Isizathu Sokuba Zonke Izakhamuzi Zidinge Ukuqonda Izikhundla Zikahulumeni

Ohulumeni bazo zonke izinga bakha cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke cishe kusukela ezingeni lamanzi akho ampompi kuya ekulondekeni kwemigwaqo oyiqhubayo, kusukela ezifundweni zezingane zakho esikoleni kuya ezinkonzweni eziphuthumayo ezivikela ikhaya lakho. Nokho izakhamuzi eziningi azikaqondi ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elisingatha izikhulu, eliholela ekukhungathekeni, izikhalo ezingezinhle, futhi eziphuthe amathuba okuthonya izinqumo ezizithinta ngokuqondile. Ukuqonda izitebhisi ezintathu eziyinhloko zikahulumeni ($feder, isifundazwe, isifunda, nezindawo zezwe) akusona nje isisekelo semfundo yezemfundo ephumelelayo, okwenza ukuba izikhulu zibe nesibopho sokulandisa ngokunenzuzo, izinkonzo zokufinyelela izinkonzo, nokuhlanganyela okunenzuzo edelisweni.

Uma wazi ukuthi ubani onecala ngendaba ethile, ungathatha isinyathelo ngokunembe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kuphukile isibani somgwaqo endaweni yakini, ukuxhumana nelungu lomkhandlu wedolobha kuphumelela kakhulu kunokubhalela umphathi wezwe lakho noma umongameli. Ngokufanayo, uma ufuna ukusekela ushintsho kwezempilo, ukuqonda ukuthi isinqumo sisebenza kuMnyango wezempilo kahulumeni wezempilo noma kuMnyango wezempilo kazwelonke noma umnyango wezempilo wakho wezwe unquma indlela engcono kakhulu yokusingatha. Lesisihloko sibhidlele phansi isigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni, sichaza indlela abasebenza ngayo ndawonye, futhi sinikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo ekusebenziseni lolulwazi ukuze ube isakhamuzi esineze futhi esinethonya ngokwengeziwe.

Izikhundla Ezintathu Eziyisisekelo Zikahulumeni

E-United States (nezinye izimiso zentando yeningi eziningi), igunya likahulumeni lihlukaniswa phakathi kwezingqimba ezintathu ezihlukene kodwa ezihlangene: uhulumeni, umbuso, nezindawo. Ngazinye zinomthetho-sisekelo wazo noma umthetho-sisekelo, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, uhlelo, nezimiso zemibuso. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unika uhulumeni wezwe amandla akhethekile, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu sigcinela wonke amanye amagunya emazweni noma kubantu. Izwe, ngokulandelayo, liphathise imithwalo yemfanelo ethile kuhulumeni bendawo (izifunda, amalolishini, amalosha, izifundazwe, nezifunda ezikhethekile.

Uhulumeni Ozimele: Ukubusa Embusweni Wesizwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenza eWashington, D.C., futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo ezindabeni ezithinta sonke isizwe.

  • I-Legislati (ISigebe) - Imithetho, imemezela impi, ilawula isifundazwe nesentengiselwano sakwamanye amazwe, futhi ilawula ukukhokha intela nokusebenzisa. ISishaya-Mkhandlu sihlanganisa iSigeqe (amalungu ayikhulu) neNdlu yabameleli (amalungu angu-435).
  • I-Exective (Izinhlangano zoMphathi nohulumeni) - Imithetho ephoqelelweyo, iphethe imithetho yangaphandle, iyala amabutho ahlomile, futhi yengamele iminyango kahulumeni enjenge-Defense, Imfundo, ne-Health and Human Services.
  • Judicial (Inkantolo yeSiphakamiso nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni) – uchaza imithetho, uhlola umthetho-sisekelo wayo, futhi uxazulula izimpikiswano ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni.

Uhulumeni uphethe isivikelo sesizwe, ukufuduka, ubuhlobo bangaphandle, imali, imvume nemvume yokugunyaza, ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, nokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso: Isindlali Esiphakathi

Izwe ngalinye lamazwe angu-50 linohulumeni walo siqu, ofanekiselwa isakhiwo sikahulumeni kodwa ovumelana nezinto eziza kuqala zendawo. Ohulumeni boMbuso banamandla angokwezigodi.

