Ukuma Kwamandla Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

Imithetho yoMbuso yakha umgogodla wokubusa kwansuku zonke e-United States, ithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kusukela ekilasini kuya emgwaqweni omkhulu. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni esingatha isivikelo sesizwe, ukufuduka, nezentengiselwano zamazwe, iSichibiyelo seshumi sigcina imibuso eminingi ezindaweni. Le ngxenye idala umsebenzi wemithetho ehlukahlukene ehluka kakhulu ezingxenyeni zombuso. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo igunya labo kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo azo, izibopho, namathuba. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpawu eziyisisekelo zemithetho kahulumeni ezindaweni eziyinhloko futhi sichaza indlela lemithetho efanela ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho kwazo kwansuku zonke.

Imithetho Yemfundo

Imfundo ingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulawula kwezwe. isishaya-mthetho ngasinye sihlela izimiso zezifundo, sinqume amahlelo okuxhasa ngemali, futhi simise izimfuneko zokufundisa ezigunyaziwe. Lezi zinqumo zingalithonya kakhulu izinga nemininingwane yemfundo yomphakathi.

Imfundo Nezindinganiso

Izwe lamukela izindinganiso zalo zemfundo njengezifundo zezibalo, isayensi, kanye nomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, iTexas ne California ziye zaphumelela ngenxa yokuthi zithenga imiqulu emikhulu yezincwadi. Umthetho we-Texas ufuna ukuba izincwadi zomlando zamanje ngendlela yokuthi “indawo yokuhlala yesizwe” ne-“patrianism,” eye yaholela ezimpikiswaneni zokuchazwa kwezenzakalo ezithile ezingokomlando. Okwamanje, njengaseFlorida, kuveza imithetho echaza ukuthi izihloko zezinhlanga nezobulilini zingafundiswa kanjani emakilasini, kuthintana namasu ezifundo kanye nezinto zomtapo wezincwadi.

Ukuxhasa Isikole

Imali exhaswayo yesikole ingenye indawo lapho izindaba zomthetho kahulumeni zikhona. Izifunda eziningi zithembele enhlanganiseleni yentela yempahla yendawo kanye nemali kahulumeni. Nokho, ukwehluka kwengcebo yendawo kuye kwaholela emacaleni ezindaweni ezinjenge New York ne California, lapho izinkantolo zanquma khona ukuthi isimiso sokuxhasa imali sasiphula iziqinisekiso ezingokomthetho-mthetho wemfundo efanayo. Ngokuphendula, ezinye izifunda ziye zasebenzisa izindlela zokuxhasa izimali zabafundi ezikhokhela izigodi ezikhonza imali ephansi noma abafundi abafunda isiNgisi.

Izikole Nezikole Ezikhethwayo

Imithetho yoMbuso futhi ilawula ukusungulwa nokungaqondiswa kwezikole zomthetho-mthetho. I-Arizona inenye yemithetho yesikole ebanzi kakhulu, evumela izinhlangano ukuba zivule izikole ngemithetho ephansi.

Imithetho Yezokuhamba

Ukushayela kuletha ukuxhumana okusheshayo nomthetho kahulumeni.

Ilayisense Kamshayeli Nokubhalisa

Izwe ngalinye lizinikeza izincwadi zalo zokushayela nezokubhalisa izimoto.I - United States ibuye ibeke izimfuneko zokuthola ilayisense: ezinye zivumela intsha ukuba ithole imvume yokuthola inkathi eneminyaka engu - 14, kuyilapho ezinye zilinda kuze kube nezifundazwe ezimbalwa, njengaseNew York naseCalifornia, zidinga ukuhlolwa okubhaliwe nokwenzelwa ukuba abantu abadala baphinde bawathole amalayisense ngemva kweminyaka ethile.

Imithetho Yokuphepha

Imithetho ye-seatbelt ihlukile ngokuphawulekayo. Ku-New Hampshire, abantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezulu kwengu-18 abadingeki ngokomthetho ukuba bafake isihlalo esiphezulu, besenza kube yizwe elingenamthetho oyinhloko owezihlalo kubantu abadala. Ngokuphambene, izifunda-zwe ezijulile njenge-Alabama neMississippi zinemithetho elawulayo eyisisekelo, ivumela amaphoyisa ukuba avimbele ukugqekeza kwemoto kuphela ukuphulwa kwesihlalo.

