Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenza njengezinga eliyinhloko lokubusa izindaba eziningi zekhaya phakathi kwe-United States, besebenzisa amagunya anikezwa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe nombuso. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ugcine amagunya athile kahulumeni wezwe, iSichibiyelo seshumi sithumela ngokucacile wonke amanye amagunya emibuso noma abantu. Lezindawo zelungiselelo zisho ukuhola ekunikezeni izinkonzo ezibalulekile", zisuka ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komphakathi zifundise isizukulwane esilandelayo (*) ukuthi ithonya lokuphila kwezakhamuzi. Ukuqonda ubukhulu nobubanzi begunya likahulumeni kuyisihluthulelo ukuqonda indlela amaMelika abusa ngayo. Ngaphansi sihlola izindawo eziyinhloko zombuso zemithwalo yemfanelo, sihlola indlela indawo ngayinye esebenza ngayo.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi

Ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka nokulondeka kwezakhamuzi kuwumsebenzi oyisisekelo wohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni bamazwe, lomthwalo udlulela ngalé kweminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo, uhlanganisa izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho embusweni kahulumeni, izimiso zokuqondisa izimo eziphuthumayo, nezinhlangano ezilungisayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho KaHulumeni Nepatroli Yasemgwaqweni Ophakeme

Umbuso ngamunye ulondoloza amaphoyisa azinikezele − ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi amaphoyisa kahulumeni noma umgwaqo omkhulu (ophethe) ophelelisa ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo. Amaphoyisa agunyaza imithetho yezimoto emigwaqweni emikhulu yasesifundazweni, ahlola ubugebengu obukhulu, futhi asiza izinhlangano zendawo lapho izenzakalo zinqamule imingcele kamasipala. Ezizweni eziningi, i-patmoduau yasekuhloleni [[ isingatha amacala ayinkimbinkimbi ahilela ubugebengu obungokwezimali, i-inthaneticrime, kanye nenkohlakalo yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Texas Department of Public Safety ye-face ye-Rangers, idium enomlando omkhulu wophenyo.

Izinkantolo Neziluleko

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenzisa iningi lezimiso zenkantolo zezwe. Baxhasa izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala, izinkantolo zecala, futhi bamisa izinkantolo eziphakeme ezichaza imithetho kahulumeni nemithetho-mthetho. Amazwe futhi asebenzisa izikhungo zokuqondisa izigwegwe “‘ amajele, amajele, nezikhungo zokuvalelwa kwabantwana, futhi baqondisa izinhlelo zokulingwa nezokukhishwa kwezigwebo. Umnyango wesifunda wokulungisa [ ulawula imiphakathi yabantu abangaphansi kwemithetho yezomthetho, izinhlelo zokulungiswa, nezinkonzo zobuphicosha. Ngokwemininingwane ye-Bureauauty of Justice Staties, kusho ukuthi kuchitha izigidi zezigidi minyaka yonke ekulungiseni, kanye nokuhlukahlukahluka kwenani eliphawulekayo emibangeni.

Ukuqondisa Inhlekelele Nokusabela

Ohulumeni boMbuso bahlela ukulungiselela nokusabela ngezinhlangano zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo ezinikezelwe. Lezinhlangano zisebenza neFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) nohulumeni bendawo ukuze bahlele izinhlekelele zemvelo ezinjengeziphepho, izimoto ezishayo, iziphepho nezikhukhula. Imithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganisa ukugcina izikhungo zokuhlinza , ukuqhuba izinqubo zokubhola, nokusakaza izimali zokululama. Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi likaMbusi waseCalifornia lezentengiselwano yezentestement Services (CAL OES) lilawula ukusabela komhlaba wonke nokuzamazama komhlaba.

Izinkonzo Zomlilo Nokulondeka Kwempilo Yomphakathi

Nakuba iminyango eminingi yomlilo isebenza ezingeni lendawo, ohulumeni bezwe banikeza izimali, iziqondiso zokuqeqesha, nemishini. Abacishi bomlilo bahulumeni bahlola futhi basebenzise imithetho yomlilo. Amazwe futhi asebenzisa amalaborabhu empilo yomphakathi, izimiso zokuhlola izifo, kanye nokugoma ama-registerry. Umnyango wezempilo wezempilo wezwe unikeza imikhondo eqhamukayo, iphoqelela iziqondiso zokuphepha kokudla, futhi ulawula izinkonzo eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha (EMS) ezisiza izikhungo zempilo zomphakathi. Phakathi nobhadabangelwa yi-COVHOVAD, izinhlangano zempilo zahola ukuhlola, ukugoma, nokuxhumana.

