Isichibiyelo Sokuqala Nesisekelo Sokukhuluma

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simi njengendawo eqinile yenkululeko yaseMelika, igcizelela isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi uhulumeni ngeke unqande ukuveza imibono. Umyalo wakhe oyinhloko ```"" Conrer ngeke wenze mthetho... oqinisa inkululeko yokukhuluma". Iwumthetho onamandla oweqisayo nonamandla owenqanda amandla kahulumeni. Nakuba umbhalo ngokwawo ulula ngokukhohlisa, ukusebenza kwaleli lungelo kuye kwamiswa amakhulu eminyaka empi yezombangazwe, ukushintsha kwezenhlalo, nencazelo eyinkimbinkimbi yokwahlulela. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpande ezijulile zomlando, izigaba zemfundiso, izincazelo eziyisisekelo zelungelo lomthetho wenkululeko. Ukuqonda lezi zibalulekile ekusebenziseni imithwalo yemfanelo yesizwe nokugcinwa kwenkulumo esobala okuchaza umphakathi wezentando yentando yeningi.

Ekuqaleni, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sasisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Nokho, ngokuhlanganisa imfundiso yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iNkantolo ePhakeme i-Supreme yasebenzisa lezisivikelo kuhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo, kusukela ngobuqotho Gitrow v. INew York [1925]. Lentuthuko ebucayi yandisa kakhulu ukufinyelela isivikelo sokukhuluma, iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho silinganiso sikahulumeni eUnited States esingaqeda kalula ukugxeka kwayo. Uhambo olusuka kumthetho kahulumeni omncane ukuya ku-Genest ukuya ku-equart yesizwe eyisiqinisekiso senkululeko yenkululeko yanamuhla.

Izimbangela Ezingokomlando Zesivikelo Sokukhuluma

Abaklami beBhili of Rights babethonywe kakhulu yizihlakaniphi zokuhlakanipha zoKhanyiselwa nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani.

Ithonya Labacabangayo NaloMthetho WesiNgisi

Izincwadi zikaJohn Locke, owaphikisa amalungelo emvelo nesidingo sikahulumeni ngokuvuma, zanikeza isisekelo sefilosofi sokuveza inkululeko. Lemibono kaJohn Milton [FL: 0] Areopagita[, i-palmicious 1644 emelene nokuncintisana kwezindaba, yaphikisa ngokuqinile ukuthi iqiniso lingavela kuphela ekuncintisaneni kwemibono ngempikiswano engaqinile. Lemiqondo iwubekela inselele ngokuqondile umthetho wesiNgisi ovamile we-libhelu, okugxekwa komthetho wobuqhetseba nohulumeni. Abahleli babheka ikhono lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokusakaza njengelungelo eliyifakelwayo, elibalulekile ngenxa yokuphishekela iqiniso nokuvimbela ubushiqela.

Okuhlangenwe Nakho Kwamakoloni Nezimpikiswano Zokungahlangani

Izikhalo zamakoloni ezisheshayo ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani zazisa futhi isidingo sesiqinisekiso sokukhuluma. Ukucusumbulwa kwezishaya-mthetho zamakoloni nokuqulwa kwabanyathelisi abanjengoJohn Peter Zenger, owagxeka iziphathimandla zaseBrithani, kwagcizelela ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwenkululeko yezombangazwe nekhono lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Phakathi nezimpikiswano ezinzima ngokunqandwa koMthetho-sisekelo, abamelene nombuso omusha ophethe uzakuvimbela ukungavumelani ngokungenakugwenywa uma imvume ethile yamalungelo inganezelwanga. ISiphendulo sokuqala sasiwumkhiqizo oqondile wokuhlehla, ucingo olucacile olumelene nobushiqela obungaba khona noma umqondisi ophakeme.

Ukuhlola Kokuqala: UMthetho We - Sedition ka - 1798

Cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokukhishwa kwayo, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sabhekana novivinyo olunzima ngokudlula kwe-Sedition Act ka-1798. Lomthetho ophikisana kakhulu wakwenza kwaba icala ukukhipha "inkohliso, ihlazo, nokubhala okunenzondo" kuhulumeni. Sasetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukumangalela izintatheli nabahleli abahlangene ne-Democratic Democratic-Republicans. Nakuba uMphathi Jefferson wagwetshwa futhi labo ababekwe icala kamuva baxolelwa nguMongameli Jefferson, ukuphazanyiswa kwezombangazwe kwaqinisekisa ukuqonda komphakathi ukuthi injongo eyinhloko yeSiphendulo sokuqala yayikuvikela ukuphikisa kwezombangazwe. Inkulumo ngeSidlo seSigqi siseAgalelo siseyindayo ihlala iyinhlenganiso enamandla ngokuphathelene nokungabi namazwi okukhululekile kwenkululeko yezombangazwe.

