Isingeniso: Ukucindezeleka Okuhlala Njalo Ekubuseni KwaseMelika

Ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni namalungelo ombuso kuye kwaguqula ukubusa kwaseMelika kusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe. Le ngxenye, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-constalism, idala isimiso esinamandla lapho igunya ligeleza khona phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. Kubafundi nabafundisi abahlola izakhamuzi, ukuqonda lomehluko kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izinqumo zemithetho zithinta kanjani ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza ipulani, kodwa amakhulu eminyaka emithetho, izinkantolo, nezinhlangano zezombangazwe ziye zabuchaza ngokuqhubekayo ubuhlobo. Kunokuba umngcele ophakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nobukhosi bamazwe uhlale uyimpikiswano ephilayo ethinta zonke izilinganiso zezempilo yesikole.

Lesi sihloko sichitha imiqondo eyisisekelo, izisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando, kanye nezikhombo ezikhona zegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni. Ekupheleni, abafundi bayobe sebenohlelo olucacile lokuhlaziya ukuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni elisingatha lokho nokuthi kungani leyomingcele ngezinye izikhathi ishintsha.

Ukuqonda Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yama - Festle

Imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni ihlanganisa imibuso nemisebenzi eyabelwe uhulumeni wesizwe. UMthetho-sisekelo ubala la mandla eSiphakamiso I, i-Catepe 8, kuyilapho amandla asikiselayo ethathwe ekudilikeni noMfaneleko ka-Claus. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igunya lombuso liye lanwetshwa ngencazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme nangesenzo sobuhlanga, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinkinga zesizwe. Lemithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganisa izindaba ezidlula imigqa yesifunda noma ezidinga izindinganiso zesizwe ezifanayo.

Izindaba Zokuzivikela Zezwe Nezakwamanye Amazwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya elikhethekile lokuvikela isizwe ekusongelelweni kwangaphandle nasekulawuleni ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugcina amabutho ahlomile, ukuhlobana, nokumelela i-United States embulungeni yonke. UMthetho-sisekelo wenqabela ukungena ezivumelwaneni, ukumemezela impi, noma ukulondoloza amabutho awo phakathi nesikhathi sokuthula. [I-Constitution Center inikeza ukuhlaziywa kokuningiliselwa kwemithetho Eyibala lemibuso yempi. Umthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi isizwe sikhuluma ngezwi elilodwa esiteji sembulunga yonke, sivimbele izingxabano ezingavela ezenzweni ngazinye zesizwe.

Ezentengiselwano Zesifundazwe Nesimiso Sezomnotho

ICommerce Claus inikeza uKhongolo-mfutho we-Grandments [[[FLT:] [1824]) usungule amandla abanzi ezwe phakathi kwezentengiselwano, namazwe akwamanye amazwe, kanye nezizwe zamaMelika Omdabu. Leligunya liye lasekela ukuqondisa kwezezimboni zikahulumeni kusukela kokuhamba kuya kwezokuxhumana. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:]] Gebbons v. [[FLT] [1942] [19] Icala leNkakhulu leNkantolo] i-Gibbens [ugden[[[[FLLT:1]] [18] [18]) ihlanganisa imisebenzi ethinta kakhulu izimakethengiso zezentengiselwano] ne-Scerouniase , kanti izikhungo ze-Expointmental Comsting, ivimbela ukukhula kwezomnotho.

Ukuthuthela Ezindaweni Ezihlukile Nokulondeka Komngcele

Ukulawula ukufuduka kusuka emandleni emvelo eSiphakamiso I kanye nobukhosi obuyifakile bukahulumeni wesizwe. UKhomishane umisa izimiso zemvume, izinqubo zokukhosela, nemithetho yokudingiswa, kuyilapho uMnyango Wezokuphepha ZaseHomeland ulawula imingcele. INkantolo Ephakeme isekela ngokungaguquguquki ukuphakama kukahulumeni ekuthuthweni kwabantu, ishaya imithetho kahulumeni ezama ukudala izimiso ezizohlukanisa zokugcinwa kwezokufuduka. Arizona v. United States isinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi (202) asikwazi ukumisa imithetho ephikisana nezimiso zikahulumeni zokufuduka nomthetho kahulumeni wokusebenza kwezokuthutha, nakuba inegunya lokubambisana nemizamo yomthetho yomthetho.

