Isingeniso: Indima Ekhulayo YaseMnyangweni Kahulumeni Ekusetshenzisweni Kwezwe Elifushanisiwe

Iminyango yoMbuso eUnited States ithatha indima eqhubekayo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlelwa kwendawo. Njengoba ukwanda kwenani labantu, ukwanda kwamadolobha, nokucindezela kwendawo ezungezile kukhula, isidingo sokulinganisela kokuthuthukisa nokuzilondoloza akukaze kube okuphuthuma kakhulu. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni [1] kusukela eminyangweni yezemvelo yokuhlela nokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zezomnotho. Ngokuhlanganisa amahhovisi ezindawo ezizungezile, indawo ezungezile, nezinhlelo ezihloselwe ukudala isakhiwo, i-livrable, ne-ecococo compacratics. Le mizamo ayikho nje ukuthuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi yezokuthuthukisa imvelo; imelela ukushintshwa okuyisisekelo endleleni esicabanga ngayo ngezindawo ezikhona. Ngokuhlanganisa amahhovisi ezenhlalo, izenhlalo, nemigomo yezomnotho, iminyango yombuso efuna ukuchuma emiphakathini ukuze ikhule.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izinyathelo eziyinhloko, izinselele, namathuba abhekene neminyango kahulumeni njengoba isebenzela ukusekela ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ekusebenziseni izinqumo. Kusukela ekulondolozeni imfutho ehlakaniphile kuya ezingxamiseni zokukhula, amathuluzi akhona ahlukene futhi anamandla. Ukuqonda lemizamo kubalulekile kunoma ubani onesithakazelo esikhathini esizayo sendawo yethu ezungezile eyakhiwe nengokwemvelo.

Lisebenzisani Izwe Elizinzile Lokuhlela?

Ukusetshenziswa kwendawo eqinile kuyindlela ebanzi yokulawula imithombo yomhlaba ngezindlela ezanelisa izidingo zamanje ngaphandle kokuhlehla ikhono lezizukulwane ezizayo lokuhlangabezana nezidingo zazo. Kudlulela ngalé kokulawula okungokwesiko ukuhlanganisa ubuqotho bendawo ezungezile, ukuhleleka kwezomnotho, nokulingana kwezenhlalo. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlanganisa ukuncishiswa kokuncishiswa kokuhlala, ukulondolozwa kwendawo engokwemvelo, ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo ezingcono, nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi.

Ngokomlando, ukusebenzisa indawo esetshenziswayo eUnited States ngokuvamile kwamisa inzuzo emfushane yezomnotho, eholela ekuhlukanisweni kwezindawo, ukulahleka kwamapulazi, nokukhuphuka kwegesi eshisayo. Nokho, i-paradigm isiye yashintsha. Namuhla, iminyango kahulumeni iqaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwendawo ezungezile akuyona nje impikiswano engokwezentengiselwano nengokwempilo yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, imiphakathi ehambayo inciphisa izimoto ezihambayo, izindleko zokuthutha nokungcolisa umoya. Izindawo eziluhlaza zithuthukisa impilo engokwengqondo nasemzinyameni. Futhi izindawo ezishinyene ezilondolozweyo zinikeza ukulawulwa kwemvelo necarbon.

Lomqondo usekelwe ezinsikeni ezintathu zokuzinziswa [: indawo ezungezile, umnotho, nomphakathi. Ukufinyelela ukulinganisela phakathi kwalezinsika kudinga ukubambisana okucophelelayo phakathi kwezifundo nezinhlangano. Iminyango yoMbuso isebenza njenge nexus lapho lezi zithakazelo zihlangana khona, iguqulela izinhloso eziqinile ezimisweni ezisebenzayo emhlabeni.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zeminyango KaHulumeni

Iminyango kahulumeni isebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ukuze iqhubekisele phambili indawo egciniwe. Nakuba uhulumeni ngamunye elungisa indlela ozoyisebenzisa ngayo ezimweni zendawo, kuvele izinyathelo eziningana ezivamile eziphumelela kakhulu. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenza ngokuhlanganisa ama-tandem, zidala icebo elinezingxenye eziningi lokuphatha indawo.

Izinhlelo Zokuvikela Izwe

Isekeni likahulumeni linakekela amapaki, amahlathi, iziphephelo zezilwane, namanye amazwe emvelo. Lezi zindawo zifeza izinjongo eziningi: ukulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukunikeza amathuba okuzijabulisa, nokuvikela imvelo njengamapareki ahlanzekile nomoya.