Imfundo

Imfundo ingenye yezigaba ezinkulu kakhulu ezisebenzisa imali yohulumeni bezwe, ibonakalisa umsebenzi wabo womthetho-sisekelo wokunikeza “isimiso sokuhlelwa kwezikole zomphakathi” emithethweni eminingi kahulumeni. Ukuhileleka koMbuso kusukela ebuntwaneni kuya emfundoni ephakeme.

K-12 Izindinganiso zemfundo kanye nokuxhasa

Ohulumeni boMbuso bamisa izindinganiso zemfundo, izisekelo zezifundo, nezimfuneko zokuthweswa iziqu zezikole zomphakathi. Baveza izivivinyo ezivamile (isizk., ukuhlolwa kombuso okuhambelana ne-Common Core noma izindinganiso zikahulumeni) futhi bagcine izikole zinecala lokusebenza kwabafundi. Ukuxhasa kuyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi: izimo zinikeza ingxenye enkulu yemali ngenkokhelo ngenkokhelo evame ukucabangela ingcebo yempahla yendawo, inani labafundi, nezidingo ezikhethekile. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo nesikhulu sesikole sesifunda sezwe (ngokuvamile isikhulu) sokuphathwa kwezezengamele ukuhlelwa). Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango wezemfundo waseNew York State uhlela zonke izikole nezidingo zomphakathi phakathi kwezwe.

Ukuqinisekisa Uthisha Nokuthuthuka Kochwepheshe

I-odoli imisa izimfuneko zokufaka uthisha ezidingekayo, kuhlanganise namazinga aphansi emfundo, izivivinyo zokuhlolwa kwezemfundo (njengeziteshi zePraxis ezilandelanayo), kanye nezindawo zemfundo eziqhubekayo. Izifundazwe eziningi zinezindlela zokwenza amafomu okukhanga ochwepheshe kwezinye izindawo. Izindawo zifaka futhi izinhlelo zentuthuko yobuchwepheshe nokuhlola. iNhlangano yezemfundo yesizwe yezemfundo imikhondo yemithetho yezezinga lokuthola imvume. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaphathi bezimiso zomfundisi zemali, ezigxeka uthisha abafanelekayo.

Izimiso Zemfundo Ephakeme

Umbuso ngamunye uphethe iqoqo lamayunivesithi omphakathi, amakholiji omphakathi, nezikole zobuchwepheshe. Amazwe amisa izimiso ze-tuation, aqondisa ukugunyazwa kwezinhlangano, futhi anikeze usizo oludingayo nolufanele lwezezimali. Amabhodi ezwe ezokuhlela noma amamfundo aphakeme ahlela futhi aphendule ngecala. Ngokwesibonelo, iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia ilawulwa yibhodi yamaRegent emiswe ngumbusi. Ama-odoli aphethe futhi izimiso zomphakathi zamakolishi ezinikeza ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi kanye nezindlela ezithengwayo zemfundo ezinikeza amadegremu aneminyaka emine.

Imfundo Ekhethekile Nokulondeka Kwesikole

I-Antes derdermissions ne-Act kahulumeni yemfundo ekhubazekayo (IDEA), eqinisekisa abafundi abakhubazekile ngemfundo yomphakathi efanelekile (FAPE). Iminyango yemfundo yoMbuso iqondisa ukuvuma kwezifunda zesikole, inikezela izimali ezikhethekile zemfundo, futhi ixazulule izingxabano. Izifunda eziningi zinikeza izicwangciso zokuphepha kwesikole, izimiso ezimelene nemfundo, kanye nezinkonzo zezempilo ezingokwengqondo ezikoleni. U.S. Umnyango wemfundo unikeza ukuqondisa kodwa uthembele kakhulu ekufezeni inzuzo kahulumeni.

Ukuthutha

Ezomnotho zanamuhla zixhomeke ezimisweni eziphumelelayo zokuhamba, futhi ohulumeni bezwe bahola ekuhleleni, ekwakheni, nasekunakekeleni imigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho, izimiso zokuthutha, nezikhumulo zezindiza. Iminyango yoMbuso yezokuthutha (i-DOT) iqondisa le sisekelo esikhulu.

