Izisebenzi Zasekhaya ENdiya: Isiqondiso Esiwubufakazi Samalungelo Ezomthetho Nezokuvikelwa

Izisebenzi zasekhaya zenza umgogodla ongabonakali wezigidi zemikhaya yamaNdiya, zenza imisebenzi ebalulekile enjengokuhlanza, ukupheka, ukunakekela izingane, nokunakekela kwabadala. INhlangano yezizwe ngezizwe ilinganisela ukuthi iNdiya iyodwa ilinganisela ukuthi izisebenzi zasekhaya ezicishe zibe izigidi ezingu-4,2, nakuba inani langempela liphakeme kakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi engavamile nengabhaliwe. Naphezu kweminikelo yazo ebalulekile, izisebenzi zasekhaya ziye zakhishwa emithethweni engokomthetho, ishiyeka izindleko zokuxhashazwa, iholo eliphansi, izimo zokusebenza, isithunzi sezenhlalo. Nokho, iNdiya iye yathatha isilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu sokuqaphela izisebenzi zasekhaya njengezisebenzi ezisemthethweni ezinikezwa isivikelo esingokomthetho. Lesihloko sinikeza igunya elingokomthetho, ekuhloleni amalungelo angokomthetho, izinselele, izinselele, futhi zombili izikhulu zezisebenzi ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo nasemsebenzini.

Obani Abayizisebenzi Zasekhaya ENdiya?

Ngaphansi komthetho waseNdiya neziqondiso zomhlaba wonke, isisebenzi sasekhaya singumuntu osebenza ekhaya ukuze athole iholo ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwekhaya lomqashi. Umsebenzi ungaba inxenye noma isikhathi esigcwele, uhlale noma uhlale, futhi ungahlanganisa izindima ezinjengokupheka, izitho, amantombaza, amapulazi, amapulazi, abalimi, abashayeli, nabagcini bekhaya. Ingxenye ingabantu besifazane abamangalisayo: izisebenzi zasekhaya ezingaphezu kuka-80% zingabesifazane, abaningi babo abavela ezindaweni zasemaphandleni noma ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane. Ngokuvamile bangaba abahlala emiphakathini ephansi kuhlanganise ne-Shechemitcheldas, i-Punitellegated Colles, nenye isigaba somhlala. Ukungabikho kwezivumelwano ezibhaliwe nezisebenzi ezisemthethweni nabaqashi abasebenzayo kuye kwabenza basebenze futhi bavikeleke kakhulu, ukuvikelwa kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, zonke izinhlangano ezingokomthetho.

Izibalo Nezingalawuleki

Ingxenye yomsebenzi wasekhaya iphawulwa ngokuzinza okuphakeme, ukuncishiswa kwegunya eliphansi, nokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi. Izisebenzi eziningi ziqashwa imikhaya eminingi, ngayinye ikhokhela intela ngaphandle kokhuseleko lomsebenzi noma izinzuzo. Izisebenzi ezihlala ekhaya ezithuthayo .(izisebenzi ezihamba zinqamula imigqa kahulumeni noma ngisho nokunqamula imingcele) zibhekene nezinye izithiyo, kuhlanganise nemingcele yolimi, ukuntuleka kwemiphakathi yomphakathi, nengozi enkulu yokushushumbisa noma ukusebenza ngempoqo. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela zokungasebenzi kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ukuvikela komthetho okunikezelwe kungeyona nje indaba yemithetho kodwa amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwezivikelo Ezingokomthetho

Izisebenzi zasekhaya eNdiya zasuswa emkhosini omkhulu wemithetho yezisebenzi njengomthetho weFactories Act, 1948, i-Monter Wages Act, 1948, kanye ne-Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. Umbono wawuthi imikhaya yayingamele “izindawo zokusebenza” nokuthi umsebenzi wasekhaya wawuyilungiselelo lomuntu siqu elingalawulwa umthetho. Izinhlangano zezemisebenzi nezinyunyana zezisebenzi zaqala ukuqhubeka phambili ukuze ziqapheleke kuma 1990, naseNkantolo ePhakathi eMthethweni ephawulekayo, iqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zasekhaya zinelungelo elifanayo namalungelo abalulekile njenganoma yisiphi esinye isisebenzi. [[FLT:] i-RGomatilgnsssss [[FLD1] is.[FLD] isss isss. is.

Imithetho Ebalulekile Nemithetho Ephathwayo Izisebenzi Zasekhaya Ezibusayo

Isimiso somthetho sezisebenzi zasekhaya saseNdiya siyindawo ehlukene yemithetho ephethe, imithetho eqondene nombuso, nezincazelo zokwahlulela. Ngezansi kunezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zemithetho.