Ngaphandle kwamazwe omphakathi, amazwe amaningi aye adala izinhlelo zokwehlisa intela [. Ukuzigcina kulula kuyisivumelwano somthetho esisemthethweni sokuthi ukusebenzisa indawo ngokungenasiphelo ukuze kuvikelwe izindinganiso zayo zokuyilondoloza. Abanikazi bagcina ubunikazi kodwa bavumelane nokuvimbela ukuthuthuka. Ezizweni eziningi zinikeza izisusa zentela noma ukuthenga izinto ezilula ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Nature Conservancy[ i-Nature Cancerbacy isebenza nezinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zokuvikela izindawo eziyingozi zokuhlala ngokwezingatshazwa. Ezizweni ezinjenge Coloradoradolse neCalifornia, lezinhlelo zilondolozwe amapulazi, amapulazi, amapulazi, nezilwane zasendle.

Iminyango kahulumeni futhi isebenzelana nezindawo zendawo kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjenge - Fish ne - Wildlife Service yase - United States ukuze kwandiswe izinhlangano zokulondoloza imvelo.

Ukukhula Kwesimilo Esihlakaniphile

Ukukhula okuhlakaniphile kuyisimiso sokuhlela izimiso ezihloselwe ukunqanda ukugudla amadolobha ngokuthuthukisa ukuhlanganisana, ukuthutha nokuthuthuka okuhambayo. Iminyango yoMbuso iye yathatha izimiso zokukhula ezihlakaniphile ukuze idlulisele ukukhula emiphakathini ekhona, inciphise izindleko zezesisekelo, futhi ivikele izindawo ezivulekile. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa, ukulinganisela okuphezulu eduze neziteshi zokuthutha, kanye nezindinganiso zokuklama ezikhuthaza ukusebenza kwabahamba ngezinyawo.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-Transit-Orient Development (TOD) ilwelwe yizinkonzo zokuthutha nezokuhlala zikahulumeni. Ngokugxilisa imisebenzi yokuhlala neyohwebo ezikhungweni zokuthutha zomphakathi, i-TOD inciphisa ukuncika kwemoto nokukhishwa kwegesi ekhipha igesi eshisayo. Uhlelo lwe-Maryland’s Transit-Oriented Department, luqondiswa uMnyango wezokuthutha, lunikeza usizo nobuchwepheshe bemithetho yezemisebenzi ye-TOD. Ngokufanayo, ukuqondisa ukukhula kwezwe lonke kudinga amadolobha ukumisa imingcele yokukhula, ukulinganisela ukukhiqiniswa nokukhiqizwa kwegesi ngaphakathi.

Ukukhula okuhlakaniphile kuhlanganisa futhi nemigwaqo ephelele imithetho eqinisekisa ukuba imigwaqo iklanyelwe bonke abasebenzisi (izisebenzi), abagibeli bamabhayisikili, abashayeli bezimoto, nokuhamba komphakathi. Iminyango eminingi yezokuhamba iye yathatha iziteshi eziphelele emigwaqweni, eholela ekulondekeni, ezindaweni ezinamandla kakhulu. Lemiya mithetho ayithuthukisi izinga lokuphila kuphela kodwa futhi ithuthukisa nezomnotho zendawo ngokuheha amabhizinisi nezakhamuzi ezithatha amazinga ahambayo.

Izibhebhe Zentuthuko Eluhlaza

Ukuze ikhuthaze ingxenye yomuntu siqu ukuba isebenzise imikhuba eqinile, iminyango kahulumeni inikeza izisusa eziningi zezikweleti zentela. Lezi zihlanganisa izikweleti zentela, imali ebolekwayo, imali enciphile kakhulu, amabhonasi angaphansi, nokuzivumela. Umgomo ukunciphisa izindleko zesakhiwo esiluhlaza, ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla okuvusenekayo, nokulungisa ipulangwe lamanzi.

Esinye isibonelo esivelele yizikweleti zokwakha eziluhlaza ezizungeze umhlaba ezikhokhwayo zentela eluhlaza. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge New York neWashington, zinikeza izikweleti zezakhiwo ezithola i-LEED crective noma zihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezikhethekile zokusebenza kwamandla. Lezizisusa zingahlanganisa ingxenye yomklamo owengeziwe nezindleko zokwakha, ukwenza intuthuko engcono kakhulu ngokwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe amaningi anikeza izikwenziwa kwezindawo zokukhuliswa kwezindawo ezinsundu zezwe ngezindawo ezidabulayo zezentengiselwano ezidayisa ezindaweni ezikhiqizayo ezikhiqizayo noma izindlu.

