay 7, 1992. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu sidinga ukuba noma yiziphi izinguquko ezinhlwini ze-conodiation zingasebenzi kuze kube ngemva kokhetho. Lokhu kulungisa umlando ongavamile wokulungisa izakhiwo . . .Njengoba umlando owenziwe ngenkathi engaphezulu kwamakhulu amabili .(ukuthatha amademoni) amademoni ukuthi akukho mkhawulo wokulungisa ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu uphongolo uphoqelele phambili owodwa.

Indlela Izimiso Ezichibiyelwe Ezilolonga Ngayo Futhi Zinethonya

Lapho sekwamukelwe, izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ziba ingxenye yomthetho ophakeme wezwe futhi ziba nemiphumela emikhulu endleleni imithetho esungulwa ngayo, ehunyushwa ngayo, nesetshenziswa ngayo. Izigwebo zithonya isimiso somthetho ngezindlela eziningi, zisusa ukunqabela noma ukudinga izenzo ezithile zikahulumeni zokunikeza izimiso izinkantolo ezizisebenzisayo ukuze kuhlolwe ukuqina kwemithetho nokuziphatha kukahulumeni.

Imiphumela Engokomthetho Eqondile

Ezinye izinguquko zinemiphumela engokomthetho esheshayo neqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwenqabela kweSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu ukugqilazwa, ngokushesha kwanciphisa yonke imithetho eyayivumele noma ilawula ubugqila. Ngokufanayo, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo sasikwenqabela ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa, nokuthuthwa kotshwala, okwenza ukuba zonke izimboni zotshwala zingabi semthethweni ebusuku (nakuba kamuva zancitshiswa yiSichibiyelo Sakuqala samashumi Amahlanu).

Izinqumiso ezinikeza amalungelo okuvota zinemiphumela eqondile emithethweni yokhetho. Izwe alinakuphoqelela izimfanelo zokuvota eziphikisana ne-15, 192, Amashumi amabili nane, noma iziHlanzi ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Noma yimuphi umthetho ophika ukuvota okusekelwe ohlahleni, ebulilini, ukuhluleka ukukhokha intela yokuvota, noma iminyaka (ngezakhamuzi ezingu-18 nangaphezulu) ayivumelani nezezenani eliphansi.

Imisebenzi Yeziqu Zamacala Engachaza

Izinguquko eziningi zinikeza izimiso ezibanzi izinkantolo okumelwe zizichaze futhi zizenze ezicaleni ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala sokukhuluma ngenkululeko, asichazi ngokuqondile ukuthi yiyiphi inkulumo evikelweyo noma yimiphi imingcele kahulumeni evunyelwe. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula izindikimba zomthetho ezichaza la malungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo futhi ziwasebenzise ezimweni eziningi.

Iziqinisekiso zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane zenqubo efanele nesivikelo esifanayo ziye zaba nethonya elikhulu emthetho waseMelika owenziwe. Izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa lamalungiselelo ukumisa imithetho ehlukanisayo esekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, nezinye izici, ukuze zivikele amalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, futhi ziqinisekise izinqubo ezilungile zezenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ngenqubo yokuhlanganisa, izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa isivikelo esiningi seBhill of Rights kuhulumeni nasehulumenini ngokweSichibiyelo seSikhawulo se-14 se-Claus. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo baboshwe yimingcele efanayo engokomthetho engokomthetho emayelana nenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ukusesha nokuthatheka, namanye amalungelo ekuqaleni ayesebenza kuhulumeni wezwe.

Ukuthatha Imithetho Eqinile Nengalawuleki

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zinqanda lokho izishaya-mthetho nezikhulu eziphethe ezingakwenza. Izishayamthetho kumelwe zicabangele izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho kanye nokulinganiselwa lapho kuhlelwa imithetho. Umthetho ohlongozwayo ozophula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo noma owedlula izivumelwano zamandla omthetho-sisekelo awunakumiswa ngokomthetho, futhi uma umiswa, ungashaywa yizinkantolo.

Izikhulu eziphethe kumelwe zisebenze futhi phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Imfuneko yeSichibiyelo sesine, ngokwesibonelo, isithiya indlela izikhulu zomthetho eziqaphayo ezingase zifune futhi ziquleke ngayo. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sesihlanu ekuzixazululeni sithinta indlela amaphoyisa angabuza ngayo izinsolo. Lemithetho yomthetho-mthetho ihlela imisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho ngosuku kuze kube usuku lonke ezweni.

