Ukuqonda Isinyathelo Sobandlululo Lwenkathi Edlule Nendawo Yalo EMthethweni Womsebenzi

I-Age Discivation in Account Act (ADEA) ka-1967 iwumthetho kahulumeni obalulekile oklanyelwe ukuvikela izisebenzi ezineminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu ekucwaseni ngemisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Umthetho usebenza kubaqashi abangabodwa abanezisebenzi ezingu-20 noma ngaphezulu, isifundazwe, nohulumeni bendawo, izinhlangano zezisebenzi, nezinhlangano zezisebenzi. Injongo yazo iwukuvimbela ukulawulwa kweminyaka esekelwe ekuthonyeni ukuqasha, ukudubula, ukukhushulwa, ukukhushulwa, ukukhokhelwa, ukukhokhelwa, noma yiliphi ilungelo lomsebenzi. I-ATEA ivimbela ukuphindiselwa kwezisebenzi ezifaka amalungelo azo ngaphansi koMthetho. Nakuba i-ADE igxile ekukhetheni ubudala, ukukhushumayeza, ukukhushushisa, ukukhushushisa, ukuqeqesha, ukuqeqesha, noma yiliphi ilungelo lokusebenza elihlukene, noma ilungelo lokusebenza elihlukene, ngokwemithetho ezindaweni ezisebenzelaneni ezisebenzelana ezifuna ukulwela ukuzuza amalungelo abo abaqashi ukuba basebenze futhi baqaphele amalungelo abo.

Imithetho Emelene Nokwehlukana: Ukubukeza

Isihloko esithi VII Somthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi Ka - 1964

Isihloko VII senqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini (kuhlanganisa ukukhulelwa, ubulili, nobulili), kanye nemvelaphi yobuzwe. Kuhlanganisa abaqashi abazimele abaqashwa abaqeshwa abangu-15 noma ngaphezulu, kuhlanganise nohulumeni, nohulumeni bendawo, nezinhlangano zezisebenzi. Ngokungafani ne-ADEA, emisa umnyango oqondile weminyaka (40+), iSihlomo VII sivikela bonke abantu ekucwaseni okusohlwini, kungakhathaliseki ubudala. I-VII ifuna futhi abaqashi ukuba bavimbele ukuhlukunyezwa nokuhlaliswa kwemikhuba engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuba benze kanjalo ubunzima obungafanelekile. Zombili izimiso zigunyaziswa yi-AUnicial Observement Obstion Commissiontion Commis (EOC), kodwa izikhalo, isikhathi sokuhlola, nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezihlukene.

AmaMelika Anesenzo Sokukhubazeka (ADA) Sango - 1990

I-ADA inqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abafanelekayo abakhubazekile emsebenzini, ezinkonzweni zomphakathi, izindawo zomphakathi, nezokuxhumana. Imisebenzi, i-ADA isebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu-15 noma ngaphezulu futhi ifuna ukuba banikeze izisebenzi ezifanelekayo izindawo zokulala ezifanelekele noma abacela ukukhubazeka, ngaphandle kokuba indawo yokuhlala ibangele ubunzima obungadingekile. Ngokungafani, i-ADEA, ayifaki imfuneko yokuhlala; imane yenqabela ukwelashwa okuhlukile okusekelwe ebudaleni. I-ADA futhi ivikela abantu ukuba bangaphindiseli futhi inemfutho ebanzi, imboza izindawo ezingangeni ngokomthetho nakungenamsebenzi. I-DATA, uma isisebenzi sinobunzima obungaphezu kuka-40 futhi sikhubazekile, zombili ziyavikelwa ngaphansi kwemithetho.