Umgwaqo Ophakeme Nebhuloho

Imigwaqo eminingi yase-U.S. ingaphansi kwesifundazwe noma isifundazwe. Imigwaqo emikhulu i-DOTS, yakha, futhi igcina isimiso semigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwemingcele yayo, kanye nemizila kahulumeni kanye nezindlela ezinkulu zokuhamba. Ukuxhasa kuvela ezintelani zikahulumeni, ezikhokhelwayo, ezikhokhelwayo zezimoto, futhi izimali zikahulumeni zikhokhwa nge- Fateral Highway Administration[[. Imisebenzi esekelwe ekulondekeni, ekumitheni, nasekuthinteleni kwezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango we-Texas Departress of Transportation (TDOT) ulawula enye yemipaso yemipayini yemigwaqo emikhulu kakhulu ezweni.

Ukuthutha Komphakathi Nokuhlangana Kwemijaho

Izwe linikeza ukusekela ngokwezimali nokuqondisa izinkampani zezokuthutha zomphakathi .inkonzo zebhusi, izitimela ezilula, izitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezitimela ezihamba ngezinyawo. Zixhasa imisebenzi yenhloko-mkhandlu (imigca emisha, ukubuyiselwa kwemikhumbi) futhi zifake izindleko zokusebenza. I-Amtrak ehambisana nayo i-Amtrak ukuthuthukisa izinkonzo zabagibeli, ifaka iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko neziteshi. [FLT] FEDAL Transit Administration[

Ukuphepha Kwezimoto Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Ohulumeni boMbuso bamisa isilinganiso sesivinini, ukufakwa kwegazi elinotshwala (BAC) ku-DUI, kanye nemithetho yokushayela ephazamisekile. Banikeza imishini yokuhlola izimoto, nokubhalisa. Amahhovisi okuphepha emigwaqo emikhulu aqhuba imikhankaso yomphakathi futhi agunyaze imithetho yesihlalo sesihlalo sesihlalo sesihlalo nesihlalo sokuphepha sabantwana. Izifunda eziningi futhi ziye zathweswa iziqu zezinhlelo zokushayela intsha. Ngokwe- National Highwal Adstration Safety Administration[[, kusho ukuthi imithetho yokuphepha eqinile ibona ukuncitshiswa kwezimoto.

Ukuhlela Isimiso Sendawo Esibanzi

Izindawo zihlela ukuthutha ngokubanzi okucabangela ukwanda kwenani labantu, ukuthutha impahla, ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile, kanye nezinguquko zobuchwepheshe (isinye isigaxa sikagesi, ukushayela ngekhono lokuzilawula). Izinhlangano zokuhlela amapulani ezifundayo. Izwe futhi liphatha izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhumulo zemikhumbi, nezindawo ezihamba ngemifula, ngokuvamile ngeziphathimandla ezifaka intuthuko enkulu.

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

Ukunakekela impilo kuwumthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwayo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni, kodwa imibuso inendima eyinhloko ekuqondiseni abaqashi, ekuqondiseni izinhlelo zomphakathi zomshuwalense, nasekuvikeleni impilo yomphakathi.

I - Medicaid Nesimiso Sempilo Sezingane (CHIP)

Izwe lisebenzisa iMedicaid .Equat kahulumeni ohlangene ne-Affordal Care Act enikeza abantu abahola kancane, imikhaya, izingane, abesifazane abakhulelwe, nabantu abakhubazekile. Amazwe ayavumelana ekubekeni imikhawulo, izinzuzo, nemali yokukhokha (ngokuvunyelwa nguhulumeni). Ezindaweni lezo ezihlanganisa uMdicaid ngaphansi kwe-Affordal Care Act, manje zihlanganisa abantu abadala ngeholo elifinyelela ku-13% lesilinganiso sobumpofu sombuso. I-CIP ihlanganisa izingane ezinkokheniswe kakhulu ze-Medicaid kodwa zingakwazi ukukhokhela umshuwalense. [[FLT: 0] Izikhungo zeMedicareable & Médicaid Servicess [FLct1] Izinkonzo ze-oventimential.