Izinqumo Zophawu Nethonya Lazo Elihlala Njalo

Ukuqonda lezinguquko kusiza ekuboniseni amandla okuguqula ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: I - Cornerstone Yenkululeko YaseMelika

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yenkolo, inkulumo, imithombo yezindaba, ingqungquthela, nezicelo. Lezi sivikelo ziyisisekelo sesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi saseMelika futhi ziye zaguqula imithetho eminingi nezinqumo zenkantolo. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela ukucusumbulwa kwenkulumo nokwezindaba zikahulumeni, sivikela inkululeko engokwenkolo futhi sivimbele ukumiswa kukahulumeni wenkolo, sivikela ilungelo lokubhikisha nokubonisa ngokuthula, futhi siqinisekisa izakhamuzi ukuba zinxuse uhulumeni ukuba kulungiswe izikhalo.

Isinqumo sokuqala seSichibiyelo siye savela ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinkantolo ziye zaphikisana kakhulu ngokuthi iziphi izinkulumo ezivikelwe, lapho uhulumeni engalawula khona inkulumo esekelwe esikhathini, endaweni, nangendlela yokulinganisela inkulumo ekhululekile nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile njengokulondeka kwesizwe noma ukuvimbela ukulimala, nokuthi yini ewukumiswa kwenkolo okungavumelani nokutholakala kwenkolo.

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala sidlulela ezindleleni ezintsha zokuxhumana nezinkulumo abaFrame abangeke bazicabange, kusukela kumabhayisikobho nakuthelevishini kuya ku-inthanethi ne-media. Lokhu kubonisa indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezingazivumelanisa ngayo noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe nezezenhlalo ngisho noma zingalungiseki.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siye sabizwa ngokuthi "umthetho sisekelo wesibili" ngenxa yethonya laso elinamandla emthethweni waseMelika. Isiqinisekiso saso sesivikelo esifanayo nenqubo efanele siye saba isisekelo sezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, kuhlanganise neBrown v. Board of Education (exhasa isigaba sesikole), Loving v. Virginia (ukuvimbela ukushada kwezinhlanga) nezinye izenzakalo ezingenakubalwa ezivikela amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko.

I - Aumeal Protection Claus idinga ukuba uhulumeni aphathe abantu abasendaweni efanayo futhi anqabele ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubulili, nezinye izici. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlola ukuhlolwa kwezivikelo ezifanayo, nemithetho ekhetha ngokukhetha okusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga noma emdalweni wesizwe ngokucubungula okuqinile futhi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi okungavumelani nezimiso.

I-Century Procession Clause inezilinganiso ezi-procedal nezincane. Inqubo efanelekile idinga izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uphuce othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Inqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwesisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni, ngisho nalapho kulandelwa izinqubo ezifanelekile.

Izinqumo Zeshumi Nanhlanu Neshumi Nesishiyagalolunye: Ukwandisa Intando Yeningi

IsiHluzi Seshumi Nanhlanu senqabela ukunqatshelwa kwamalungelo okuvota asekelwe ohlazweni, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nesi - 19 senza okufanayo ngobulili.

Nokho, isithembiso salezi zinguquko asizange sifezeke ngokushesha. Naphezu kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu, amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuvimbela izakhamuzi zabaNsundu ekuvotelweni, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kwabafundi, intela yokuvota, izigaba ezibekwa kumkhulu, nobudlova. Kwadingeka i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 kanye nokugcinwa kwe-ovestinment ye-Implection (Izinqumo ze-Prefecture) ukuze kwenziwe isithembiso se-Primeter yeshumi nanhlanu ibe yiqiniso.

Ngokufanayo, isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye sokukhipha isigwebo sabesifazane sasiyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekulinganani kwabesifazane, nakuba abesifazane baqhubeka bebhekene nobandlululo kwezinye izingxenye eziningi zomthetho nomphakathi. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ukuthi ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo, nakuba ludingeka, alwanele ngaso sonke isikhathi ukufinyelela ushintsho olungokwenhlalo − ukubekwa kwesiboniso nokugcinwa nakho kubalulekile.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Enquboni: Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

Nakuba lenqubo yokulungisa ichazwe ngokucacile eSiphakameni V, ukusebenza kwayo kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo nezimpikiswano ezihlukahlukene phakathi neminyaka.

Imingcele Yesikhathi Yokukhipha Igebe

Umthetho-sisekelo awusho isilinganiso sesikhathi sokulungisa i-rayfy ehlongozwayo. Ngezinye izikhathi uMkhandlu uye wahlanganisa imingcele yesikhathi embhalweni wesimo sokulungisa okuhlongozwayo noma esinqumweni esikhuthazayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo samaLungelo esilinganayo, sahlongozwa ngenkathi ethatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa, kamuva iSivumelwano esanwetshwa saba iminyaka eyishumi. Inguquko yehluleka ukufinyelela ukufinyelela isilinganiso esidingekayo sezibalo phakathi naleso sikhathi.

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu, esathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 ukuthatha i-rafeyise, sisikisela ukuthi izinguquko zingahlala zivulekele ukuhlanzwa ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ubeke isikhathi.