Isinyathelo Semali Esilinganayo Sika - 1963 (EPA)

I-EPA inikeza umthetho wokuba amadoda nabesifazane bathole iholo elilinganayo ngomsebenzi ofanayo owenziwa embonini. Ihlanganisa cishe bonke abaqashi. Ubudala abusona isici ngaphansi kwe-EPA, egxila kuphela ekucwaseni ngeholo elisekelwe kwobulili. Nokho, i-EPA isebenzelana ne-ADEA ezimweni lapho umqashi engase asebenzise ubudala obulinganayo ukuze athethelele ukungefani kwezisebenzi ezikhulile nezincane zobulili obufanayo. Iminyaka ayithiya ukukhokha imali elinganayo ngaphandle kokuba isekelwe esimisweni esiphezulu, ifanele isimiso, noma esinye isici sobubhona esiphambili esisekela abanye abantu abadala.

Eminye Imithetho Esebenzayo

IGenetic Information Nondicrinication Act ka-2008 (GINA) inqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi esekelwe ekutholeni ukwaziswa okungokofuzo. Imithetho ka-Immigration Reform and Control Act ka-1986 (IRCA) inqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ekubeni yizakhamuzi noma isikhundla sokufuduka kubaqashi abathile. Lemithetho, kanye ne-ADEA, ihlanganisa isisekelo sesivikelo sobandlululo lwemisebenzi kazwelonke esinikezwa yi-EOC. Imithetho yoMbuso ivame ukwenezela izingqimba zezindawo eziningi ezisekela imingcele yokucwaswa kweminyaka kubaqashi abangaphansi kwengu-40 noma ukunciphisa umqashi.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwe - ADEA Neminye Imithetho Yomsebenzi

Amakilasi Avikelwe Nezinga

Umehluko osheshayo yisigaba esivikelwe kakhulu: i-ADEA ihlanganisa abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu, kuyilapho i-Oritut VII ivikela ekucwaseni okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini, nasezweni, ne-ADA ivikela abantu abakhubazekile. Umnyango weminyaka ka-ADEA usho ukuthi izisebenzi ezineminyaka engaphansi kwengu-40 azivikelwe ekukhetheni abantu abaneminyaka engaphansi komthetho kahulumeni (amazwe athile anikeza ukucwatshwa okunjalo) futhi, i-ADEA ayigubhisi ukucwa kwezisebenzi ezisezincane ezithandwayo kunabadala. Ngokungafani, i-Orini i-I ne-ADA ayikhuseli bonke abantu abaneminyaka ephansi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangaba bangabandlu ephansi.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Nezindinganiso Ezingokomthetho

Emacala e-ADEA, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. Gross v. FBL Services, Inc. [2009]) yakholelwa ukuthi umkhangisi kumelwe abonise ukuthi iminyaka yobudala yayiyi "kodwa" ngenxa yesizathu somsebenzi onzima" ngoba umqashi akanakwenza isinqumo esinzima, kodwa ngenkathi ethatha indima yesodwa. [I-FLT] Lento eqinile kune-" Facence" esetshenziswayo ku-Sihlokohlo se- VII", lapho umqashi ophansi engawina khona ngisho noma ingesinye sezizathu ezimbalwa zomqashi, njengoba idlala indima eshukumisayo. Uma i-AI, uma isilinganiso esinemfanelo esinethonyayo kuphela esithinta isilinganiso, angathola isicici esibonisa ukulahlekelwa yisinqumo somqashi.[3]

Imithi Nezingozi

Kokubili iADEA neSihlomo VII zivumela iholo lokukhokhela izindleko, iholo elingaphambili, ukubuyiselwa, kanye nezindleko zabameli. Nokho, iSihlokwana u-VII sivumela futhi ukukhokhiswa nokujeziswa ezicatshangeni zobandlululo ngenhloso, kubekwe ngesilinganiso somqashi (kusukela ku-R350 000 kuya ku-R340 000 000). I-ADEA ayinikezi izindleko zokukhokhela izindleko zokubulala noma ukujezisa; kunalokho, ivumela ukukhishwa kwezinxephezelo (kuphindekeze inxeba) kuphela ezimweni zokwephula ngamabomu [“i, ” NW].e, lapho umqashi azi noma ebonisa ukunganaki ukuthi ukuziphatha kwayo kuphambene nomthetho wayo. Lokhu kungathinta kakhulu ukuphumelela komqashwa.