Ukulondeka Komphakathi Nezinhlelo Zesizwe Zenhlalakahle

Uhulumeni ulawula izinhlelo zomshuwalense wezenhlalo ezweni lonke kuhlanganise nomphakathi we-Social Security, Medicare, noMedicaid. Lezinhlelo zaqala phakathi nenkathi ye-New Deal lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme isekela ukuhileleka komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni enhlalakahleni yezenhlalakahle yomphakathi ngaphansi kokukhokha nokusebenzisa amandla. I-Social Security Act ka-1935 yakha isimiso sobuphekumbelela sobuzwe lonke, kuyilapho kamuva ukulungisa i-mende yenezela umshuwalenselensela wasebe abadala abakhubazekile. Inhlangano yesizwe iqinisekisa inzuzo efanayo kanye nokuhlala lapho abamukelayo behamba phakathi kwezifunda, nakuba izifunda zakhona zihlanganyela umthwalo wokuphatha izinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicaid ngezivumelwano zezwe.

Ukuhlola Amalungelo KaHulumeni

Ilungelo lombuso libhekisela emibuso egcinelwe izifundazwe ngazinye ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi. Le lungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo ligcizelela ukuthi imibuso ayiphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni noma inqatshelwe ezindaweni yimibuso. Igunya likahulumeni lihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezindaba zomphakathi, livumela umbuso ngamunye ukuba uvumelane nemithetho evumelana nezimo zendawo, izindinganiso, nezindawo eziphambili. Le ndlela ehloniphekile ithuthukisa ukusabela nokusabela kuyilapho ulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo zezifunda.

Izimiso zemfundo

Imfundo ihlala ngokuyinhloko ingumthwalo wemfanelo kazwelonke nowasendaweni, ngaphandle komthetho ngokomthetho kahulumeni wezwe noma wesikole. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa izimfuneko zokuthweswa iziqu, zimise izilinganiso zokwaziswa kothisha, futhi zinike izimali zokuxhasa izikole zomphakathi. Izifunda zesikole zendawo zilawula imisebenzi yansuku zonke, ziqasha othisha, futhi zenze izinqumo mayelana nezifundo ezisekelwe kuhulumeni. Indima yemfundo ilinganiselwe ekusekeleni imali ngezinhlelo ezinjengeSihlomo I sokuthola izikole eziphansi namalungelo omphakathi ngoMnyango wemfundo. Izingxoxo ezimayelana nezindinganiso zesizwe njengeCoracle iqokomisa ukuxabana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwesiqondiso sikahulumeni nokulawula imfundo.

Izakhiwo Zokuhamba

Izwe linemigwaqo eminingi futhi liyigcine injalo, amabhuloho, imigwaqo emikhulu, nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi. Iminyango kahulumeni yemisebenzi yezezokuthutha, ihlela ijubane, ikhipha amalayisense okushayela, nezimoto ezibhalisayo. Ukuhileleka kwezezimali ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa yizinhlelo zezimali njengeFederal Highway Administration, enikeza izimali ezixhomeke ekuthotyeni kukahulumeni ngokunamathela kwezindinganiso zokuphepha nezimiso zendawo ezungezile. Isimiso semigwaqo yasemgwaqweqweni siveza ukubambisana kombuso nesifundazwe, lapho uhulumeni unikeza khona izimali kuyilapho izifunda zezindawo zokuphatha nokulawula. Leli lungiselelo livumela ukuba kufakwe imisebenzi esekelwe ekuthuthweni kwezindawo ezidingekayo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezwe lapho kusiza ekuthengiseni kwezwe.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nempilo Yomphakathi

I-Affordlable Care Act ilawula abagcini bezempilo, ochwepheshe bezempilo bezezokwelapha, futhi inikeza izinyathelo zezempilo zomphakathi ezisemingceleni yabo. Iminyango yezempilo yezempilo ilawula ukuqashwa kwezifo, izinhlelo zokugoma, nemikhankaso yezempilo ehlotshaniswa nezindlela zokubulala zendawo. Ngaphansi kwe-Affordcable Care Act, izifunda zathola ithuba lokuklama imishuwalense yempilo yazo siqu futhi zandisa ukuvuselelwa kwemali engcono ngokwezintando zikahulumeni. Izimo zempilo zomphakathi, njengesifo se-CHOVID-19, zaqokomisa ukusetshenziswa kwesiqondiso sikahulumeni kanye nokwenza izinqumo, ngokukhipha iziyalezo zokusebenza ekhaya nokusakaza umjovolo wombuso ngesikhathi uhulumeni unikeza ukuxhasa nokuqondisa izimali.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo bengamela ukugcinwa kwemithetho yomthetho. Izishaya-mthetho zichaza izono eziningi zobugebengu, zimisa iziqondiso, futhi zilawula imisebenzi yamaphoyisa phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-mthetho. Izinhlangano zamaphoyisa zendawo zisingatha ukugcinwa komthetho okuvamile, kuyilapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjengomagada nobubhishobhi bokuhlola izihloko zokuphepha ezibanzi zomphakathi. Indima yezomthetho esemthethweni egxile ekwahluleleni okuphakathi kwemithetho, amacala ezindawo, nokuphulwa kwamalungelo esizwe. [FLT] Conrionational Research Service Service [[[] njalo]