Izingxenye Zokubonakaliswa Okuvikelwe

Imfundiso yesiHlomelo sanamuhla seSichibiyelo sokuQala iyaqaphela ukuthi "inkululeko yokukhuluma" ihlanganisa okungaphezu nje kwezwi elikhulunywayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula uhlelo lokuhlukanisa nokuvikela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhuluma, iqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zenkulumo zikhonza izindinganiso zezenhlalo ezihlukene.

Inkulumo Yezombangazwe: ISiphazamiso SeSichibiyelo Sokuqala

Inkulumo yezombangazwe, ehlanganisa ukuphikisana ngabazohlolwa, inkambiso yomphakathi, izindaba zikahulumeni, kanye nokuziphatha kwezikhulu zomphakathi, kunikezwa izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesivikelo. Lolu hlelo luvame ukuchazwa njengoluphethe "isigaxa esiphezulu kakhulu sesigaba seSichibiyelo Sokuqala." Indaba yengqopha - mlando iNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]) yamisa imingcele eqinile ngokumelene nempahla ye-librassss ye-oced yezikhulu, iqaphela isibopho sesizwe esinzulu sesimiso sokuthi impikiswano yezindaba zomphakathi kufanele iphele, ivuse, futhi ivuleke kakhulu. Isinqumo safuna izikhulu zomphakathi ukufakazela "izenzo zobubi zomthetho" ukunikeza indawo yokunyuswa kwecala, ukunikeza indawo edingekile yokugxeka uhulumeni.

Inkulumo Engokomfanekiso Nokuziphatha Okubonisa Isineke

Izenzo ezihloselwe ukudlulisela umyalezo othile zivame ukuvikelwa njengenkulumo engokomfanekiso. INkantolo yaqaphela lesi simiso Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District [1998], ibambe ukuthi abafundi abafake izibambo ezimnyama ukuze bavimbele i-Vietnam Impi babe nenhlanganisela nenkulumo ehlanzekile. Ngokufanayo, Testas v. Johnson [[FLT:] [19989], iNkantolo yathi ukushisa ifulegila laseMelika njengendlela yokubhikica ngezombangazwe kuveza ukuziphatha okuvikelwa yi-Rest Amedition. Lokhu kuphawula ukuthi, kukhulunywe njengamazwi abalulekile emthetho wanamuhla.

Inkulumo Yezentengiselwano Nenhlangano Ebonisa Imizwelo

Inkulumo yezentengiselwano, enjengezokukhangisa, ithola isilinganiso esithile sesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa ngokwezinga eliphansi kunenkulumo yezombangazwe noma yobuciko. I-Central Hudson Gas & Gealic Corp. v. Public Service Commission [1980]) ukuhlolwa kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba alawule inkulumo ekhohlisayo noma ekhathazayo engekho emthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSimemezelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana nabanye ngezinjongo eziyimfihlo. NACP [ADACP] v. (1958]), iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi ukuveza izinhlu zobulungu eziphoqekelelekile futhi zingenamthethweni, ziqinisekisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwenkululeko yokuhlela.

Imingcele Ecacile Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli konke okushiwo yileNkantolo siye saveza izigaba eziningana zenkulumo ezingafinyeleleki ngoba azinalo inzuzo ephawulekayo emphakathini noma azilimazi kangako uhulumeni onesithakazelo esiphoqelelayo sokunqanda.

