Table of Contents

Indima Eyingqayizivele Yomthetho - sisekelo WeRaje Sabha Kubulungisa Bezenhlalo Nakumthetho Wamalungelo Abantu

IRajiya Sabba, njengendlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya elinama-bidaral, inomthetho ohlukile olawula ngokuqondile ukumiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwemithetho ehlangene nobulungisa bezenhlalo namalungelo abantu. Ngokungafani neLok Sabha, emelela abantu ngokuqondile ngevoti ethandwayo, iRajiya Sabhaha imelela izifundazwe namasimu ehlangene, inikeza ukulinganisela kwesizwe. Lokhu kulinganisela okungokomthetho ngenxa yokuthi ukwahlulela nezindaba zabantu ngokuvamile kuhlangene kuhlangene ngokuhlukana kwezindawo, ngokwesiko, namakhono ahlukene ehulumeni ukuze kufeze izinqubo eziqhubekayo. I-Rajiya Sabbaha ayiyona nje indima ye-proccuralcuralturalture; isebenza njengencuthundayo lapho kucatshangelwa khona inqubo engokwesikhathi eside, kunokuba ikhethele izingciphelo ezihlukene, ithinta umehluko ohlukene womthetho omkhulu womphakathi.

IRaje Sabra Njengesikhungo Sokuvuselelwa: Amasheke Nokulinganisela Ngomthetho Wezenhlalo

Inqubo Yokuhlola Nesichibiyelo

Igunya likaRaje Sabba lokubukeza, noma ngisho nokulahla izikweletu ezidluliswa yiLok Sabha liyisisekelo sendima yalo ekuqondiseni komphakathi nasekwahlulelweni kwamalungelo abantu. Uma kusungulwa incwadi ephathelene namalungelo emiphakathi eqedwe noma isivikelo samaqembu angenazisulu, indlu ephezulu ithatha ukuhlola okuningi ngokwengeziwe kunendlu ephansi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi amalungu ayo ayizikhulu ephalamende ezinolwazi olukhethekile emthethweni, umsebenzi wezenhlalo, noma isimiso somphakathi. Amakomiti amile eJajiya Sabbaha, ikakhulukazi iKomiti yeNguquko leNguquko ne-Commostion yeSiviortion ne-Macricial, iqinisekisa ngezindlela zomphakathi kanye nezimiso ezivunyiweyo, iyakubiza njalo uchwepheshe, ukuzithoba, nokuhlaziya imibiko yawo. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekuqiniseni ukuvikela ukubusa kwesibonelo somthetho phakathi ne-Activestingsting, i-Actives, i-Activesting, isekela izinhlelo zomphakathi eziningi ze-ographtion, i-spolup, ihlanganisa ne-od ehlela i

Ukumelela Izwe Nezwi Lamazwe Amancane

Ukwakheka kweRaje Sabba kuqinisekisa ukuthi isifundazwe ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi singakanani, sinezwi elilinganayo. Lo mbuso ubaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni umthetho wezenhlalo ngoba izindaba ezinjengelungelo lomhlaba emiphakathini yesizwe, ukufinyelela imfundo yezizwe ezimbalwa, nokunakekela impilo yabantu basemaphandleni kuyahluka kakhulu emazweni. Ilungu elivela ezweni elinezigebengu eziphezulu ze-Shedyd, njenge Jahankhand noma i-Odisha, lingazilethela mathuphandle amathuba okuthi imithetho yezindawo zokukhokha ihlathi noma imithetho emelene nezindawo ezihlukene zezindawo zomphakathi. Ngokufanayo, ilungu elivela ezweni elinabantu abaningi ezindaweni eziningi lingaqokomisa izikhala ezisetshenziswayo ekufezeni iShedymals nasezindaweni zomphakathi (i-Preaved of acroties). I-Actal isiza ukuvimbela ukufinyelela kwemithetho engcono kanye nezindlela zokuvikela inhlonipho yesizwe. Imithetho ehlangene ye-Skigray.