Umshado, Umkhaya Nomthetho Wasekhaya

Ngokwesiko i-Olf: 0 bergefell v. Hodges (2015]), imibuso iyaqhubeka ilawula izici eziningi zomthetho womkhaya ngemithetho yayo siqu nangezimiso zenkantolo. Izwe limisa futhi umthetho, amalungelo empahla, imibandela yezentengiselwano elawula ukuhlukahluka kwezentengiselwano. Lemithetho ivumela ukuba kube khona ukwahlukana okungokomthetho ezweni lonke, kanye nezinye izizwe ezamukela imithetho yomphakathi kuyilapho abanye besebenzisa ukusakazwa okungafanelekile, futhi ezinye izivumelwano zenkantolo ezingagunyazi.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho - sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa uhlelo lokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni ngamalungiselelo amaningana ayinhloko. Ukuqonda lesici kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinegunya ezicini ezithile zezimiso nokuthi izingxabano phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nohulumeni zixazululwa kanjani.

UClaus Onedumela Elibi

ISiphakamiso VI, uClaus 2 simemezela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni ebekwe i-plunter, futhi izivumelwano ziyisivumelwano esiphakeme sezwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni nomthetho kazwelonke ukhona. USuprematy Claus akazenzanga angabi namvuzo ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa imithetho ephikisana negunya likahulumeni elisebenzayo iyancishwa. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa izimfundiso ezihlukene kuye ngokuthi uKhongolo lwasho ngokuqondile ukuthi inhloso yalo yini ukuthatha insimu noma ukuthi ikuphi ukuphikisana. Ukuhlola i-Preaty idinga izinkantolo ukuhlola izingamela-mthetho kahulumeni futhi inqume ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uphazamisa yini izinjongo zikahulumeni.

Amandla Atholakele

ISiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana 8 sihlela imibuso eqondile enikezwa uMkhandlu, kuhlanganise namandla okukhokha intela, ukulawula imali, ukukhokha imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukumemezela impi, nokuphakamisa amabutho. Lamandla adwetshiwe achaza imingcele yangaphandle yegunya likahulumeni. I-Contive and Sed Clauslective igunyaza uKhongolose ukwenza imithetho edingekile nefanele yokukhipha lamandla, ukwenza amandla aqondeneyo angaphezulu kwalawo adwetshiwe kakhulu. Inkantolo ephakeme i-Mcloch v. Mary (18) yasungula ukuthi umthetho unelungelo lokukhetha izindlela zokukhipha amandla awo ahlelwe ngokwezikhomba, isikhathi eside kakhulu njengoba indlela yokukhipha inqubo enganqatshelwe yi-Constitution.

Amandla Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcinelwe ngokuqondile izifundazwe noma amagunya abantu abangawaphathi uhulumeni kahulumeni. Lokhu kulungisa akudali amagunya amasha emibuso kodwa kunalokho kuqinisekisa uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni umane uphathiswe igunya. Amagunya ashiyelweyo ahlanganisa umthetho wobugebengu, umthetho wezemfundo, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wesivumelwano, i-tort, umthetho womkhaya, nenhlangano kahulumeni wendawo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa iSichibiyelo seshumi ukulinganisela amandla ombuso ezindaweni ezinjenge New York v. United States, eyahlasela umthetho kahulumeni owawuyalela umthetho wesizwe ukuba kukhutshwe imfucumfucucu.