  • Ukuhlolelwa Enzweni Esingenamthetho: Uvivinyo lwanamuhla luvela ku [[FLT]] Brandenburg v.Ohio[[FLT]] [[FLT] [1] [19994]. Ukuhlolwa okukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuyavikelwa ngaphandle kokuba kuqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekukhiqizeni isenzo sobugome esiseduze futhi kungenzeka kushukumise noma kuvelise isenzo esinjalo. Loluvivinyo luvikela kakhulu ekuchayeni komsindo wokuvuvuka.
  • Ukukhohlisa nezinkulumo ezingamanga: izinkulumo ezingamanga zeqiniso zokuthi ukulimaza idumela lomuntu akuvikelwanga. Nokho, izikhulu zomphakathi kumelwe zifakazele "inzondo engokoqobo" (ukwazi ukukhohlisa noma ukungalinaki iqiniso) ngaphansi [FLT]] New York Times Co.v. Sullivan [194]]
  • I-obscenity:[ izinto ezicacile ngokobulili ezihlangabezana nokuhlolwa okunezingxenye ezintathu eziqinile [kusukela Miller v. California[) ayivikelekile. Lokhu kudinga ukuba umsebenzi, uthathwe njenge-all, unxuse isithakazelo esiphezulu, ubonise ukuziphatha kobulili ngendlela ehlazisayo, futhi ungabi nalwazi olubalulekile, ubuciko, isayensi, noma inani.
  • [[NTL:0] Amagama abangela ukulimala: [[FT:2] [[FT]] Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire [192]), iNkantolo yachaza "amagama alwayo" njengalawo abangela ukulimala noma athambekele ekubangeleni ukuqhekeka kokuthula okusheshayo. Lomkhakha wasetshenziswa kancane emashumini eminyaka alandelayo ukuze ugweme imibono engathandeki.
  • Izinsongo zeqiniso:[ Inkantolo Virginia v. Black [2003] yachaza izinsongo zeqiniso njengezinkulumo lapho isikhulumi sisho ukudlulisela amazwi angathi sína enhloso yokwenza isenzo sobudlova obungekho emthethweni. Lokhu kukhipha ihaba lezombangazwe kanye nokugcona nje.
  • Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zabantwana kanye neSoliative: Uhulumeni unesithakazelo esishukumisayo ekuvikeleni izingane, futhi inkulumo eholela ngokuqondile ekuxhashazweni kwezingane ayinikezwanga isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala.

INkantolo Ephakeme Njengomgadi Wokukhuluma

INkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomsizi wokugcina wencazelo ye - Free Speech Claus. Ngokusetshenziswa kohlelo lokwahlulela, iNkantolo ilinganisela ilungelo lomuntu lokukhuluma ngokumelene nezithakazelo zikahulumeni ezincintisanayo, ukulondeka, nokungakhethi. Ukuziphendukela kwemfundiso yeSichibiyelo sokuqala kubonisa ukungqubuzana kweNkantolo noshintsho lwezimo zezenhlalo.

Ikhulu lama-1970 leminyaka laqala ukulwa neNkantolo izama ukuchaza imingcele yokukhuluma ngezikhathi zenhlekelele yesizwe. Scheck v. United States (1919), uMahluleli Holmes wachaza i-"clear nengozi ekhona" ukuhlolwa, eqaphela ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala ngeke sivikele umuntu omemeza ngokukhohlisayo emlilweni wempi. Nokho, lolu vivinyo lwasetshenziswa ekuqaleni ekusekeleni izinkolelo zabahlalisani umphakathi nabamelene nempi phakathi neMpi Yezwe I.

Ukushintshwa kwe "clock nengozi ekhona" ukuhlolwa "isenzo esiqinile sokungabi namthetho" ku- Brandenburg kubonisa ukuqonda okuvuthiwe ukuthi uhulumeni wedemokhrasi kumelwe ubekezelele ukungenwa komcimbi omkhulu nokuvuvukala kwenkulumo ukuze alondoloze ukuphikisana okuqinile kwemibono. New York Times Co. v. United States[FLT] [FT:3], iNkambiza yeNkathi ye-Pentagon Papers, inqaba ukuvinjwa ngaphambi kokuba igwegwegwe, ibambe ukuthi uhulumeni awunakuvimbela ukukhishwa kwezincwadi ezihlukeneyo umthwalo onzima wokuzibonakalisa ngokuqondile, nokulimala kwesizwe. Lezi zimo zibonisa indima yeNkathi ye-mthetho ephakathi ewumthetho womthetho wezwe.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Enkathini Yamanani