Enye indlela entsha i-transfer yamalungelo okuthuthukisa (TDR) izinhlelo. Ngaphansi kwe-TDR, abanikazi bezindawo zokulondoloza imvelo bangathengisa amalungelo abo okuthuthukisa ezindaweni ezimisiwe zokukhula. Lelithuluzi lisiza ekuvikeleni amazwe azwelayo kuyilapho kusavumela ukukhula ezindaweni ezifanele. Amazwe anjenge-New Jersey nase-Massachusetts akhile amapulani e-TDR alondolozwe amashumi ezinkulungwane zamahektare.

Kubenzi bezakhiwo, lezizisusa zingaba ukuhlelwa komdlalo. Ukuhlola [u- U.S.Agency yezokuvikela indawo ezungezile[ kuthole ukuthi intuthuko eluhlaza ivame ukuveza amanani empahla aphezulu nezindleko zokusebenza eziphansi, kodwa ukutshala imali kokuqala kungaba yisithiyo. Ibhuloho loMbuso liyibanga elinamandla, liqhubekisela phambili ukwamukelwa kwemikhuba egciniwe emakethe.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokuhlela Okuyinkimbinkimbi

Ukuhlelwa kwendawo okunezinga lokunakekela ngeke kuphumelele ngaphandle kokuthenga umphakathi. Iminyango yoMbuso iye yamukela izindlela zokuzicabangela, iqaphela ukuthi ulwazi lwendawo nezindinganiso kumelwe ziqondiswe ekusetshenzisweni kwezwe. Ukuthembisana komphakathi kunezici eziningi: amashabhu, amashadi, izinhlolo ze-inthanethi, amakomiti okuhlola ukuqulwa kwecala, kanye nokuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi.

Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imikhandlu yokuhlela esemthethweni noma izenzakalo zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone izinto eziza kuqala [ ukunikeza izakhamuzi izwi eliqondile ezinqubeni zokuhlela. Ngokwesibonelo, iVermont Depart of Howation and Community Development isebenza ngokuhlela izikhawu zomphakathi. Lezi zenzakalo zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukubona izinto eziza kuqala "njengendawo yokugcina amapulazi, ukuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kwezindawo ezibanzi, noma ukwakha izindlu ezibizayo."ukuthuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwesimiso sezemfundo.

Ubuchwepheshe buye bandisa nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. I-web site yokudweba amathuluzi anjenge- e-GIS yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuphawula izindawo ezizazisayo ekulondolozeni, ekuzijabuliseni, noma ekuthuthukiseni. Izwe elifana neMinnesota neNyakatho Carolina liye lasebenzisa amathuluzi anjalo ukuqoqa ukufakwa kokuhamba okude nasemapulanini ezweni. Ngokuyenza le nqubo ibe sobala futhi iphelele, iminyango yombuso yakha ukwethemba futhi yenza amasu angcono okubonisa izidingo zomphakathi.

Ukuhlela okubanzi kudlulela ngalé kokubopha umphakathi ngokuvumelana nokuhlangana komphakathi nokuphikisana. Iminyango yoMbuso ivame ukusebenza ngezibalo, omasipala, ohulumeni besizwe, nezinhlangano ezingazuzisi. ibalaselisa iNhlangano yokuhlela iMelika [ izimpawu eziphumelelayo zalokhu kubambisana, njenge California Strategitic Growth Council, ehlanganisa izwe elisebenzisa indawo, indawo yokuhlala, ezokuthutha, nezimiso zesimo sezulu ezizungeze izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Izinselele Nezithiyo Zokuhlela Izwe Elizinzile

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu angokoqobo naphumelelayo, naphezu kwentuthuko, iminyango kahulumeni ibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemali Nemithombo Yengcebo

Izindlela eziningi zokutshala indawo ezigciniwe zidinga ukutshala imali eshisiwe ukuze kugcinwe indawo eshisiwe ("izindawo zokutshala) ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo, ukuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo, ubuchwepheshe, nezinhlelo zokukhuthaza. Imali kahulumeni ngokuvamile icindezelwa yizicelo zemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokuphepha komphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imijikelezo yezombangazwe ingadala ukungaguquguquki kwezimali, okwenza kube nzima ukusekela izinhlelo zesikhathi eside. Ezinye izifunda ziye zaphendukela emithonjeni enikezelweyo yezimali, njengokuthutha intela yangempela noma izibophopho, kodwa azikho kuyo yonke indawo.