I - Act Yezisebenzi Zezokuvikela Izenhlalo, 2008

Lesi isenzo esiyinhloko esihlanganisa izisebenzi zasekhaya njengengxenye yengxenye engahlelekile. Sigunyaza ohulumeni abaphakathi nohulumeni ukuba bakhe amasuntswana okuphepha kwezempilo, amanzuzo okubeletha, impesheni, nesembozo sokukhubazeka. [[FLT: 0] Pradhan Mantram Man Maan Maan-Dhan (PM-SYM) kanye ne-Ayman Brashman Pradtari Mantry Manya Yogya Oyaya (ABPJAN-JY)[FLT] ikhuliswe izisebenzi zasekhaya, nakuba ingekho izimfuneko zemvume nezincwadi.

Act, 1979

Nakuba ekuqaleni yayiklanyelwe izisebenzi ezifudukayo zasezimbonini nasesakhiweni, izinkantolo ziye zachaza lesisenzo sokukhomba izisebenzi zasekhaya ezithutha zinqamule imingcele kahulumeni. Umthetho ufuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze isivumelwano esibhaliwe, baqinisekise ukuthi iholo liyinkokhelo okungenani incane, futhi banikeze indawo yokuhlala efanelekile nezindawo zokwelapha. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa kubuthakathaka kakhulu, futhi izisebenzi ezimbalwa ezihlala khona ziyawazi amalungiselelo ayo.

Izisebenzi Zasekhaya Izenzo Zebhodi Nemithetho Kahulumeni

Izifundazwe eziningana, kuhlanganise iKerala, iTamil Nadu, iKarnataka, iMaharashtra, neDelhi, ziye zamisa imithetho eqondile noma amabhodi ezenhlalakahle ezisebenzi zasekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Kerala i-Professilsfolty Welfare Board [ ibhalisa izisebenzi, iqoqa amakhenisi kubaqashi, futhi inikeza impesheni, umshuwalense wempilo, nemfundo yezingane.

Ukuhlukunyezwa Kwabesifazane Ngokobulili Emsebenzini (Ukujeziswa, Ukujeziswa Nokuhlengwa), UMthetho Ka - 2013

I- Act ihlanganisa ngokuqondile izisebenzi zasekhaya ezisencazelweni yazo ye-“msebenzi” futhi ifuna abaqashi − kuhlanganisa nemikhaya − ukwakha amakomiti okukhononda kwangaphakathi (noma ukusebenzisa amakomiti endawo) ukusingatha ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili. Lokhu kuyisivikelo esibalulekile esinikezwa ukuhlukaniswa komsebenzi wasekhaya nokungalingani kwamandla phakathi komninikhaya nezisebenzi.

UMthetho Omncane Wezambuku, 1948

Kusukela ngo-2009, ohulumeni abaphakathi nohulumeni bezwe baye bahlanganisa umsebenzi wasekhaya ohlelwe ngokwezinjongo zeholo eliphansi. Ngo-2025, izifundazwe eziningi zihlela iholo elilinganiselwe nsuku zonke noma lanyanga zonke lezisebenzi zasekhaya, nakuba izibalo zihluka kakhulu (kusukela ku 76300 ngosuku) kwezinye izizwe kuya kungaphezu kuka 766 eDelhi. Abaqashi babophekile ngokomthetho ukukhokha okungenani inani eliyizazisiwe, kodwa ukuvuma kuyavumelana nemithetho.

Imithetho Ephathelene Nezigebengu, 2019 neminye Imithetho Yezezimali

Imithetho emisha yezisebenzi, ejonge ukuhlanganisa nokubeka imithetho ekhona lula, ichaza “umqaphi” obanzi ngokwaneleyo ukuba ahlanganise izisebenzi zasekhaya. Nokho, ukumiswa kwemithetho kusagcinwa, futhi izivikelo eziningi zenzakalela njengeholo eliphansi lembulunga yonke, inkokhelo efike ngesikhathi, nezivumelwano ezibhaliwe, kusezakufezeka emhlabathini.

Amalungelo Ayinhloko Nezivikelo Eziningi

Ngezansi sihlola imibandela engokomthetho ekhethekile izisebenzi zasekhaya ezingayithola, kanye nokucabangela okungokoqobo.