Ingabe Izwe Lingakubuyisela Ukukhishwa Kwemisebe?

Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zazama ukubuyisa ukunxenxa kwazo kokulungisa okuhlongozwayo ngemva kokuzivumela ekuqaleni. Isimo esingokomthetho salokhu kulungisa asicacile. Umbono owandile uwukuthi uma nje uhulumeni uqeda ukulungisa, awukwazi ukukuqeda lokho kulungisa, kodwa lombuzo awukaze uxazululwe ngokuqinisekile yiNkantolo Ephakeme.

Indlela Yomhlangano Engasetshenziswanga

Iqiniso lokuthi awukho umhlangano womthetho - sisekelo owake wabizwa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso V liphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi umhlangano onjalo usebenza kanjani.

Lokhu kungaqiniseki kuye kwenza abantu abaningi baqaphe indlela yomhlangano, ngisho noma besekela ukulungisa okuqondile abasekeli bomhlangano abakufunayo. Abanye besaba ukuthi umhlangano ungaba “umhlangano oweqayo" odlulela ngalé kwenjongo yawo.

Izichibiyelo Eziyize Nezembulo Zazo

Ukuhlola izinguquko ezahlongozwa kodwa ezingagunyazwanga kunikeza ukuqonda ngenqubo yezombangazwe yaseMelika nenqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo. Izinkulungwane zezinguquko ziye zahlongozwa eMkhandlwini phakathi neminyaka edlule, kodwa ezingu - 33 kuphela eziye zabekwa ngaphansi kwalezi zindawo, futhi ezingu - 27 kuphela eziye zagunyazwa.

ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Abantu Esilinganayo, esasiyokwenqabela ukucwasana okusekelwe ebulilini, sagunyazwa uMkhandlu ngo - 1972 kodwa sawa kuncane kakhulu ukuhlawuliswa kwemibuso emithathu.

Ezinye izinguquko ezihlulekile ziye zahlanganisa izihlongozo ezifuna ukuhlelwa kwemali kahulumeni elinganiselwe, ukuvumela umthandazo ezikoleni zomphakathi, ukunqabela ukushiswa kwefulege, ukuqeda iElectoral College, nokubeka imingcele emisiwe emalungwini eSishaya - mthetho. Ukuhluleka kwalezi zinguquko kubonisa ukungasekelwa ngokwanele noma ukukhathazeka ngemiphumela engalindelekile yoshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo.

Abanye bahlongozwa ukulungisa izindaba ezixazululwa kamuva ngezinye izindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, kwahlongozwa izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zokukhuluma ngokulandelana kukamongameli nokukhubazeka ngaphambi kokuba iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu sigunyazwe ngo-1967. Ezinye izimpikiswano eziye zaba yindaba yokulungisa okuhlongozwayo ziye zadingidwa ngomthetho, ngezinqumo zenkantolo, noma ngezinguquko zenkambiso yezombangazwe kunokulungisa umthetho.

Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Nezinhlelo Zokuchithwa

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ngokuyinhloko kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo wezwe futhi unezinqubo zokulungisa, futhi lezi zihluka kakhulu kuhulumeni ngamunye. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziveza amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-80 enguquko yomthetho-sisekelo ecatshangelwayo futhi evunyelwa kulo lonke izwe unyaka ngamunye.

Izinqubo zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ngokuvamile zilula kunenqubo kahulumeni. Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho ngezinqubo ezithatha isinyathelo, zishiye isishaya-mthetho ngokuphelele. Izizwe zeSeventeen zinikeza enye indlela yokumisa izinguquko: ngezindlela zezakhamuzi.

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ilungiswa kaningi kakhulu kunoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.. Eminye imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni iye yalungiswa izikhathi ezingamakhulu amaningi, futhi eminye imibuso yamukela izinguquko eziningi unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kubonisa kokubili izinqubo ezilula zokulungisa ezizweni eziningi futhi iqiniso lokuthi imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile idingida izindaba zenqubo eziningi kune-Constitution yase-U.S.

Ikusasa LeziNguquko Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izici eziningana zibonisa ukuthi izinguquko ziyoqhubeka ziyizenzakalo eziyivelakancane emlandweni womthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.

Ukwanda kokuncishiswa kwezombangazwe zaseMelika kwenza kube nzima ukufinyelela ukuvumelana okukhulu okudingekayo ekulungiseni umthetho-sisekelo. Enkathini lapho umthetho omkhulu udlula khona ngamavoti eqembu, ukufinyelela ukusekela okubili kwesithathu kuzo zombili izindlu zeSishaya-Mkhandlu nokuhlanzwa ngezindawo ezintathu kwezine kuyinselele enkulu.