Ukushayela Okuxakile

Imithetho yokushayela eguquguqukayo futhi iyindaba kahulumeni. Izifunda eziningi manje ziyayenqabela ukusebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini lapho zishayela, kodwa ezinye zimane zibambe abashayeli abakwaziyo ukushayela noma ukuthumelelana imiyalezo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Oregon ivimbela kokubili ukushayela nokuthumela imiyalezo kubo bonke abashayeli, kanti i-South Carolina ivimbela kuphela ukuthunyelwa kweposi kwabashayeli abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-21, kodwa imithetho kahulumeni ishaya ingqongqo.

UDUI Nomshayeli Ongakashayeli

Imithetho yokushayela engekho emthethweni iveza ukuhlukahluka kwezwe. Nakuba zonke izifundazwe zilinganisela u-alkhoholi oqukethwe igazi ngo-0.08%, izijeziso ziyahluka. iGeorgia ibeka ijele isikhathi esiphoqelelwe okwesokuqala ezigebengwini ze-BAC ephezulu, kuyilapho iCalifornia inikeza izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa ezifanelekela iziboshwa zokuqala. I-Arizona ne-Utah inemithetho eqinile, kanye ne-Utah yehlisa isilinganiso sangu 0,05% ngo-2018, inkambiso eye yabangela ukuba kube nengxoxo yesizwe.

Ukuphatha Impilo

Umthetho wokulawula impilo uwumkhakha omkhulu wamandla kahulumeni.

Ukwanda Kwe - Medicaid

I-Affordlable Care Act yanikeza indlela yokwandisa iMedicaid ukuze ihlanganise abantu abadala ngeholo elifinyelela ku-88% wezinga lobumpofu likahulumeni. Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe angu-40 no-D.C. iye yandisa iMedicaid, kuyilapho izifundazwe ezinjengeTexas, Florida, neMississippi azizange. Lesi sinqumo sishiye izigidi zabantu abadala abahlawulwayo bengangeni ezifundazweni ezingezona ezentengantengi, ebonisa indlela isimiso sikahulumeni esingalungisa ngayo imiphumela yempilo.

Umshuwalense Wezempilo KaHulumeni

Ngaphandle kwe-ACA, ezinye izifundazwe ziphoqelela iziqondiso zazo. i-Massachusetts, i-New Jersey, ne-California ifuna ukuba izakhamuzi zilondoloze umshuwalense wempilo noma zikhokhe isijeziso ekukhokheni kwazo intela kahulumeni. Lemithetho ihlose ukugcina izimakethe zomshuwalense zingakhokhwa futhi inciphise ukunakekela okungakhokhwa.

Impilo Yomphakathi Namandla Aphuthumayo

Ohulumeni boMbuso banegunya eliyinhloko empilweni yomphakathi. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, ababusi bezwe bakhipha iziyalezo zokuhlala ekhaya, izifihla - buso, nezimfuneko zokugoma, eziholela ekusebenziseni imithetho ehlukene. Ezinye izigaba njenge New York ne California zathatha izinyathelo zobudlova, kanti iFlorida ne South Dakota yathatha indlela yokuyekelela. Lokhu kusabela okungokombuso kuqokomisa ukucindezela phakathi kwenkululeko nempilo yabantu.

Impilo Enempilo Nokukhipha Isisu

Imithetho yoMbuso ephathelene nokukhipha isisu iye yahlukana kakhulu ngemva kokuba iNkantolo Ephakeme igumbuqele uRoe v. Wade ngo-2022. Izifundazwe eziningi, kuhlanganise iTexas ne-Alabama, manje zinqabela ukukhishwa kwezisu ekuqaleni kokukhulelwa, kuyilapho ezinye njengeCalifornia ne Illinois ziye zamisa imithetho evikela ukukhishwa kwezisu. Ukuhamba ngemigqa yesifundazwe ukuze uhambe uyokwenza izinkonzo kuye kwavame kakhulu, futhi ezinye izifunda ziye zamisa ngisho nokumisa imithetho evikela abaxhasi abavikeli bemibamangalelwa abangaphandle.

Imithetho Yobulungisa Bobugebengu

Imithetho yoMbuso yobugebengu iyahlukahluka kakhulu, ithinta yonke into kusukela kulokho okuwubugebengu kuya endleleni izaphula - mthetho ezijeziswa ngayo.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esibonakalayo kakhulu sokuhluka kwe-cannabis somthetho kahulumeni. Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni usabheka insangu njengento elawulayo, ama-Program angu-24 no-D.C. asebenzisa i-stable ngokomthetho, futhi angu-38 avumela ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Ukubhaliswa ngokomthetho kuka-Colorado kwaqala igagagasi lezinguquko ezisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni, kodwa lisho njengoIdaho noKansas ulondoloza isijeziso esiqinile ngesijeziso sobugebengu sokuba nempahla yabo.