Ilungelo Lokukhokha Imali Efanele

Izisebenzi zasekhaya zinelungelo lokukhokha imali engaphansi kweholo elibekwe uhulumeni wezwe. Izisebenzi kumelwe zikhokhelwe ngemali noma ukuthunyelwa kwebhange; iholo elifana nelohlobo (umk., ukudla noma indawo yokuhlala) alinakuthatha indawo yeholo lemali ngaphandle kokuba zivume ngokuzithandela futhi zibhaliwe. Abaqashi abakhokha imali engaphansi kweholo elingaphansi kwemali engakhokhwa uhulumeni.

Ukusebenza Amahora, Izikhathi Zokuphumula, Nokuchitha Isikhathi Esiningi

Nakuba kungekho mthetho oyinhloko ogunyaza amahora avamile okusebenza izisebenzi zasekhaya, imibuso eminingi ilinganisela isikhathi sokusebenza ngamahora angu-8-9 ngosuku ngekhefu elilodwa. Izisebenzi eziphila-ihora kumele zinikezwe igumbi lazo siqu nesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora amisiwe kufanele sikhokhelwe ngokuphindwe kabili. Ukungabikho kwewashi noma amarekhodi okufika emakhaya kwenza kube nzima, kodwa izisebenzi zingazigcina izintambo zazo siqu noma zisebenzise ama-apps ezimotweni emahoreni okuhlela.

Isivikelo Ekuxhashazweni Nokuhlukunyezwa

Izisebenzi zasekhaya zinelungelo lokusebenza emsebenzini olondekile nohloniphekile. Ukuxhashazwa ngokomzimba, ngamazwi, ngokomzwelo, noma ngokobulili okwenziwa abaqashi noma amalungu ekhaya kungekho emthethweni futhi kungabikwa ngaphansi kwe-Penal Code yase-Indiya (amacandelo 354, 376, 506, njll.) kanye nePoSH Act. Iziteshi zamaphoyisa zibophekile ngokusemthethweni ukubhalisa izikhalo zezisebenzi zasekhaya ngaphandle kokucwaswa. Ngokwenqubo, izisebenzi eziningi zesaba ukuphindisela noma ukuxoshwa (uma zifudukile) futhi azivamile ukukhononda.

Izinzuzo Zokulondeka Komphakathi

Ngaphansi koMthetho Wezisebenzi Ezingahlelekile Wezokuphepha, izisebenzi zingathola izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene:

  • [[UMSHUMO:0] Umshuwalense weHealth: I-Ayushman Bharat inikeza u-65 lakh wesifuba somkhaya sokunakekela okwesibini nokunakekela.
  • I-PNS:[ PM-SYM inikeza impesheni yenyanga zonke ye-3000 ngemva kweminyaka engu-60 ukunikela okuncane.
  • [ Izinzuzo zokubelethisa:[ Amanye amabhodi kahulumeni anikeza ikhefu elikhokhelwayo (umz. amasonto angu-12) nezinzuzo zemali, nakuba ukuhlanganisa kwesizwe kulinganiselwe.
  • Isembozo esiqinile nesikhubazayo: Ngaphansi kwePradhan Mantri Suraksha Buma Yojana kanye namanye amaqhinga.

Ngeshwa, ukubhaliswa kwalezi zinhlelo kudinga u - Aadhaar, i - akhawunti yasebhange, futhi ngezinye izikhathi umqashi amaphepha esiqinisekiso, izisebenzi eziningi zasekhaya eziwaswele.

Ilungelo Lokuya Engqungqutheleni Elotshiwe

Nakuba kungengagunyaziwe emhlabeni wonke, isivumelwano somsebenzi esibhaliwe sikhuthazwa kakhulu futhi sifunwa ngokomthetho izisebenzi zasekhaya ezifudukayo ezingaphansi koMthetho we-Inter- State Migrant Workmen Act. Isivumelwano kufanele sichaze imisebenzi, amaholo, amahora okusebenza, ukushiya, amagama okuhlala (uma uphila-ngaphakathi), kanye nesaziso sokuphetha. Ukuba nesivumelwano esibhaliwe kunciphisa izingxabano futhi kunike izisebenzi amandla okukhalaza.

Ilungelo Lokuyeka Ukudla

Izisebenzi zasekhaya zingafika:

  • Umnyango wezisebenzi wendawo noma ukhomishane wezisebenzi.
  • State Powerful Welfare Boards (lapho zikhona).
  • Iziteshi zamaphoyisa (zecala lobugebengu).
  • Amakomiti endawo ngaphansi koMthetho wePoSH.
  • Izinkonzo zosizo ezingokomthetho ezinikezwa yi - National Legal Services Authority (NALSA).