Isimiso Sekomiti Nendlela Yokuthola Imali Ephambili

Enye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho we-Raje Sabba ekulungiseni izenhlalo nasekubekeni amalungelo abantu yisimiso sayo se-komiti esithuthukisiwe. Amakomiti amile ePhalamende, njengeKomiti Yomnyango-Palamende Emisha Yomthetho ePhakathi ePhakathi, i-Public Grievances, uMthetho, neKomiti yeSishaya-Ntlalo saseShemed ne-Stemed Comfortment, ihilela amalungu ezindlebe eziculweni ezicupheneyo ezivame ukuthatha izinyanga eziningana. La makomiti amema izinhlangano zomphakathi zomphakathi, ochwepheshe bezemthetho, izimemo zomphakathi, izimendo zomphakathi, futhi athinte imiphakathi ukuba inikeze ubufakazi. Ukutuswa okubangelwa yi-Seytia kuveza ubukhulu obuphawulekayo futhi kulungisa njalo umbhalo wesenzo sokugcina. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvikelwa kwabesifazane eMthethweni wase-Opulazini ka-2004, kwaqiniwe ngekomiti yezimiso zomthetho wombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso wesizwe, 2005, kwaqiniwa emsebenzini owenziwa ngenxa yezimiso eziphambili,

Ithonya Emithethweni Yobulungisa Bezenhlalo Eyinhloko: Ukuhlukaniswa Ngezigaba, Ukwehlukaniswa Kwezinhlanga, Nokungazwani

Isimiso Semithetho Yezigaba Nezizwe Ezihleliwe (Ukuqedwa Kwezenzo Zobuhlanya)

IRaje Sabba iye yaba nendima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni nasekuthuthukiseni ukwakheka okungokomthetho kwezenzo zonya ezisekelwe ngokwezigaba. Ekuqaleni kwamiswa ngo- 1989, i-Act iye yalungiswa izikhathi eziningi, iRajeya Sabhaha iqhubezela phambili isijeziso esiqinile, ukulingwa okusheshayo, nesivikelo esingcono. Phakathi nempikiswano ngo-2018 yenguquko, uRaja Sabba Sabha wamalungu asemazweni aphakeme anobudlova obuka udlame oluphezulu bezenzo zobudlova ezikhethekile njengenkampane, ukuncishwa kwemisebenzi yempahla evamile, ukuncishwa kwempahla evamile, nokukhishwa komdoda eDalithi nase-Adiva kubantu ngabanye bemisebenzi yezenhlalo nezomnotho. Indlu ephezulu yagcizelela ukumiswa kweNkadeli ekhethekile nokumiswa kwe-Proutectivespective ukuba i-jhect. I-Syhabian i-Skigrackin efuna ukumiswa njalo ngohulumeni unyaka ngamunye. Ize i-Active iyaqhubeka insect.

Ukuvikelwa Kwabesifazane Endleleni Yobudlova Basekhaya, 2005

Uhambo lobudlova basekhaya ngohlobo lweRajiya Sabha lubonisa indlela indlu ephezulu engaguqula ngayo umlomo omuhle ube yisigqeba. Imali yokuqala, eyaqala eLok Sabha, yabhekana nokugxekwa kwencazelo yayo elinganiselwe "ubuhlobo bedoma" nesilinganiso esilinganiselwe sokukhululeka. KuRajiya Sabba, ikomiti ekhethiwe, ebekwe ilungu elinolwazi olujulile lomthetho womkhaya, eliqhuba izingxoxo ezibanzi nezinhlangano zamalungelo abesifazane, amakhaya okukhokha amakhaya, nemitholalelwanomthetho ongokomthetho. Ikomiti yatusa ukuba lesi senzo singahlanganisi abesifazane abashadile kuphela kodwa futhi nabesifazane abaphila ebuhlotsheni obuphakathini, odade, noma omama abahlala emikhayeni ehlukene. Yandisa futhi incazelo ye-"ukuxhashazwa kwemali nempahla ehlukene. Ngokuqhubekayo, i-Shab yafaka izikhulu zezelele futhi izikhulu zeze zezempatho, futhi yatusa izikhulu zeze zeze zezezo zokwelapha, futhi yazenza izikhulu zeze zeze zezezezezezezomthetho zezezo zonke izikhulu zeze.

Amalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile, 2016

Ukusuka kwe-Indiya e-Indiya enomthetho wokukhubazeka, 1995, ekwakheni isimiso esisekelwe kumalungelo ngaphansi konyaka ka-2016 Act kwathonywa kakhulu ukuphikelela kukaRajeya Sabha ekuhambisaneni ne-United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons of Persement (UNCRPD), eyagunyaza i-Indiya ngo- 2007. Phakathi nokudluliswa kwesivumelwano sesivumelwano semali, uRaja Sabha wagcizelela isidingo sokusuka esimweni sezokwelapha sokukhubazeka ukuya embonini yenhlalo namalungelo abantu. Bakhuthaza ukuqashelwa kwezinhlobo ezingu-21 zokukhubazeka (kusukela kweziyisikhombisa ngaphansi komthetho omdala), ukufakwa kwamalungiselelo emisebenzi nakwezemfundo ephakeme, ukufakwa kwezemfundo, nokumiswa kwebhodi eliqinile elimele ezindaweni ezikhubazekayo. Izakhiwo zeze imisebenzi ephakeme kakhulu (ibeke futhi zifake nezindawo zezeze zezemfundo ezingokomthetho zezentengo yomthetho wezwe lonke.)