Ukugwetshwa Nokukhishwa Kwecala

Iziqondiso zokugweba zihluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe njengeLouisiana neMississippi zinesigwebo esifushanisiwe emacaleni athile ezidakamizwa, esiholela emajele amade. Ezinye, njengo-Oregon noVirginia, ziye zaqhubekela ekulungiseni izigwebo, zinciphisa izijeziso futhi zigcizelela ukuvuselelwa. Isigwebo sokufa singenye indawo yokungena emanzini: 27 ikhona ewugcinayo, kodwa izimemezelo ezingu 23 kanye ne D.C. ziye zawuqeda. i-Texas iziboshwa eziningi kunanoma yisiphi esinye isifunda, kanti i-California ayizange ibulale kusukela ngo-2006, nakuba inenani elikhulu labantu abafayo.

Ukukhubazeka Kwezimboni

Imithetho yoMbuso ilawula futhi imisebenzi yebheyili. INew York yadlulisa ibheyili yokulungisa ibheyili ngo-2019, isusa ibheyili yemali kwabakhokhi abaningi abadukisayo nabakhokhisi abanobudlova. Umgomo kwakuwukunciphisa ukuvalelwa kwangaphambi kommangalelwa ophansi. Nokho, umthetho wavusa amabhandefu, futhi ukubuyiselwa kwezahlulelo zomthetho ezilandelayo ngenxa yecala elingathi libi. Ezinye izifundazwe ezifana neKentucky zisebenzisa amathuluzi ayingozi ukubeka ibheyili, kuyilapho izifunda ezifana neMissouri zisasebenzisa izinqubo zemali.

Ukulandisa Kwamaphoyisa

Iminyaka yamuva nje kuye kwamiswa imithetho yokwandisa ukulandisa kwamaphoyisa. i-SB 1421 ne-SB 16 yaseCalifornia yandisa ukutholakala komphakathi emarekhodini ezenzo zokuziphatha okubi. IColorado neWashington ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo eziminyaniswayo nokudinga ukuhlolwa kokudubula okungahlolwa amaphoyisa. Lemithetho isebenza eduze kobuphathi kodwa ixhomeke ezimisweni zokugcinwa kombuso.

Impahla Nemithetho Yokuzilungisa

Umthetho kahulumeni uhlela ukuba kube nendawo, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, nezimakethe zokuhlala, kube nemiphumela eqondile kubantu abahlala khona nasemabhizinisini.

Ukuzingela Nendawo Kuyasetshenziswa

Ukuzingela ngokwesiko kuyindawo yendawo, kodwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziya zingenela ngokuqhubekayo ukuze zibhekane nemali yokuhlala. I-Oregon ne-California ziye zamisa imithetho ephuca imithetho yendawo elawulayo ukuze ivumele i-duplexes ne-4plexes ezindlini zemikhaya eyodwa. Lemithetho “ehlanganisayo” izimisele ukwandisa izimali zokuhlala, kodwa ibhekene nokuphikisa okuvela ezindaweni ezithintekile. Ngokungafani, izifunda zika-Texas zivumela amadolobha ukuba akhethele, kuholele emaphandleni agcwele izimfuneko zokuphakama kwemali.

Ukulawula Ibhere

Imithetho kahulumeni ilawula ukulawulwa kwentela. iCalifornia, iNew York, ne-New Jersey ivumela uhlobo oluthile lokuqasha intela, kuyilapho amazwe amaningi evumela ukuqashwa kwentela yendawo noma ayinqabele ngokuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, iFlorida ivimbela amadolobha ukuba alawule intela ngaphandle kokuba amemezele isimo esiphuthumayo sezindlu, esingavamile ukwenzeka. Lokhu kungena emanzini kuthinta ukukhokha kanye nobuhlobo bomnini wendawo.

Umkhakha obalulekile

Izimiso zikahulumeni zilawula inqubo yokuthathelwa indawo yempahla kahulumeni ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi, kanye nembuyiselo efunekayo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge-Texas, zinencazelo engalawuleki “yokusetshenziswa komphakathi,” ivumela imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa yangasese ukuba ibangele ukulahlwa. Eminye, njengeMichigan ngemva kwe-Kelo lash, inemigoqo eqinile yokuvimbela ukuthuthukisa kwezomnotho kuphela.

Ezinye Izindawo Zokulawula Umbuso

Amandla kahulumeni adlulela nakwezinye izici eziningi zokuphila, kuhlanganise nemithetho yendawo ezungezile, ukugunyazwa kwebhizinisi, nomthetho womkhaya.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile

I-U.S. i-Air Resources Board yaseCalifornia i-Moer Resources imisa izindinganiso ezikhipha izimoto ezivame ukuthathwa yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni njengesisekelo se-sigqekezo. i-New York neWashington i-Washington ishaya imithetho yesimo sezulu efuna igwebu le-nethi ngo-2050, kuyilapho izifundazwe ezinjengeNtshona Virginia zimelana nemithetho elawula izitshalo ezikhipha amalahle.