Izinselele Ekufezeni Nokuphoqelelwa

Naphezu kwamalungiselelo angokomthetho achazwe ngenhla, iqiniso lansuku zonke lezisebenzi eziningi zasekhaya eNdiya liseyingozi.

Ukungaqapheli Nokubhala

Ngisho nalabo abaziyo bangase bangabi nazo izincwadi zemininingwane, ama-akhawunti asebhange noma amakheli amisiwe ukuze babhalise izinhlelo. Abaningi basebenza ngaphandle kokwaziswa okungokomthetho kwabaqashi, okwenza kube nzima ukufakazela ukuthi umsebenzi uhlangene yini lapho kuqalwa.

Ukukhishwa Kwezinhloli Zokushaya Ikhanda Ngokwesiko

Abahloli bezisebenzi abangaphansi kweFactories Act neminye imithetho yezimboni abanagunya phezu kwemikhaya ezimele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanxusa izifunda ukuba zinike izinhlangano zezisebenzi amandla ukuze zihlole izindawo zokusebenza, kodwa bambalwa abaye benza kanjalo. Ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa, ukuthobela kushiyelwa ngokuphelele emseni wabaqashi.

Amandla Alinganiselwe Nokwesaba Ukubuyiselwa

Izisebenzi zasekhaya, ikakhulukazi izisebenzi ezihlala noma ezifudukayo, zithembele emalini yabaqashi futhi zihlala ezikhungweni. Ukukhononda ngeholo, amahora amaningi, noma ukuxhashazwa kungaholela ekuxoshweni ngokushesha, ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala, noma ngisho nokushushumbisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kudumaza ukubika.

Amagebe EMthethweni

Awukho umthetho oyinhloko ogunyaza ukuba izisebenzi zasekhaya ziqashelwe phansi kweKhodi Lezenhlalakahle noma i-Code on Social Security. Amazwe aneholo elilinganiselwe, inqubo, nenkokhelo yezenhlalakahle, kudala ukuhlukahluka kwezimiso zamalungelo. Kuzisebenzi zasekhaya ezisebenzela imikhaya eminingi, akekho kwabaqashi ozizwa enomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza izinzuzo.

Indima Yomphakathi Wangaphakathi Nezinhlangano Ezingokombangazwe

Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano ziye zasiza ekukhuthazeni amalungelo ezisebenzi zasekhaya, ukubhalisa izisebenzi, nokunikeza ukusekela kobuphanya. Izinhlangano ezinjenge i-Domestic Commony Rights Union (DWRU), [[FLT]][FLT]][FLT]][EMEMYLEDYDYS UNICEF [[FOLT]]] [[FLT]]][FOLT]][amply[ak active Association’s systems systems syst [iiiirightography] [ie], isekela futhi ukuhleleka komsebenzi [i-FLT] futhi isekela ukuhleleka kwe-Ediase.[Fodvelve]

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, bheka Izisebenzi zasekhaya ze-Portal kanye ne[FLT]UN’S SEARTIC on short of Works[.

Izenzakalo Zamuva Nezahlulelo Zophawu

Ikomiti yezomthetho yaseNdiya iye yafeza indima ephambili ekuvikeleni izisebenzi zasekhaya. Kuyi-Domestic Commission of India [2009], iNkantolo Ephakeme yayala zonke izizwe ukuba zihlanganise umsebenzi wasekhaya emikhankasweni ehleliwe yeholo eliphansi nokusebenzisa isikhoselo sokhuseleko sezenhlalakahle. [Ku- Jehosh v. Union of India[[[FLT:] 2016], iNkantolo yaphinda yathi izisebenzi zasekhaya zinelungelo lokuvikela ngaphansi koMthetho we-PoSH. Muva nje, iNkantolo Ephakeme yeNkantolo ka-Delli ka-Delless ukuze zisungule i-Foundation Board ngeziqondiso ezicacile.

Ngo-2022, uMnyango we-Lobour and Works wasungula I-Database yesizwe yezisebenzi ezingangeni-organisiwe ehlanganisa izisebenzi zasekhaya njengeqembu elihlukile, ehlose ukusiza ukudluliswa okuqondile nokuthola inzuzo. Nokho, kusukela ngo-2025, ngaphansi kwe-15% yezisebenzi ezilinganiselwayo ziye zabhaliswa.