Imithetho Yamalungelo Abantu: Ukusekela Inkululeko Eyisisekelo Nokuvimbela Ukusetshenziswa Kabi

Ukuvinjelwa Kwesenzo Sokuhlukumeza, 2021

Ukumiswa kwe-Indiya okugunyaziwe kwe-United Nations Convention on Triest ngo-1997 akuzange kuguqulele ekwakheni umthetho wekhaya. Kwathatha amashumi eminyaka ukucindezelwa kwesizwe nephalamende (*. Okuningi kwako kwaqala kuyiRajeya Sabhaha , ukudlulisa i-Prevention of Treance Act, 2021. Umthetho, owenqabela ukuhlukunyezwa kwezinceku zomphakathi, wawungahlanganiswe kakhulu endlini ephezulu. I-Rajiya Sabbaha yaveza incazelo yendlela yokuzikhulula,” nomthwalo wokuvikelwa kwembuyiselo oluphumelelayo ezisulu. Nakuba lomthetho wokugcina wehla kafushane (ngokwesibonelo, awunikezi umphumela wemingcele ngaphandle), i-Rajibha eqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zokuzibophaka, ukuqukwa kwemila isigwebo esiwugunyaza ngokuziswe ngokusemthethweni, ukuququliswa kwesigwebo nokubongwa kwesigwebo semvume yesizwe.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa Njengelungelo Eliyilungelo: UMthetho We - Aadhaar Nesivikelo Semininingwane

Nakuba isahlulelo seNkantolo ePhakeme ngo-2017 kuMahluleli K.S.P.P. u-Putswamy (Rettd.) i-Union yaseNdiya yaqaphela ukuthi ukuzifihla kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo, iRajiya Sabhaha iye yasetshenziswa ekuhumusheni lesimiso sokwahlulela ezinsikeni ze-statory. i-Aadhaar Act, 2016, eyasungula isimiso sokulawula i-biothemime emboza abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane zezigidi, sadluliswa njengemali eLok Sabhaha kodwa yabukezwa yi-messah eHlunte ye-Rajiya Sabba eH’s eMgade eMthethweni we-Ahaadaard (Ikhutshathiwe KaMali neHlayst Suptonstingstings, i-Ayce Captum) empompela kulokhu kuviswa iNka iNka iNkadensi yeNkathiyensi yeNka yomphakathi, izikhulu yeNkathiyo yonke yeNkadensi (i, izikhulu). Izikhulu

Isivikelo Samancane Nenkululeko Yenkolo

IRajiya Sabba iye yaba yindawo yokuhlela imithetho eqhubekekayo evikela izinhlangano zenkolo ezincane namalungelo azo angokwesiko. I-National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992, kanye nokulungisa kwayo kwaphikiswana kakhulu kuyiRajiya Sabba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhomishane yayinamagunya okuhlola ukukhononda, ukuqamba amabhukwana, ukutusa ukuthathwa kwemithetho yezwe ngokumelene nobandlululo. Phakathi nokudlula kweWaqf Act, 1995, kanye nokulungisa kwayo i-2013, iRajiya Sabba yagcizelela kakhulu ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo okukhanya okukhulu ekuqondiseni izakhiwo zeraf nokumelelwa kwemiya yabesifazane ezibhodini ze-raqf. Lemithetho ithinta ngokuqondile inhlalakahle yezentengo yezentengo yemiphakathi yamaSulumane, ngokuvamile ethembele ezikhungweni zezemfundo engokwenkolo, futhi isebenzisa i-Syhabhab engekho ngokomthetho emikhulu kakhulu evimbela ukuvini ukuqa izivumelwano eziqondiswe ngokungezwayo, futhi impoqo ukuze inqanyuselwa ihlelwe ngokukhomba ukukho. Izivumelwano ezimpoqoyo, nakuba ingekhona

Izinselele Ezibhekene NeRaje Sabha KuMahluleli Omphakathi Nakumthetho Wamalungelo Abantu