Ibhizinisi Nemisebenzi Yokuzisebenzela

Ohulumeni bafuna amalayisense amakhulu omsebenzi, kusukela ku-smoseology kuya ku-ozansi. Izimfuneko ziyahlukahluka: ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukuba abaphethe ilayisense baphume ngaphandle kwezwe, kuyilapho ezinye, njenge California, zivame ukudinga ukuhlolwa okusha ngisho nakochwepheshe abanolwazi. Lemithetho yokudayisa ingavikela abathengi noma ibangele izithiyo zokusebenza.

Umthetho Womkhaya

Umshado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, nokutholwa kulawulwa umthetho wezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, inkathi engokomthetho yomshado ngaphandle kwemvume yabazali iyahluka kusukela ku-16 kwezinye izizwe kuya ku-18 kwezinye. Akukho sehlukaniso esinephutha esikhona kuzo zonke izifunda, kodwa izizathu zesehlukaniso esisekelwe emacaleni angokwenani namanani azimele zihluka kakhulu. Imithetho yelungelo lobuntwana ibeka kuqala “isithakazelo esingcono kakhulu somntwana,” kodwa ichaza ukuthi indinganiso ithinta imiphumela ekuthatheni izingxabano kanye namalungiselelo ahlukene okunakekela umntwana.

Indlela Imithetho Kahulumeni Ethinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Izimo zansuku zonke ezilandelayo zibonisa indlela izimiso zikahulumeni ezithonya ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho okuvamile:

  • Ukuqamba: Umshayeli owela eVirginia aye eMaryland angabhekana noshintsho olusheshayo lwesilinganiso sesivinini, imingcele yocingo, nezimfuneko zocingo. Ukuphula kungaphumela ekuhlawuliseni noma emakhoneni ephepha-mvume elilawulwa yizwe lapho ithikithi likhishwa khona.
  • Ukuphatha: Isisebenzi esiholayo esiphansi eTexas akunakwenzeka ukuba sifanelekele iMedicaid ngaphandle kokuba ikhulelwe, ikhubazekile, noma umzali wezingane ezincane. Izisebenzi ezifanayo eNew York zingabhalisa eMedicaid enkud noma isiphi isimo somkhaya, zishukumisela ikhono lazo lokuthola ukwelashwa.
  • Ukuqasha: Umqambi eSan Francisco uzuza emithethweni yendawo yokulawula intela, kodwa umqambi wemali eHouston akanaso isivikelo esinjalo. AmaLandlord ombuso ngamunye asebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene yezindawo ezigciniwe, izimemezelo zokuxoshwa, nokuqashwa.
  • Ukuziphatha komuntu siqu: Umfundi wasekolishi eColorado angathenga insangu ngokomthetho, kodwa ukuyiyisa kumakhelwane Nebraska kungaholela ekumangalelweni ngezidakamizwa. Ngokufanayo, ukuphatha isibhamu esifihliwe kudinga imvume ekhishwa kwezinye izizwe futhi incishwa kwezinye ezisekelwe ezilinganisweni zikahulumeni.
  • [ Ukufa nentela:[ Izintela zeSizalo zisebenza ezindaweni ezimbalwa kuphela, njengeNew York neMassachusetts, kanti ezinye njengeFlorida ne Texas azinazo. Izintela zefa ziyaqhubeka zibangela ukuba ukuhlela ngokwezimali kwemikhaya kube nzima.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yoMbuso ayifani neyalutho. Ukuhlukahluka kwazo kubonisa isimo sikahulumeni wase-United States, zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone izimo ezihlukene ezingokomthetho kuye ngokuthi zihlalaphi. Noma isihloko siphathelene nemfundo, ukukhokhelwa kwezempilo, izijeziso zobugebengu, noma amalungelo empahla, uhulumeni usebenzisa amandla amakhulu athinta abantu ngokuqondile nsuku zonke. Ukuhlala zinolwazi ngomthetho wezwe akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo esebenzayo engokwemfundo, kodwa kuyisidingo esisebenzayo sokuvikela amalungelo omuntu, ukwenza izinqumo zolwazi, nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Imithombo enjenge-FLT: 0] Ingqungqungquthela yezwe ethinta abantu ngokuqondile nsuku zonke. futhi idinga izinzuzo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho. [FLT:] A.