Ikhulu lama - 21 liye laletha imifantu engakaze ibonwe emthethweni Wesichibiyelo Sokuqala, oqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko yi - Internet nokubusa kwamapulatifomu angawodwa.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi i-Internet iyindawo ekhethekile yokukhuluma evikelekile. Packingham v. INyakatho Carolina (2017]), iNkantolo yawisa umthetho owenqabelayo abaphuli-mthetho abasemthethweni ekungeneni izindawo zezenhlalo yezokuxhumana, isho ukuthi amaqonga ezezomphakathi "isikwele" futhi abalulekile ekuhwebelaneni ngemibono. Nokho, ukwehlukana okukhulu kukhona phakathi komthetho wokuhlola nobucukubhede. ISiphetho sokuqala sivikela abantu ezindaweni zomphakathi umthetho wezenyuziyawumphakathi [FLT]. [FLT] Izenyuziyamu yezentelligence] [FON]

Lokhu kwakha indawo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuqondisa lapho inkulumo yeningi ithonywe kakhulu yimithetho eyimfihlo nezimiso zokulinganisela. Ukuhlanganisa izihloko zihlanganisa isivikelo sokufakwa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukulawulwa kokukhangisa kwezombangazwe okuhloselwe ukuthunyelwa, nendima yokukhonjwa kokugcina ekuvikeleni inkulumo yangasese. Izinkantolo ziyoqhubeka zicwengisisa imingcele yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile njengoba ubuchwepheshe buguqula.

Ukubaluleka Okungokwesiko Kwesiko Elikhululekile Lokukhuluma

Isivikelo esibanzi seSichibiyelo Sokuqala sifeza imisebenzi embalwa ehlobene nesimiso sentando yeningi.

Izakhamuzi azikwazi ukuzibusa ngaphandle kokuba zikhululekile ukuxoxa nabanye ngokwaziswa, ngamabomu, futhi zigcine abaholi bazo benomthwalo wemfanelo. Inkululeko yokukhuluma iyimfuneko yeRepublic esebenza. Ikhono lokugxeka uhulumeni obala liyi-e - kuhlolwa okubalulekile ekuziphatheni okubi okungokomthetho nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

Ukufaka i-Promotemp armos: IJaji Holmes edumile ukuphikisana uAbrams v. United States [19]) yaphikisa ngokuthi uvivinyo olungcono kakhulu lweqiniso lungamandla omqondo wokuzenza zamukeleke emncintiswaneni wemakethe. ISibuyekezelo sokuqala siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akasiciphisi lemaketheli ngokucindezela imibono ayithandeki. Ikhambi lokugcina lenkulumo elimazayo alikona ukucusumbula, kodwa liveza ukungacunuli, kodwa liphinde lithathe indawo yemfundo.

Ukuvikela iNhlangano ephikisayo nenomthetho: Ukuvikela inkulumo yabaphikisi, izigaba, nalabo abanemibono engathandeki kubalulekile emphakathini ophikisayo. Kuphoqelela iningi ukuba limelane nemibono ephikisayo futhi kukwenze kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlanganisa i-othoric. Amaqembu abambelele kakhulu emlandweni aye athembela ezivikelweni zeSimemezelo sokuqala ukuze aqhube izimbangela zawo, kusukela eMzabalazweni Wamalungelo Omphakathi ukuya eMzabalazweni Wabesifazane. Inkululeko yokuphikisana nenguquko iyinjini yentuthuko yezenhlalo.

Isiphetho: Ukuzinikela Okuhlala Njalo Komthetho - sisekelo

Isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma asisona nje isithakazelo senkululeko; siyisisekelo esakhiwe kuso umbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika. Sivumela ukuzenzela ubuciko nobusayensi, futhi sinikeza ukuphenya okunokuthula kwemibono ephikisayo. Umlando wenkululeko yokukhuluma ungowesivikelo e - United States okhulayo, ovimbela isizwe ekulweni nokwesaba futhi unikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sezinhlangano zoshintsho lwezenhlalo nezombangazwe.

Ukunquma ubunkimbinkimbi benkululeko yokukhuluma kuseyinselele eyisisekelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wesakhamuzi ngasinye. Ngokuqonda izikhuselo eziqinile ezibekwe lapha ``izigaba zenkulumo ezivikelweyo, imingcele elinganiselwe kuleyosivikelo, nendima enzima yokuhlola kokwahlulela. /-9zen ingawaqonda kangcono amandla amaphimbo abo siqu nohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo oluzivikelayo. Umsebenzi wokuvikela ukukhuluma ngenkululeko akuyona inkantolo kuphela kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi eziqaphela ukuthi umphakathi ovala ukuphikisana ekugcineni uvala ngokwawo. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngombhalo oyisisekelo walamalungelo, thinta umagazini [[FLT:] i-National Archivesbook of Rights [[FLDA:1].]