Ukungavumelani Kwezombangazwe Nezisebenzi Ezingokomthetho

Naphezu komklamo womthetho-mthetho owenziwe njengendawo yokulungisa, i-Rajiya Sabha eminyakeni yamuva iye yaba indawo yempi yezombangazwe enzima. Ohulumeni abanamalungelo amaningi eLok Sabhaha bangase balwele ukudlulisa izilinganiso kuyi-Rajiya Sabhaha uma ukuphikiswa kulawula indlu ephezulu. Lokhu kukhulu kakhulu ngenxa yezikweletu zezenhlalo ezithintana nezingatsha ezibucayi njengokungavumelani ngezigaba, ukuncintisana ekukhushumiseni izifundayo, namalungelo ezweni emiphakathini yezizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wezwe (123rd Impomperamentmentmentation, Bill, 2017, ofuna ukunikeza i-mthetho weSiko se-National Commustries, ubhekene ukulibala okuqhubekayo eRajithanywe ngokufanelekile ngaphandle kokuvivinjelwa okungokomthetho ophakeme, ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa kwemithetho engcono kakhulu. Imithetho engcono kakhulu ingalizayo ingalisela i-Sya emishani emishani emishani emishani emishani emisha ukuba incishisiwe ekusebenziseni yemithetho engcono kakhulu.

Izingxabano Phakathi Kokungagunyazi Nokusebenzisa Imithetho

Ukungenela okuphindwayo kukaRaje Sabha ukungenela kuwukuthi nakuba indlu ingathola amalungiselelo amahle kakhulu embhalweni womthetho, ukufezeka okungokoqobo ngokuvamile kuyafinyela. Ngokwesibonelo, amaLungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile agunyaza ukuba zonke izakhiwo zomphakathi nezimiso zokuthutha zenziwe zitholakale ngokunenzuzo, kodwa i-Rajeya Sabba ingenamandla amancane, futhi i-Raja Sabha ayinakho ukugcinwa komthetho oqondile. Ngokufanayo, igebe eliphakathi komthetho nokusebenza liyinselele. Ngaphandle kokuqinisa ukuvikela kwezimiso ze-ogastern ezindaweni zonke, kodwa amazwe amaningi awagcwalisangagcwalisanga lezi zinsika. I-Rajiya Shabha ingasebenzisa ukucindezela ngezimpikiswano, imibuzo, nekomiti, imibiko, kodwa ayikwazi ukuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba benze okuthile.

Isidingo Senguquko ERaje Sabha Procedotures

Isimiso sekomiti kaRajiya Sabba, nakuba sinamandla, singaphumelela kakhulu futhi sibonakale. Okwamanje, izikweletu eziningi zibhekiselwe kumakomiti kuphela ngemva kokuba edlulisiwe yi-Lok Sabhaha, elinganisela isikhathi esikhona sokubukeza ngokuphelele. Ukufinyelela okwengeziwe okuthi kungakwazi ukufinyelela iziphakamiso zayo zemithetho ye-Igeances (ukuthi i-Rajiya Sabhaha iqala izinhlelo zayo siqu zezezomthetho emkhakheni wezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo), okungaqinisa indima yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntula kwesidingo esingokomthetho sokuhlola iMithendeleko ye-Procedure kukwenza kube nzima ngamalungu ukuhlola ukuthi umthetho uyokwenza yini ufeze imigomo yawo eshiwoyo. Ukushaya kwe-Social Assessment, ukuveza ukuhlelwa kwezindlela zemali zezenhlalo, kwenziwa ngemikhambini yenhlangano yomphakathi kodwa ingenziwangabekusetshenziswa. I-Syhabian ingazuza nakusekela amalungelo okucwaninga embusweni, noma ekucwaningweni kwehlwini yokucwaninga.

Amathuba Okuqinisa Amalungelo Awo Abantu ERajiya Sabha

Ukusebenzisa Izincwadi Zamalungu Angabodwa Ukuze Kugcizelelwe Amagebe

IRaje Sabra inikeza amalungu ngamanye isikhulu sezezimali zobulungisa zomphakathi ezingase zincike kuhulumeni. Ngokomlando, imithetho eminingi yezenhlalakahle engokobukhomfa yaqala njengentela yezezimali zamalungu angabodwa, njengamalungiselelo okubuyisela amadoda nabesifazane ngokufanayo. Ezimisweni zamuva nje, uRajya Sabra Shabha usungule izikwele zemali ezikhokhelwa ukubuyiselwa kobugqila, ukuthunyelwa kwamalungelo emisha, nokunqatshelwa kwezingane amalungelo emisha. Nakuba izindleko zamalungu angasese zivame ukuba zibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusekelwa nguhulumeni, zidala inkulumo yasobala nokucindezela isikhulu ukuba sithathe isinyathelo. I-jabyaya Sabrahala inhlangano ingasungula isimiso lapho amalungu azimele athola khona izikweleti zemali yokusekela indlu enikezwa khona ngokuzenzakalelayo ukucatshangelwayo, kubhekiselwa ekukhetheni ikomitini ngokunezele kakhulu, njengoba kunikezwa ngenhlanhla ewundlalwe umthetho kahulumeni.