Izimfuneko Zokuhlala Ezinengqondo

I-ADA ifuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze abantu abafanelekayo indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe abakhubazekile, njengokulungisa izinhlelo zomsebenzi, noma ukunikeza ubuchwepheshe obusizayo, ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kudala ubunzima obungadingekile. I-ADEA ayiwuphoqeleli umsebenzi owenzelwayo wokuhlalisa isisebenzi esisekelwe ebudalani. Umqashi akanakudingeka ukuba alungise izimiso zemisebenzi noma anikeze amathuluzi ngenxa nje yokuthi isisebenzi sibadala. Nokho, abaqashi be-ADEA bavumela ukuba benze izenzo ezisekelwe kwezinye izici ezinengqondo ngaphandle kobudala, futhi ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zobubhana eziphambili noma izinqubo zezisebenzi ezingasetshenziswangasetshenziswanga njengezingasetshenziswangacukuthwali ngenxa yokucwa.

Isihlengo Nemithetho Ekhethekile

I-ADEA iqukethe izinqanda-mthetho eziqondile ezingatholakali eSihlokwana VII noma e-ADA. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ADEA ivumela abaqashi ukuba bathathe izinyathelo ezingafanele ngokumelene nesisebenzi esesikhulile uma ubudala buyimfanelo eqinile (BFOQ) edingekile ekusebenzeni okuvamile kwebhizinisi .A isivikelo esincane esitholakalayo futhi ngaphansi kweSihlomo VII senkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe, kodwa hhayi ngenxa yebala noma i-oksisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ADEA ivumela abaqashi ukuba baqaphele imibandela yesimiso esiphakeme noma icebo lezisebenzi elingcono lokusiza, uma nje isimiso singasetshenziselwa izinjongo zomthetho. I-ADA inakho okumelwe ikwazi ukuvikela imisebenzi edingekayo, kodwa ifuna ukugobeka inzuzo.

Izikhala Ezivulekile Nezinsalela Ezifuyile

I-ADEA isebenza kubaqashi abazimele abasebenza okungenani abangamashumi amabili, kanti i-Title VII ne-ADA isebenza kulabo abanezisebenzi ezingu-15 noma ngaphezulu. I-Umeal Pay Act ne-GINA imboza cishe bonke abaqashi cishe − i-EPA ayinakho ukukhokha ikhokhiso nge-EEOC. Lokhu kuphonsa isigwebo nge-EEOC kufuneka ukuba iso ligcinwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-800 zobandlululo oluqanjiwe (izinsuku ezingu-300 emasimini ezwe ngomthetho owesizwe noma wesizwe omelene nomthetho wesizwe kanye nenhlangano egcizelela lowomthetho).

Ukudlala Nokushaya Imilomo Ngokweqile

Isisebenzi singavikelwa kanye kanye imithetho eminingi. Ngokwesibonelo, isilinganiso esingokomthetho esineminyaka engu-55 ubudala esinezinga lokuzwa esinqatshelwa ukukhushulelwa phezulu singaba nethuba lokuzisholo ngaphansi kwe-ADEA (ubandlululo), i-ADA (ukucwaswa okungenaphutha), futhi mhlawumbe iSihlomo VII uma ukuphika kushukunyiswa uhlanga noma ubulili. Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho, amakhambi, kanye nokuvikela kokusho ngakunye kumelwe kuhlolwe ngaphandle kobuso. Abaqashi kumelwe baqaphele ukuba bangawuphuli ngokunganaki umthetho owodwa kuyilapho bezama ukuvumelana nomunye. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlisa izindinganiso zobungqabavu bemvelo ukuze kuhlaliswe izisebenzi ezindala zingabangela ukukhubazeka uma indawo yokuhlala inganikezwanganikezwanga zonke izisebenzi ezikhubazekile.