  • Imfundo yomphakathi (izindinganiso ze - curcuum, izindlela zokusekela imali)
  • Ukuhamba ngezimoto (imigwaqo emikhulu yasenyakatho, ukubhalisa izimoto, ukubhalisa imoto)
  • Ukuphepha komphakathi (amaphoyisa angaphandle, izijeziso, izinkantolo zecala leningi lobugebengu nelomphakathi)
  • Impilo yomphakathi (ama - hospital, izinhlelo zokugoma, imithetho yendawo ezungezile)
  • Ukugunyaza ochwepheshe (odokotela, abameli, othisha)
  • Izindawo zokuhlola izinhlelo (izindawo zokubhalisa izimali, izindawo zokuvota)

Ohulumeni boMbuso bavame ukuveza umbusi (oyeqasha), isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni we- bicameral (ngaphandle kwe-un - cameral yase-Nebraska), nesimiso senkantolo yombuso. izinhlangano zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho nezimiso ezithinta yonke into kusukela ekwakheni imithetho kuya kwezebhizinisi.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Usondelene Kakhulu Nabantu

Ohulumeni bendawo − ama-contium, omasipala (amadolobha, amadolobhana), amalokishi, nezifunda ezikhethekile (izifunda, iziphathimandla zamanzi, iziphathimandla zokuthumela) − (izikhulu zokuthumela). Banegunya eliphathiswe izakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Ngokuvamile linikezwa uhulumeni, ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho wekhaya. Imithwalo evamile yendawo ihlanganisa:

  • Ukulima nenhlabathi kusebenzisa imithetho
  • Ukugcinwa komthetho endaweni (iminyango yamaphoyisa)
  • Isivikelo somlilo nezinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo
  • Amapaki omphakathi, imitapo yezincwadi, nezinhlelo zokuzilibazisa
  • Ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu eqinile nokusetshenziswa kabusha
  • Imigwaqo yendawo, imigwaqwe, nezibani zasemgwaqweni
  • Imvume yokwakha nokugcinwa kwemithetho

Izikhulu zendawo zihlanganisa imeya, amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, ikhomishane yesifundazwe, amalungu ebhodi lesikole, nezisebenzi ezihlukahlukene ezimisiwe. Ngoba uhulumeni wendawo utholakala kakhulu [1] izitebhisi zivame ukuqhutshelwa umphakathi, futhi izikhulu zivame ukuba ucingo kuphela olungekhoyo.

Okwenza Ukwehlukanisa Phakathi Kwezinga Elibalulekile Lokuphasa Nokukhuza

Enye yezinzuzo ezisobala kakhulu zokuqonda amazinga kahulumeni ukwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile ebhokisini lokuvota. Uma wazi ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sezwe simisa izinhlelo zemfundo futhi ibhodi lesikole sendawo iqasha umphathi, ungahlola abazothatha lezi zikhundla ezisekelwe ezindabeni ezihlobene nezindawo zeqembu ezingaqondakali. Umqondo ofanayo usebenza ezindinganisweni ze-boloti: ukwanda kwentela okuhlongozwayo ebhokisini lakho lomtapo kungaxhasa umtapo omusha, kuyilapho umqaphi wesikole wamazwe angase ashintshe indlela izikole ezixhaswa ngayo isifundazwe.

Ukuhlolwa kwemithetho yesihlahla noma yebhayisekili kuyinto yonke. Uma ukhathazekile ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ungathintana nommeleli wakho kahulumeni ngezindinganiso zezwe ezikhutshwayo, isishayamthetho sombuso mayelana nezisusa zamandla ezivuselelwayo, kanye nomkhandlu wedolobha ophathelene nemithetho yendawo ehlelwa yizihlahla noma ibhayisekili. Ukuhlola kwePew Research Center kuthola ukuthi ama-Pw Research Center angcono kuphela ama-24% amaMelika angabiza kahle amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, futhi aqonda kancane kakhulu ukuthi iliphi izinga elisingatha imithetho ethile ([] uphewundathane. [le syst:1]). Lokhu kunciphisa amandla okusebenza kwesivumelwano somphakathi futhi kungashiya izinqumo ezigxekayo ezandleni zomphakathi ezithakazekile.