Ukuqinisa Izibopho Ezinhlanganweni Zesizwe Zamalungelo Abantu

I-Raje Sabra ingakwazi ukusebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwePhalamende namalungelo abantu azimele njenge-National Human Rights Commission (NCH), i-National Commission for Women (NNCH), ne-National Commission for Shedy Castes. Okwamanje, le komiti inikeza imibiko yaminyaka yonke ePhalamende, kodwa ngokuvamile lezi zinqunyelwa ngaphandle kwempikiswano engokomthetho. I-Rajiya Sabha ingamisa ikomiti ezinikezele ukuze ibukeze ukumiswa kokutusa okwenziwa yilezi zibophoqelelo nokuhlola ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ikomiti enjalo ingathuthukisa ukuqondisa kwemithetho yephalamende futhi iqinisekise ukuthi umphathi unecala lokuphulwa kwemithetho ezindaweni zombuso. Ingase isebenze ngokuseduze ngenqubo yezizwe zonke, njengenqubo ye- - Universalwondmentation Review, ihlanganisa nezindinganiso zabantu emhlabeni wonke.

Ubuchwepheshe Obubi Obungasiza Ekuhlanganyeleni Komphakathi

I-Rajiya Sabra ingasebenzisa ukuhlangana kwayo nomphakathi ngokusebenzisa iziteshi ze-minuature ukuze ithole ulwazi lwangaphambi kokuhlelwa kwemithetho. Nakuba uMnyango woMthetho noMahluleli kakade umema ukukhulumela komphakathi ngezindleko zokulungisa i-webhusayithi yayo, i-Rajiya Sabra Sabra ingakha itheku elinikezelwe lapho izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zinganikeza khona ubufakazi obuqondile ekomitini ethinta umphakathi. Lokhu kungaba wusizo kakhulu emithethweni ethintekayo ephansi ebhekene nesigaba noma amalungelo okukhubazeka, okungathi kungathiwa yileyo ehlukanisa isigaba noma ikhubazekayo, futhi i-Rajiya Sabhahahah ibone kakade ngezimiso zokuzithoba nge-ingositholo se-ingosi yezimiso zokukhetha; lomkhuba owenakele ukwandisa ukwanda ngokusemthethweni nokulunga kwenqubo yokuhlela imithetho., ukulandela ukuzwa kweminyana kwekomiti (izikhulu eziphambili zokuhlola imibandela) kuthuthukisa ukukhomba nokuthembeka komphakathi.

Isiphetho: IRajiya Sabra Ehlala Ikhona Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi Elishintshayo

IRajiya Sabba ilokhu iyisimiso esibalulekile sokuthuthukisa ubulungisa bezenhlalo nemithetho yamalungelo abantu eNdiya. Umklamo wayo womthetho-sisekelo ("womhlaba) njengegumbi lokulungisa, indikimba yesizwe, ne-asseum yochwepheshe ukuhlobana ) inikeza ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwemithetho yeSikhathi seSithasha nesikhulu. Ngemisebenzi yokunakekela ngokunakekela, izimpikiswano ezinkulu, kanye nokuzimisela ukuthuthukisa izikweletu, iRapya Sabha iye yaba nesandla ekwahluleleni okuvelele kwezenzo zonyathilo, ubudlova basekhaya, ukukhubazeka, nesivikelo semininingwane. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwayo kuncishiswa kakhulu yilungelo lokuthuthukisa amalungelo ezombangazwe, ibhodlela empoqo, igela ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwenhloso nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zabantu. Ukuhlala umehluko wenkululeko yezenhlalo yezenhlalo yomphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kwawo ngokwawo ngokwawo ngokwawo, ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yesizwe esikaljikishi (Sigicracrac, isilinganiso semist) nesembuluko yezindawo eziphambili zezindawo ezingokwenani eliqinile zezindawo ezingokwenani eli

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