Impilo Yomphakathi Nezifo

Iminyango yezempilo yoMbuso iphethe amagumbi okuhlola izifo ezithathelwanayo, futhi inikeza izinhlelo zokugoma. Iphethe izinhlelo zokudla kwabesifazane, izinsana, nabantwana (WIC), iphethe ukuvimbela izifo okungamahlalakhona (umz., isifo sikashukela, isifo senhliziyo), futhi isabelele ekuqubukeni. Amazwe futhi alawula izibhedlela, amakhaya asebekhulile, futhi aqondise amasu okunakekela. Phakathi nobhadane lweCOVID-19, izikhulu zezempilo zaba izikhuthazo eziyinhloko zeziqondiso zezempilo zomphakathi. CDC] CD [FLT]] inikeza isiqondiso sobuchwepheshe ngesikhathi kugcinwa amandla okuhlola koqubuka.

Ukugogeka Kwempilo Nokugaya Imali Ngochwepheshe

Imvume yezemisebenzi yezokwelapha nezokuhlola izibhedlela, imithola-khaya, amakhaya asebegugile, kanye nezinhlangano zezempilo zasekhaya ukuze ziqinisekise ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokunakekela. Amabhodi ezokwelapha (amiswe ababusi) agunyaza odokotela, abahlengikazi, osokhemisi, nabanye ochwepheshe bezempilo, behlola ukungasebenza kahle nokukhipha imithetho egunyaza ukuqeqeshwa. Amazwe futhi alawula umshuwalense wempilo ngemishuwalense, uqondisa iziteshi nezimfuneko zokuxazulula.

Izinkonzo Zezokwelapha Eziphuthumayo (EMS)

Izwe limise isilinganiso se-EMS, izisebenzi ezisebenza ngezisebenzi eziphuthumayo kanye nochwepheshe bezokwelapha abasiza abaphuthumayo, kanye nezinkonzo ze-ambulense. Bahlela izimiso zokuhlinza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iziguli zithuthelwa esikhungweni esifanele sesikhungo sokukhubazeka. Izifunda eziningi zineziphathimandla ze-EMS ezilawula imithetho yezwe, kuhlanganise nezenzakalo zengozi ezinkulu.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile

Amazwe angamathuluzi ayinhloko emithetho eminingi yemvelo kahulumeni, futhi anezimiso zawo siqu eziqinile zokulawula ukungcola, ukulondoloza imithombo yempahla, nokusetshenziswa kwendawo.

Ukuvuselelwa Komoya Namanzi

Ngaphansi kwe-Celean Air Act ne-Eccureat Water Water Act, kusungulwa izinhlelo zokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zesizwe. Zinikeza imvume yokukhipha igesi ezimbonini, ukukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile, nokuphuma kwamanzi angcolile. Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile ziqondisa umoya omile nezingamanzi, ziphoqelele ukuthotshelwa, nenhlawulo. I-evy’s Air Resources Board (CARB) imisa izinga lokukhipha imoto elivame ukuthathwa ezinye izifunda. [[FLT: 0] EPA[FLT] iqondisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni kodwa izihambeli zesifunda sesifundazwe.

Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Nokuhlanzeka

Izindawo zilawula ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu okuqinile, ukwelashwa kwemfucumfucu okuyingozi, nezinhlelo zokubuyisela indle. Ziqondisa ukuhlanzwa kwezindawo ezinegciwane − kuhlanganise namabala ansundu kanye namasuntswana ayingozi — ngezinhlelo ezinjenge-University Department of Toxic Substances Control yaseCalifornia. Amazwe futhi alawula amathanki okugcina imfucumfucu angaphansi komhlaba kanye nezinto zokuthutha eziyingozi.

Izilwane Zasendle Nemvelo Elondolozwayo

Izinhlanzi zikahulumeni nezinhlangano zezilwane zasendle ziyakwazi ukuzingela nokudoba, ukuvikela izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini, nokubuyisela indawo yokuhlala. Izimiso zezindawo zokuhlala zikahulumeni zinikeza izingcezu ngaphandle kuyilapho zinakekela imithombo yemvelo nempucuko. Izinhlangano zamahlathi zilwa nezindawo zomphakathi, zilawula amahlathi omphakathi, futhi ziphoqelele ukugcinwa kwezinkuni. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service zibambisana nezindawo zokuthutha izinyoni ezifudukayo kanye nokuphatha izitshalo ezisengozini.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Nokuzingela

Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo besingatha ukuhlanganisa indawo, izifundazwe zimisa izimiso ezilawula ukukhula, ukulondolozwa kwamapulazi, nokuvikelwa kwezindawo ezisogwini. Umonakalo wendawo ezungezile woMbuso udinga ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela yezakhiwo. Izifunda eziningi zineminyango yemvelo eqondisa ukumbiwa kwemigodi, uwoyela, nokukhishwa kwamanzi.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho

Izwe lincintisana ngamandla ukuze likhange amabhizinisi, lisungule imisebenzi, futhi lithuthukise intuthuko yezomnotho.

Izithakazelo Nemfudumalo Yebhizinisi

Izwe linikeza izikweleti zentela, ukukhulula, imali ebolekwayo, nemali ephansi kakhulu ezinkampanini ezihlala kwenye indawo noma ezandisela phakathi kwemingcele yazo. Lezizisusa zingaboshelwa ekusungulweni kwemisebenzi, ekutshalweni kwemali, noma emisebenzini yokucwaninga. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zikahulumeni zinikeza intela yempahla noma intela yeholo yezemali ekhokhelwayo. Ikhoncol yezeMphakathi nokucwaninga kwezezomnotho [[ izikhathi ezifaka izisusa ezimfashinini. Nokho, abagxeki abathile baphikisa ngokuthi izicelo zimelela “imvume yokukhokha intela yemali engaphansi” enciphisa inzuzo yezwe lonke.

Ukuthuthuka Nokuqeqeshwa Kwezisebenzi

Izwe lifaka izimali ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi ngamakholiji omphakathi, izikole zemisebenzi, nezinhlelo zokufundisa. Amabhodi ezisebenzi zikahulumeni avumelanisa ukuqeqeshwa nezidingo zabaqashi, ngokuvamile ahlasela izimboni eziphambili njengezempilo, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezithuthukile ekukhiqizeni. I- I-Accounting Innovation and Option Act (WIOTIKU) inikeza izimali ezithi ukunqanda ukukhutshelwa kwamabhodi okuthuthukisa umsebenzi.

Amabhizinisi Amancane Nokusekela Ibhizinisi

Ohulumeni baphethe izikhungo zokuthuthukisa amabhizinisi amancane (SBDCs), inikeza izinhlelo zokufundisa nokuboleka imali, futhi i-odoli abalandela imithetho yokugunyaza isiqalo. Izifundazwe eziningi “ziyeka kanye” amatheku amabhizinisi awenza lula umsebenzi futhi avumele izicelo. Amazwe anikeza usizo lokuhlanganisa amabhizinisi amancane nezivumelwano zikahulumeni.

Izimiso Zokutshala Imali Ukuze Kukhule Ezomnotho

Ngaphandle kokuhamba, izifundazwe zitshala imali ekutholeni i-intanethi ebanzi (ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni), i-octroplace project project, ne-paki yezezimboni. Lezi zakhiwo ezinkulu zakha imisebenzi yokwakha yesikhashana nokuncintisana kwezomnotho isikhathi eside. Amabhange ezakhiwo zezezimali anikeza izimali zokuboleka imali ngemisebenzi engase ingakhangeli enhloko - dolobha.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni bahulumeni bangamahhashi asebenzayo e-unistism yaseMelika, ukuphatha uxhaxha lwezinkonzo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Kusukela kupholishi wemigwaqo yethu nakufundisa izingane zethu ukwakha imigwaqo yethu, ukuvikela impilo yethu, ukulondoloza indawo ezungezile, nokukhulisa umnotho wethu, bamisa amandla okuzivivinya abanzi nanemiphumela ejulile. Nakuba lesi sihloko sihlanganise izindawo ezinkulu eziyisithupha, siphethe nemithwalo yemfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezinjengezindlu, izinkonzo zezenhlalo, iziqondiso zokuvota, ukuqondisa imicimbi yokhetho, kanye nezokuphatha okungokomthetho. Ingqungquthela yezwe yombuso yeSizwe ebanzi [FLT] kanye neyamathuba ama-National Association [FFFFFFON][3] i-National Convity provicencesments providialmentsmentsmentsssments traviordialtivementssmentsmentsssmentsmentsments traviatedmentsmentsments