Amandla Akhona

Bobabili ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni basebenzisa amagunya athile ngesikhathi esifanayo, abizwa ngokuthi amagunya ahlangene. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukumisa izinkantolo, ukuqasha amabhange, nokumisa imithetho. Uma womabili amazinga kahulumeni elawula umsebenzi ofanayo, i-Suprematy Claus exazulula izingxabano ezivumelana nomthetho kahulumeni, kodwa imibuso inegunya lokubeka imithetho eyengeziwe uma nje ingaphikisani nezimfuneko zikahulumeni. Amandla ombuso akhokhela intela, ngokwesibonelo, awakwenqabi ukubeka intela yawo siqu yempahla, intela yempahla, noma intela yentela. Imibuso ekhona ikha indawo elawulayo evimbela ukulawulwa kwemithetho elawulayo evimbelayo evikelayo kodwa futhi yenza ukuba abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi asebenze imithwalo yokukhokhwakhwazwa kwemithetho.

Umlando

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni namalungelo ombuso buye baqala ngezikhathi ezihlukene eziye zathonywa izenzakalo ezingokomlando, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, nokushintshashintsha kombono womphakathi.

Ukusungulwa NeRepublic Yangaphambili

Izihloko ze-Confederation zakha uhulumeni wesizwe obuthakathaka onegunya elilinganiselwe, ushiya amandla amaningi nemibuso. I-Constitution ye-General ka-1787 yafuna ukuxazulula lobu buthakathaka ngokudala uhulumeni onamandla kakhulu owenziwe ngenkathi ivikela ubukhosi bukahulumeni ngeSiphendulo se-Tenuth. Izimpikiswano zakuqala phakathi kwamaFederali, asekela igunya lesizwe elinamandla, kanye ne-Anti-Federalist, owasekela umbuso we-Iscibration, wasungula ukushukuma kwesisekelo okusaqala okusaqala okuqhubekayo namuhla. INkantolo Ephakeme ngaphansi kobulungisa bukaJohn Marshall yandisa amandla ombuso omthetho ongokomthetho ongokomhlaba njenge [[FLT:]. [[FLTLD][FLD][FLD] .[FLD]] [FLD:1] [12] [12]

Impi Yombango Nokuvuselelwa Kwayo

IMpi Yomphakathi yamelela ukuphikisana okukhulu kakhulu phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nobukhosi bombuso. Izifunda zaseNingizimu zaqinisekisa ilungelo lokusekela ukumiswa okusekelwe ezimpikiswaneni zombuso, kuyilapho uhulumeni wakhona waqinisekisa ukuthi i-Union yayikhona futhi i-odotoma ukuthi ayinakuwuqeda umthetho kahulumeni. Ngemva kokunqoba kwe-Union, iSichibiyelo sawo sandisa amandla kahulumeni okuvikela amalungelo omphakathi. ISiphendulo seshumi nantathu, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane neshumi elinesihlanu savimbela ubugqila, saqinisekisa isivikelo nenqubo efanelekile, futhi sanikeza amalungelo okuvota, igunya le Nhlangano yeSishayanteko yokupho ukuba iphothelela lemithetho emelene nesenzo sikahulumeni. Le nkathi yamisa amandla kahulumeni okususa amalungelo omthetho omthetho omthetho.

Inqubo Entsha Nokwanda Kwegunya Likahulumeni

Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho Okukhulu kwabangela ukwanda okuphawulekayo komthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni njengoba uMongameli Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal wakhuluma ngezinhlelo zezwe lonke. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yalahla umthetho we-New Deac njengedlula amandla ezentengiselwano kahulumeni, kodwa ngemva kokucindezela kwezombangazwe kanye nempikiswano yeNkantolo, yaqala ukusekela igunya elibanzi lezwe ukuze ilawule umsebenzi wezomnotho. Icala lezwe elifana NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. [197] [197]) ne-[FLT:] Wickard. Fil[FLT] [FLD:3] [192] (1942]) lachaza izikhathi zezentengiso ezibanzi, ivumela ukulawula lemisebenzi yezentengo yomphakathi yanamuhla.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi Nokuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

I-Civil Rights Movement yaqokomisa izimo lapho ohulumeni bombuso baphoqelela khona imithetho yomthetho-mthetho, befuna ukungenela kukahulumeni ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho ka-1964 noMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965 wasebenzisa igunya likahulumeni ukunqanda ukucwaswa kwenkululeko, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi nezindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi, nemingcele yokuvota. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela lemithetho ngaphansi kwezentengiselwano zika Clauslease neSiphendulo se-14, imisa lowo mbuso ongawephula imithetho engokomthetho eyisisekelo. Lenkathi yaqinisa isimiso sokuthi amalungelo omphakathi athathe imingcele engaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni ehloniphekile noma enqaba isivikelo esilinganayo.