Lokho Abaqashi Nezisebenzi Abangakwenza

Abaqashi

  • Bhalisa isisebenzi sasekhaya emnyangweni wezisebenzi wendawo noma ebhodini yezenhlalakahle uma ifanelekile.
  • Yenza isivumelwano esibhaliwe ngolimi oluqondwa isisebenzi, esikhokhela, esisebenza kulo, esithatha amahora, esithathayo, nesiphawula isikhathi.
  • Ungakhokhi okungenani imali encane kahulumeni; gwema ukuncishiswa kwemali ngaphandle kwaleyo evunyelwe ngokomthetho (isib., ukuze uthole izinhlelo zikahulumeni).
  • Qiniseka ukuthi usendaweni ephephile nenenhlonipho; ungalokothi uhlanganyele ekuhlukunyezweni ngamazwi, ngokomzimba noma ngokobulili.
  • Hlaziya ukubhalisa kwesisebenzi amasu okuvikela umphakathi (Aadhaar, i - akhawunti yasebhange, umakhalekhukhwini).
  • Ziphumuze ngokwanele, uphuze amanzi, izindlu zangasese, futhi unikeze izisebenzi ezihlala khona, ikamelo langasese elinekhiye.

Izisebenzi Zasekhaya

  • Yazi amalungelo akho angokomthetho: yiya ezingxenyeni zokuqapha, funda izingqwembe noma ukwaziswa okuwusizo, futhi ukhulume nezisebenzi osebenza nazo.
  • Thola isivumelwano esibhaliwe ngisho noma sishiwo ngomlomo ekuqaleni; bhala umsebenzi wakho (thatha izithombe, gcina incwadi yezenzakalo zansuku zonke).
  • Bhalisa ibhodi lezenhlalakahle noma izinhlelo zokuphepha emphakathini; izifundazwe eziningi zivumela ukuzibhalisa ngesinqumo esilula.
  • Umbiko wokuphulwa kwemithetho: Biza umshini wokusiza izisebenzi (otholakala ezifundeni eziningi), sondela esitokisini sabesifazane bendawo, noma thintana nosizo olungokomthetho lwe - NGO.
  • Yenza noma uhlanganyele neqembu lezisebenzi: Iqembu elisekela ukuncintisana kwamandla okwakha futhi linciphisa ukuzihlukanisa.

Ukwakha Isimiso Senhlonipho

Ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngokomthetho, ukwakha impucuko yenhlonipho kuhilela ukuqaphela umsebenzi wasekhaya njengowufanele isithunzi. Abaqashi bangaqala ngokubiza izisebenzi ngegama, baziphathe ngezikhathi zabo nangesikhathi sabo somuntu siqu, futhi baziphathe njengezilingana nabo. Isenzo sikahulumeni kumelwe sihlanganise ukugcinwa okungcono, ukubhaliswa komhlaba wonke, kanye nabahloli bemisebenzi enikezelwe. Imizamo yokusebenza ye-athority kufanele ihlosele i-National Preferal Workers Act ebanzi eqinisa amalungelo namakhambi.

Isiphetho

I-Indiya iye yenza intuthuko encomekayo ekuqapheleni izisebenzi zasekhaya njengamalungelo abantu ngaphansi komthetho. I-Orthower’s Social Security Act engekho esemthethweni, ukufakwa komsebenzi wasekhaya ngaphansi kwezikhathi ezingaphansi kweholo eliphansi, ukunwetshwa kwe-PoSH Act, kanye namabhodi ezenhlalakahle esizwe aphakeme aseke isisekelo sesivikelo. Kodwa igebe phakathi kwelungelo elingokomthetho kanye neqiniso lansuku zonke lihlala libanzi. Izigidi zezisebenzi zasekhaya zisebenza ngaphandle kwezivumelwano, ngaphandle kwenzuzo, futhi ngaphandle kokuqiniseka ukuthi izwi lazo liyozwakala. Ukugcwalisa lelo gebendebe lidinga umzamo owenziwe yibo bonke abaphethe izigxobo: abaqashi abakhetha ukungahambisani nje incwadi kodwa umoya womthetho; izisebenzi ezihlelayo futhi ezizazisayo; umphakathi oqhubeka nokusekela nokuvikela; umphakathi ohulumeni nokuhlanganisa.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngamalungelo ezisebenzi zasekhaya, ungahlola Imibiko ye-Human Rights Watch yezisebenzi zasekhaya eNdiya[ kanye nokuhlola kwe-Labour & Working ka-ikhasi elinikezelwe izisebenzi zasekhaya[. Uhambo oluya ebukhosini bendawo yonke luyaqhubeka, futhi yonke imisebenzi i-"isivumelwano esibhaliwe, inkokhelo efanelekile, noma ingxoxo ehloniphekayo isondeza ekhaya.