Imisebenzi Ewusizo Yabaqashi Nezisebenzi

Abaqashi

Abaqashi kufanele bathathe izimiso ezibanzi zokumelana nokungavumelani ukuthi zonke imithetho ehlobene, hhayi nje i-ADEA. Ukuqeqeshelwa abaphathi nochwepheshe beHR kuhlanganisa izimfuneko ezicacile zomthetho ngamunye. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Imikhuba yokuqapha: Gwema ulimi oluhlobene nobudala ezigabeni zomsebenzi (umzk., "uthweswe iziqu zasekolishi," "owendabuko") olungabonisa ukuthanda izisebenzi ezisencane. Futhi uqinisekisa izincazelo zomsebenzi ukuthi azibazimisi abantu ngokukhubazeka ngaphandle kokuzifunela izindleko zebhizinisi ezifanele.
  • Abaphathi bezenqubo: isisekelo sezinqumo ezinenjongo, izinqumo ezihlobene nomsebenzi kunamathuba aphathelene namakhono ezisebenzi esezikhulile, amakhono obuchwepheshe, noma impilo. Isimiso esifanayo sisebenza kuzisebenzi zanoma yiluphi uhlanga, ubulili, noma isimo sokukhubazeka.
  • [[NTL:0] Izinqubo zokuhlanganisa: Gcina izinqubo ezihlukene zezicelo ezihlobene nobudala (ezingadingeki ngaphansi kwe-ADEA) kanye nezicelo zokukhubazeka ezihlobene nendawo yokuhlala (ezidingeka ngaphansi kwe-ADA). Ungathathi ngokuthi ukulinganiselwa komzimba wesisebenzi esidala kuhlobene nobudala--kakhulu-ngokunjalo uhileleke enqubweni yokuxoxa ngaphansi kwe-ADA.
  • [ Amasu awe-Benefit: aqinisekisa ukuthi impesheni, impilo, kanye nezinye izicwangciso ezizuzisayo zivumelana nokwenqatshelwa kwe-ADEA ngokwencishiswa kobudala noma ngenkani. Izisebenzi ezindala zizuza i-Refeed Protection Act (OWBPA) yalungisa i-ADEA ngokukhethekile ukucwasa ngokwezinzuzo zezisebenzi ngaphandle kokuba izindleko zokulunga zifezekiswe.
  • Ukunciphisa amandla (RIF): Lapho ususa, uhlaziya ngokucophelela ithonya lezisebenzi ezineminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu. Uma i-RIF inethonya elihlukile kuzisebenzi esezikhulile, umqashi kumelwe abonise ukuthi iziqondiso zazisekelwe esicini esinengqondo kunesikhathi (RFOA). Lendlela yokuvikela ihlukile kwezebhizinisi ngaphansi kwesihloko VII yemiphumela esekelwe emdlalweni noma ebulilini.

Abaqashi

Izisebenzi ezikholelwa ukuthi ziye zabhekana nobandlululo kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi yimuphi umthetho noma imithetho esebenza esimweni sazo.

  • Ukucwaswa: Uma uneminyaka engu-40 noma ngaphezulu futhi ukholelwa ukuthi waphathwa ngokungafanele ngenxa yobudala bakho, ungathola incazelo ye-ADEA. Khumbula i-ader "kanye-ya" indinganiso ye-casus" kumele ubonise ukuthi ubudala babuyimfantu enqumayo, hhayi eyodwa yezizathu eziningana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukucwaswa kobukho: Uma unokuphazamiseka okungokomzimba noma okungokwengqondo okulinganisela kakhulu umsebenzi wokuphila, ungaba neADA. Kumelwe ukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekile yomsebenzi ngendawo yokuhlala noma ngaphandle kwendawo efanelekile.
  • Isiseko se-Multiple:[ Uma ubhekene nobandlululo olubonakala luhlanganisa isici esisodwa esivikelekile, faka icala lakho nge-EOC ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. i-EEOC izohlola konke ukuphulwa okungakhona phakathi kwecala elifanayo.
  • Izivikelo zesifundazwe: Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho ehlanganisa kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, ukuvikela izisebenzi ezineminyaka emibalwa kusukela ekucacisweni ngeminyaka, ukuvala abaqashi abancane, noma ukukhokha okungafakwanga isikhala. Hlola nemisebenzi yemisebenzi elungile yomsebenzi kazwelonke (FEPA).
  • Ukwehlukanisa: Gcina imilando eningiliziwe yanoma yiziphi izenzo ezingezinhle, ukuxhumana, nanoma ibuphi ubufakazi obusikisela injongo yokuveza ubandlululo, njengokusho okuxegayo, ukuhlukanisa kwezibalo, noma ukuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile kwezisebenzi ezisencane ezisendaweni efanayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nezindima Zokuhlola