I - New Federalism Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Kusukela ngawo 1970 futhi kuqhubeke phakathi namashumi eminyaka alandela, izinhlangano zezombangazwe zafuna ukubuyisela amandla ezifundazweni ngefilosofi ebizwa ngokuthi i-New Federalism. INkantolo Ephakeme ngaphansi kweJaji eliyinhloko uWilliam Rehnquist yakhipha izinqumo ezivimbela amandla ezentengiselwano nombuso, kuhlanganise United States v. Lopez [19595], eyahlasela umthetho wesizwe wezibhamu njengezentengiselwano ezingaphezulu kakhulu, futhi .[United States] [1997], eyanciphisa izimfuneko zikahulumeni zokube ngokomthetho zokulawula isizinda somthetho [ukulungisa inhlalakahle] futhi kwamandla amakhulu anikezwayo ekunikezeni usizo. Lenkathi i-[FLTY:2] iyaqhubeka nokuncintina kwefilosofi esekelwe embusweni yezezombangazwe.

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo

Namuhla, izimpikiswano eziningi zezimiso zibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni namalungelo ombuso.

Ukunakekela Impilo Kushintsha Nokwanda Okuqhubekayo

I-Affordlable Care Act yavusa ingxabano engokomthetho eqhubekayo nengokwezombangazwe ephethe uhulumeni nombuso wegunya lokunakekela impilo. INkantolo Ephakeme [ku- iNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) yasekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye njengentela kodwa amandla alinganiselwe ahulumeni ngokubusa ukuthi izifunda azinakuphoqelelwa ukwandisa uMdicaid ngokusongela kokulahlekelwa izimali ezikhona. Lesinqumo salondoloza ukwahlulela kombuso phezu kwe-Medicaid ukwanda kwe-Mediaid, kuholela emsebenzini lapho amanye amazwe enweba ukulingana ne-egignobo kanti amanye angenzi. Umphumela waqokomisa indlela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yombuso wombuso wombuso okungabangela ngayo ukuhlukaniswa lapho amazwe esebenzisa uhulumeni ukuze asebenzise ukwahlulela kwawo ngokusemthethweni wokuzihlulwa kwezimiso zezimiso ezingokomthetho.

Ukuqondiswa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nobuholi BukaHulumeni

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile sivame ukuphikisa izindinganiso zikahulumeni ngokumelene nokusungulwa kwezwe. I-Ceaner Air Act ivumela iCalifornia ukuba ifune iziphazamiso zemithetho yendawo ezungezile evimbela ukukhishwa kwezimoto, futhi ezinye izifundazwe zingathatha izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha izimoto, futhi lendlela yokuhlela izakhiwo zokuqondisa lapho ezinye izifundazwe ziphishekela khona izimiso zesimo sezulu ezinonya kuyilapho izindinganiso zikahulumeni zisebenza kwenye indawo. Ukulawula kwemithetho yendawo ezungezile yezemvelo kushukumisele ukuba kushethe futhi kwamukele imithetho yazo eqinile, ibonisa indlela amazwe angasebenza ngayo njengezindawo zokulawula idemokhrasi lapho uhulumeni uhulumeni ulawula. [[FLT.0:] ENTERN] I-APregiment yokhuselo lwezentengiselwano yezwe eliphethe indawo ezungezile i-gunye indawo ezungezile kanye negunya lezwe.

Ukulawulwa Kwezibhamu Nesichibiyelo Sesibili

Umthetho wesibhamu ubonisa izimpi phakathi kwezindinganiso zikahulumeni ezifanayo negunya likahulumeni elihloniphekile. ISichibiyelo Sesibili simisa ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme ibekwe i-Diverdificiation of Columbia v. Heller[[FLL:1]] (2008), kodwa imibuso igcina igunya lokumisa imithetho evumelana nalelolungelo. Imithetho kahulumeni iyahluka kakhulu, kusukela ekuyekeleleni ukuphatha imithetho ezindaweni ezithile kuya eziqinile ezimfuzweni zokulungisa nokuhlola isizinda sabanye. Umthetho we-Federal umisa izinqanyulo ezisekelwe ekufuyweni kwezibhamu ngecala eliboshiwe ngamafelo nezenzo zobudlova zasekhaya, kuyilapho inezela izivumelwano ezengeziwe noma izivumelwano zombuso. Izivumelwano zikahulumeni zidala izinselele zemithetho yemithetho yezikhali ezihamba ngezibhamu ezihambayo nezimpini eziqhubekayo.