Izimpikiswano eziningi okungenzeka ukuthi zasingathwa ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo manje zisingathwa ngezinye izindlela. Incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo akhona iye yaxoxa ngezindaba eziningi ngaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho. Umthetho, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuphatha, nezinguquko kwezombangazwe nazo ziye zaxazulula izinkinga ezingase zidinge ushintsho olungokomthetho-sisekelo.

Noma kunjalo, kunezicelo ezingapheli zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene. Abanye abasekeli bayaqhubeka bephoqelela ukulungiswa kwezindaba ezinjengokuguqulwa kwezezimali komkhankaso, imingcele yemithetho yeSishaya-mthetho noma yeNkantolo Ephakeme, ukuqeda i-Electoral College, noma ukuvikela amalungelo akhethekile. Ukuthi isiphi na salezi zihlongozo sizofinyelela ukusekelwa okudingeka ukuze kuhlawuliswe izimali kusazobonakala.

Inqubo YeSichibiyelo Nomthetho Wentando Yeningi

Inqubo yokulungisa ifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho wentando yeningi. Ngokunikeza inqubo yoshintsho, inqubo yokulungisa ivimbela uMthetho-sisekelo ekubeni ube yisandla esifile sesikhathi esidlule esicindezela izizukulwane zamanje ezisekelwe ekuthandeni iFrames ezifile isikhathi eside.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa buqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ushintsha kuphela lapho kunokuvumelana okukhulu nokuhlala njalo koshintsho. Lokhu kuvikela ekushintsheni ngokuxhamazela okusekelwe ezithandweni zesikhashana zezombangazwe futhi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho sisekelo zibonisa izindinganiso ezihlala njalo kunokuba zibonise izinto ezithandwayo ezidlulayo.

Inqubo yokulungisa ifeza umsebenzi obalulekile. Uma isizwe sihlangana ukuze silungise uMthetho-sisekelo, sisho amazwi anamandla ngezindinganiso eziyisisekelo nezibopho. Ukuqedwa kokuqeda ubugqila, ukunwetshwa kwamalungelo okuvota, nokuvikela inkululeko yabantu kumelela izikhathi lapho amaMelika ehlangene eqinisekisa izimiso ezibalulekile futhi azenza zibe yingxenye yomthetho ophakeme wezwe.

Isiphetho: UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo Ngeziphendulo

Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho waseMelika nomphakathi. Kusukela kuyiBhill of Rights kuya ekulungiseni kwamuva nje okugunyazwe ngo-1992, lezinguquko kuMthetho - sisekelo ziye zandisa amalungelo, zalungisa izinkinga, futhi zavumela umthetho oyisisekelo ukuba uzivumelanise nezimo ezishintshayo.

Inqubo yokulungisa eyasungulwa eSigabeni V ibonisa ukuhlakanipha kweFramers ekudaleni uMthetho-sisekelo okwazi ukukhuthazelela izizukulwane. Ngokwenza ukulungisa kube nokwenzeka kodwa kube nzima, badala isimiso esilinganisela ukuqina ngokuvumelana nokuvumelana, sivumele ushintsho oludingekile kuyilapho sivimbela izinguquko ezingathí sina noma ezilimazayo.

Ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa okulawula ngayo imithetho yethu kubalulekile ukuze sibe isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Izigwegwe aziwashintshi nje amagama ephepha − aguqula amalungelo angokomthetho nezibopho, ukuhlanganisa izakhamuzi nohulumeni, futhi abonise ukuqonda okushukumisayo kwesizwe ngobulungisa nentando yeningi. Ukusuka ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sokuqala sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile esiqinisekisweni seSichibiyelo se 147 sesivikelo esilinganayo, ukuguqulwa komthetho-mthetho kuyaqhubeka kuthonya umthetho nezindlela ezijulile zokuphila kwaseMelika.

Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, inqubo yokulungisa isalokhu ikhona njengethuluzi lokuxazulula izindaba eziyisisekelo ezidinga amakhambi omthetho - sisekelo. Nakuba kungenzeka ukuba izinguquko zihlale zingavamile, ukushintshwa komthetho - sisekelo kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo ungaqhubeka usebenza njengesisekelo sokuzilawula esibonisa izindinganiso nezidingo zesizukulwane ngasinye samaMelika.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kanye nethonya labo emthethweni waseMelika, izinqolobane zezinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza imithombo ebanzi yenqubo yokulungisa, kuyilapho i-Constitution Center yesizwe [[[FLT:]] inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngokulungisa nokuchaza kwayo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] inikeza izincazelo ezifinye ezifinyeleyo zezemthetho [[ eMtatsheni] eMtatsheni weSifunda-Mnyango we-Congressbookythostry inikeza ukuhlaziswe kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho [FLT] ezingcono izisulu zezelelwayomthetho ezisemthethweyo. I-General Provicential Active iyakwazi ukuqondisa ukuphila kwazo futhi ivumela ukuba zikwazi ukuguqula ukuphila kwazo.