I-Umedial Obbection Opportunity Commission (EOC) iyinhlangano eyinhloko kahulumeni ebekwe i-ADEA, i-ADA, i-EPA, i-GINA, kanye nezingxenye zeminye imithetho yokucwaswa kwemisebenzi. I-EEOC ihlola iziphakamiso, izama ukuququzelela ukuqulwa kwamacala, futhi ingafaka izivumelwano ngenxa yabantu ababoshwe ngecala. UMnyango weMsebenzi (DOL) unendima efaka izinhlelo ezithile ze-ADEAC [FF:[1] iziluleko zezisebenzi ezihlobene nezokuvikela i-EOC. Ukuqonda izinqubo ze-EOC, kuhlanganise nezinqubo zokuhlola, nezinqumo zezokuxhumana ezigxekayo kokubili abaqashi nezisebenzi. [UFFF]

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezindaba Eziqhubekayo

Indawo yomsebenzi iyaqhubeka iletha izinselele ezintsha ekuhlanganeni kobandlululo lobudala neminye imithetho yemisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, umqedazwe we-COVOVAD-19, wabona abaqashi abaningi besebenzisa izimiso zomsebenzi ezikude. Isisebenzi esikhulile esincishwa ithuba lokusebenza lapho esincane sivunyelwe ukwenza kanjalo singaba nesiqondiso sokusebenzisa i-ADEA uma isinqumo sisekelwe ebudaleni bobudala. Ngokufanayo, ukuphakama kokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela ekuqasheni nasekuhlolweni kwemisebenzi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokucwaswa kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho esekelwe ekhonweni yemithetho engekho ngokomthetho engakhuselwa izikhululweni zezisebenzi ezindala noma abantu abadala abakhubazekile. I-EOC ikhiphe isiqondiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-ATEAN empondo nokwenziswayo ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhona, igcizelela ukuthi abaqashi abanakusebenzisa isivikelo esiphakathi kobudala. Enye indawo ekhulayo ingciphekweni engokohlolwayo, ukufaneleka kwezisebenzi ezisebenzayo ekuhlolweni okuklanyweniswe ukuba bagweme ukuphepha ngokusemthethweni.

Isiphetho: Ukusebenzisa i - Internet Yesivikelo

I-Age Accomplict iyisivikelo esibalulekile kuzisebenzi esezikhulile, kodwa kumane kuyindawo eyodwa kuphela ehlanganisa umthetho kazwelonke wokucwasa ngemisebenzi. I-ADEA iyahluka ku-Sihlomo VII, i-ADA, i-EPA, nezinye iziqondiso ezisekilasini layo elivikelwe, umthwalo wobufakazi, amakhambi, izimfuneko zokuhlala, nokukhulula. Abaqashi akumelwe bavumelane nomthetho ngamunye kodwa futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izimiso zabo nemikhuba yabo akudali ukulwa noma ukwephulwa okungalindelekileyo kwemithetho eminingi. Abaqashi, nabo, kumelwe baqaphele ukuthi isimo sabo singabangela isivikelo ngaphansi kweyodwa noma imithetho eminingi, futhi kufanele benze umsebenzi owenziwe ngokushesha. Ngokuqonda ukungafani phakathi kwe-ADE nenye nemithetho ewumsebenzi. [FF:]