Indlela Uhulumeni Ongenela Ngayo: Amandla Okubambisana Nokubambisana

Uma uzama, imigqa ephakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni ivame ukuba mincane. Izindawo eziningi zihlanganisa zonke izingqimba ezintathu ezisebenza ndawonye ngesimiso esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “uhulumeni womphakathi.” Ukuqonda lezi zixhume kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukuxhumana lapho indaba idlula phakathi kwemifantu.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ehlanganyelwayo

Zimbalwa izindawo ezingohulumeni, isifundazwe, noma indawo. Imfundo iyisibonelo esiyinhloko: uhulumeni unikeza izimali ngesihloko I (sezikoleni ezithola imali ephansi) futhi umise izimfuneko zamalungelo ezakhamuzi, ohulumeni bamise izimiso zemfundo nokuhlolwa kwezimiso, kanye nohlelo lwezifunda zesikole ezilawula uthisha oqashwayo, izifundo ezikhethwayo, nokunakekelwa kokwakha. Ngokufanayo, isisekelo sezokuhamba sixhomeke ezinkondleni zikahulumeni (umk., iHigray Trust Fund), umklamo nokwakhiwa kwezwe, kanye nokunakekelwa kwemigwaqo emincane.

I - Fiscal Federalism: Imali Igeleza Ngaphesheya Kwezinga

Imali esetshenziswayo ivame ukugeleza izifundazwe nasezindaweni ngokwezinhlelo zemali ezikhokhelwayo. Ezinye izimali “ziyi-tegion,” okusho ukuthi kumelwe zisetshenziswe ngezinjongo ezithile (umzz., izindlu ezikodwa ezikhokhiwe), kuyilapho ezinye“ zinikeza izimali ezivalekile” ezinikeza izimo ezivumelana ngokwengeziwe. Ohulumeni bendawo bathola futhi izimali zemfundo, izinkonzo zezempilo, kanye nokuphepha komphakathi. Kubantu, lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ufuna ukusekela imali eyengeziwe yomtapo wemali wedolobha lakho, kungadingeka ukuba ukholise kokubili ihhovisi lakho lemali nendlu yombuso yakho yokubeka imali kanye nendlu yombuso yezincwadi ngokuvamile kuvela kuzo zombili intela yempahla nensizalo hulumeni.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Nokuzitika

Imithetho ye-Federal ivame ukubeka izindinganiso ezinciphileyo ezingathi zidlule kodwa zingawehli. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Cealy Air Act idinga izifundazwe ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-osemoyeni, kodwa izifundazwe zingathatha imithetho eqinile uma zikhetha. Nokho, umthetho kahulumeni ungasusa futhi isifundazwe noma isenzo sendawo ngokuphelele, ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezwe olawula ukufuduka uvame ukudlula umbuso noma imizamo yendawo yokumisa imithetho ehlukene yokugcinwa kwabantu abafuduki. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukudelwa komthetho zingasekela ngokuphumelelayo lokho okungenzeka ngesilinganiso ngasinye.

Ukuhlola Icala Eqenjini Lohulumeni

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: Ukusabela Kwe - COVID - 19

Lo mqedazwe wabonisa indlela wonke amazinga amathathu kahulumeni okumelwe ahlangane ngayo, kanye nendlela ukungezwani phakathi kwawo okungabangela ngayo ukudideka. Uhulumeni kahulumeni (CDC, HHS) wakhipha iziqondiso, imijovo egunyaziwe, futhi wasakaza izinto zezokwelapha. Ohulumeni banquma izimiso zokuvala izifihla, ukugunyaza, nokugoma. Ohulumeni bendawo bahlola futhi bagoma, baphoqelela iziqondiso zezempilo, futhi bafaka izingxoxo zomphakathi ezidinga iziqondiso ezifana nokuvala nokuxosha isikole nokuxosha amapulanisi. Izakhamuzi ezathintana nesilinganiso esingalungile ngokuvamile azizange zithathe nyathelo. Labo ababeqonda ikelele ikethena lomthwalo womsebenzi womsebenzi wabo wezo wokugawulwa, noma ibhodi yabo yezempilo yemithetho yezembobo edolobheni labo.