Izindinganiso Zemfundo Nokulawula Imfundo

Impikiswano ngeMigangatho Evamile kaCore State ibonisa ukuxabana phakathi kwesiqondiso sikahulumeni nokulawula kwezwe ngemfundo. ICore ePhakathi yavela ezithandweni zikahulumeni eziqhutshwa ababusi nabaphathi bemfundo, kodwa izisusa zikahulumeni ngohlanga oluya Phezulu zikhuthazwa ukuba zithathwe njengezisebenzi zikahulumeni. Abanye bathi ekuqaleni bamukele iCore Common Core kamuva yabekwa noma yathatha isikhundla sezindinganiso, imisa ukubusa ngezinqumo zemfundo. i-All Schemie Secs Act ka-2015, ibuyisela igunya elibalulekile ekunakekeleni isikole sokuziphendulela izihloko zaso, kuyilapho ilondoloza izimfuneko zikahulumeni zokuhlola nokubika. Lo kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa indlela inqubo yemfundo ehambisana nokulawula kwezwe nombuso.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho Nomthetho Wesizwe

Impi phakathi kokugunyazwa kwensangu engokomthetho nokwenqatshelwa kukahulumeni inikeza enye yezinselele ezivelele kakhulu zombuso wezwe. Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe amaningi aye agunyaza insangu yezokwelapha, futhi amaningi aye agunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwezokuzilibazisa kwabantu abadala, kodwa insangu isalokhu iyisisetshenziswa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. UMnyango Wezobulungisa ukhiphe imemotranda ukuba abameli bagunyaze ukumiswa komthetho okumelene nomthetho owe-propati, kodwa ukulwa kwemithetho esemthethweni kuyaqhubeka. Lesimo sibangela ukungaqiniseki ngamabhizinisi asebenza ngokomthetho ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni kodwa okungase kubangele ukungeniswa kwemithetho ye-omgalelo-ntervery, i-Prectortectionant, i-intergatectionment comment, and gractivement comment comment. Umbuso uveza ukubekwa kwegunya elibalulekile lesizwe endaweni yesizwe esemthethweni yezekwenqawabini yezidakamizwa.

Ukuqamba Amalungelo Nokuphathwa Kokhetho

Izwe linikeza ngokuyinhloko ukhetho, limisa amahora okuvota, libeka izindawo zokuvota, izimfuneko zokuvota, nokufaka imithetho yokungena phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho we-Coing Rights ka-1965 unqabela ukuvota futhi ufuna amagunya akhona nemithetho ehlela ukucwaswa kwemithetho kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. INkantolo Ephakeme ivumela isinqumo sokuvota iShelby County v. i-Raker [2013]) inqanda inqubo yokunquma ukuthi iziphi izikhundla okumelwe zivumelane nezimfuneko zangaphambi kokuvota, ngokuphumelela zivumele izimpikiswano zokuvota ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukuvota, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota-ma kwe-posi, ukukhipha ibhola lebhola le-otho, nokulungisa ukubusa kwemithetho yokuvikela ukuvikela kwelungelo.

Isiphetho

Umehluko phakathi kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni nemalungelo esizwe ulokhu uyisici esichazayo sokubusa kweMelika. UMthetho-sisekelo umisa uhlelo oluhlukanisa igunya, kodwa imingcele eqondile iyaqhubeka iguqula ngomthetho, ukuchaza ukwahlulela, nempikiswano yezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kunamandla kubalulekile ekubopheni uhulumeni ngoba izakhamuzi kumelwe zisebenzise izinga elingakanani elidinga ukusingatha izinkathazo zikahulumeni nendlela yokusekela ushintsho oluphumelela. Ukungaguquguquki phakathi kwempi ehlangene nezindawo ezihlukene kudala kokubili izinselele namathuba. Igunya eliphethe liqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo esingaguquki samalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nezinkinga ezidlula imingcele yezwe, kuyilapho igunya livumela ukusabela kwendawo, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso, nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi ngokwengeziwe. Abafundi nabafundisi abahlola lemiqondo, umgomo awukona ukuxazulula izinselele ngokuhlala njalo kodwa ukuqonda indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo futhi esinenzuzo ekuhlanganyele ekuhlanganyeleni kwezingxoxo ezithengisweni ezingokomthetho ze-America.