Ukutadisha Indaba 2: Imisebenzi Yokuhlela

Cabangela ukwanda okukhulu komgwaqo omkhulu wesifunda. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali ezinkulu nge-Infrastracractal Investicement and Jobs Act, uhlela izimfuneko zokubukeza indawo ezungezile, futhi wengamele izindinganiso zokuphepha. Umnyango wezohambo lokulungisa iprojekthi, ukuzuza indawo, nokuphatha isakhiwo. Ohulumeni bendawo bangadinga ukuvumela izinguquko zokuhlanganisa indawo, ukuthutha izinto ezisetshenziswayo, kanye nokukhathalela komphakathi ngomsindo nangendlela yokuhamba. Isakhamuzi esifuna ukuhlola ithonya lomsebenzi epaki lendawo kufanele sithintane nomkhandlu waso wedolobha, kuyilapho umuntu okhathazekile ngesakhiwo sezindawo ezizungezile kumelwe anikeze izinkulumo kuhulumeni phakathi nenkathi yokukhulumela obala.

Izithiyo Zokuqonda Izikhundla Zikahulumeni

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezicacile, izithiyo eziningana zivimbela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ngokugcwele isimo sikahulumeni. Ukufakelwa kusobala kakhulu: inani lamagunya ahlukene (izindawo ezihlukene) phakathi kwezindawo ezibalayo, izifunda ezinqamule imigqa yezifunda, izifunda ezikhethekile zezwe kuzo zonke kusukela ekulawuleni umiyane kuya ekuvikeleni umlilo. iMelika ejwayelekile angabuswa okungenani yiziqu ezintathu kuya kwezine ezihlukene, ngalinye nezikhulu zalo ezikhethiwe, izibalo, nezimiso zezibalo, nezimiso.

Ithala lokwaziswa okufinyelekayo lihlanganisa inkinga. Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni ngokuvamile agqibile, aphelelwe isikhathi, noma kunzima ukuwasebenzisa. Izincazelo ezingokomthetho zemithwalo yemfanelo zisebenzisa isigubhu esingokomthetho esisongela abafundi abavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, umehluko phakathi kwesifundazwe nedolobha ungafihlwa: ngokwesiko anikeza izinkonzo ezinjengezinkantolo namajele, kuyilapho amadolobha esingatha izinkonzo zasedolobheni eziningi ezisendaweni ethile, kodwa ezifundeni eziningi izikhala ziye zafiphaza kakhulu.

Amandla ezombangazwe nawo afeza indima. Ezinye izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi ukuhileleka kwazo ngeke kwenze umehluko, ngakho azikhathazeki ukufunda izinto eziyisisekelo. Ngokombiko we-Hynight Foundation, amaphesenti angu-26 kuphela amaMelika akholelwa ukuthi angenza umehluko emphakathini wawo ngesenzo sikahulumeni ( Kight Foundation[]). Ukuphula lomjikelezo akudingi imfundo kuphela kodwa futhi nemiphumele ebonakalayo ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuthuthukisa Ukuqonda Nokuhlanganyela Kwakho

Awudingi iziqu zomthetho ukuze ukwazi izilinganiso eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni. Nazi izenzo eziqinile ongazithatha:

  • Sebenzisa ama-ifayili asemthethweni. Iwebhusayithi USA.gov ikuvumela ukuthola uhulumeni wakho, isifundazwe, nezikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe ngokungena ekhelini lakho. Ibekisini lelikhasi futhi ulivakashele phambi kokhetho ngalunye.
  • Wahlanganisa umhlangano kahulumeni wendawo. Inkomfa yedolobha, ikhomishane yesifunda, nemihlangano yesikole ivulekele umphakathi. Ngisho nokubuka i-web site eyodwa engacacisa ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezinqunywa endaweni. Uzozwa izisebenzi ezikhona izinkinga nezikhulu ziphikisana ngokunikeza izixazululo.]
  • Zibophelele kumaphepha-zincwadi kahulumeni. Omasipala namanxusa kahulumeni amaningi athumela izimemezelo ze-imeyili ngemisebenzi ezayo, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, nezinguquko zenkambiso. Lokhu kukhululekile futhi kukusiza ukuba ulandele izinqumo ezithinta indawo ohlala kuyo.
  • Sebenzisa amathuluzi okufundisa omphakathi. Izinhlangano ze-Nonpartisan njenge-iCBICs (esungulwe yiJaji uSandra Day O’Connor) inikeza imidlalo yokuxoxa mahhala efundisa amazinga kahulumeni nokuhlukana kwemibuso. Abafundi abadala bangathatha futhi izifundo ze-inthanethi zobulungu ezisezingosini ezinjenge-Cancera noma uchungechunge lwe-Khhan Academy.
  • Kwenziwa “ibalazwe lokubala i-injini.” Ngokuzayo lapho uhlangana nenkinga yomphakathi ``imbobo'', uhlelo lokufunda oluphukile esikoleni sengane yakho, noma impikiswano ehlanganisayo---lompce device) iliphi izinga likahulumeni ocabanga ukuthi unegunya. Uma kunjalo qinisekisa ngokuhlola iwebhusayithi kahulumeni ofanele noma ngokubiza inxusa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lomkhuba wakha amabalazwe engqondo okwenza ukuthutha ngesivinini somphakathi.

Ukunqoba Izinselele: Lokho Ohulumeni Abangakwenza Ukuze Basize

Nakuba umzamo ngamunye ubalulekile, ohulumeni ngokwabo banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuba babe nomphakathi okhanyayo nonobuhlobo. Kubalulekile ukuxhumana komphakathi : izinhlangano zonke zikahulumeni kufanele zisho ngokucacile ukuthi zinegunya layo nokuthi yini umphakathi ongayilindela kuyo. Amanye amadolobha adala “isitolo sokuyeka" lapho izakhamuzi zingabika khona izimpikiswano futhi ziholele ngokuzenzekelayo emnyangweni wezesidlangala. Imfundo ye-COP ezikoleni engafundisi izimiso ezingabonakali kodwa eziwusizo“ indlela yokubhala amazwi esimiso esihlotshaziwe noma indlela yokuthola ummeleli wakho. [[FLT]

Izwe linganciphisa ukudideka ngokuhlela amagama nemisebenzi yezinhlobo zikahulumeni wendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchaza umehluko phakathi kwe-borough, idolobha, idolobha nedolobha kungaba yindida ngisho nasezakhamuzini ezinde. Izithombe zokwaziswa ezilula neziqondiso zolimi olucacile ezibekwe kuyi-inthanethi nasezakhiwoni zomphakathi zingavala igebe.

Isiphetho: Ulwazi Luyisinyathelo Sokuqala Esokuthola Amandla

Ukuqonda izingqimba zikahulumeni akuyona i-scheme, kuyimfuneko kunoma ubani ofuna ukubumba izwe elizungezile. Uma wazi ukuthi isinqumo senziwa yi-Congress, isishaya-mthetho sombuso, noma ibhodi yombuso, uyeka ukuchitha amandla ezikhalo ezingasebenzi futhi uqale ukubeka ibalazwe lakho lapho lizoba nethonya khona. Uba umvoti ofundile ngokwengeziwe, ummeli ophumelela kakhulu, nongumsekeli oqiniseka kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Izakhiwo zikahulumeni, isifundazwe, nohulumeni wendawo kungase kubonakale njengophawu olungakhiyo, kodwa ngempela ziyibalazwe lamandla emphakathini wakho. Funda ukufunda lelobalazwe, futhi ngeke uzizwe uma ufuna ukwenza umehluko.