Izimpi Zezombangazwe NezobuJustile

Izinqumo ezithathwa ezweni zingobezombangazwe ngokwemvelo. Bangasekela amalungelo empahla ngokumelene nabalondolozi bemvelo, abathuthukisi bezindawo, nezithakazelo zasemadolobheni ngokumelene namaphandle. Ukuhlongoza imibono yokukhula ngokuvamile kunqanda noma ukululaza izinhloso zokufuna ukuvelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifunda zomhlaba ezisebenzisa imibuso eminingi zihlukene phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi nohulumeni bendawo, okuholela ekuxazululeni okungavumelani nemingcele. Ukuhlanganisa lezindawo kudinga ukuhola nokuxoxa okuqinile.

Amagebe Okwaziswa Nendlela Yobuchwepheshe

Isebenza kahle ekuhleleni indawo ngokunenzuzo incike ekwazini ukwaziswa okunembile ngesembozo sendawo, inani labantu, izimo zendawo ezungezile, nesisekelo. Nokho, iminyango eminingi kahulumeni ayinawo amathuluzi aphambili ezwe, ikhono lokulingisa, kanye nezisebenzi zobuchwepheshe ezidingekayo ukuze zihlaziye le mininingwane ngokubanzi. Amapulaneti asemaphandleni nawangaphansi kwemisuka egciniwe athinteka kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokwaziswa okuqinile, kuyinselele ekukhuleni kwezakhiwo, ukuhlola imiphumela yendawo ezungezile, noma ukuhlola imiphumela yenqubo.

Izithiyo Zezentengiselwano Nezokuziphatha

Ngisho nangezisusa, izimakethe zingase zingazithatheli ngokuzenzekelayo imikhuba eqinile. Abathuthukisi nabanikazi bezindawo bangase bangaziboni izingozi, bangajwayelene nobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza, noma bangabazani ngezinzuzo zesikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko eziphambili zentuthuko eqinile zingavinjelwa emikhankasweni emincane. Izici zokuziphatha zokwenza izinto zokwenza izinto ngendlela ekwaziyo ukushintsha, ukungaqapheli, noma ukucabanga okufushane okuthatha isikhathi eside. Ukukhuluma ngale migoqo akudingi izisusa zezimali kuphela kodwa nemfundo, imisebenzi yokubonisa, kanye nemiphakathi yontanga yokufunda.

Amathuba Nokuthambekela Okukhula

Nakuba izinselele ziqhubeka, izinqubo eziningana ziveza amathuba amasha eminyangweni kahulumeni okuthuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwendawo.

Intuthuko Kwezobuchwepheshe Nasekwazini Ukwaziswa

I-Gographic Information Systems (GIS), ukuzwa kude, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kushintsha ushintsho lwezwe lokuhlela. Iminyango yoMbuso manje ingathola imifanekiso ebanzi yeziphuphutheki, imininingwane yezomgwaqo yangempela, nezithombe ezibikezela kusengaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, .S. Ukuhlolwa kolwazi [lolwazi] ulwazi oluphathelene noshintsho lomhlaba olusemkhathini lungazisa izinto eziza kuqala. Imishini yokufunda amanani angabona izindawo ezingcono kakhulu zesakhiwo esiluhlaza noma izindlu ezithengwa kakhulu. Amapulatifomu asekelwe kumathemba avumela ukuhlelwa kwezehlakazeko nokwenziwa kwezehluleko, okwenza kube namandla kakhulu nokwenza isinqumo esizazulu nokuqeqeshwa, iminyango yombuso ingenza ulwazi olusekela ukuthuthukisa.

Ukuqaphela Umphakathi Nokufuna Kwakho Izinto

Ukukhathazeka komphakathi ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, isimo sezulu esibi, nokulahleka kwezindawo zemvelo kuphakeme kakhulu. Izakhamuzi zifuna ukuba ohulumeni bazo bathathe isinyathelo ngokusekela ukulondolozwa. Lokhu kudala ukusekela kwezombangazwe ekusebenziseni izimiso zezwe ezifuna inzuzo. Abashicileli baye bavuma ukuba kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuxhasa ukulondolozwa kwezindawo, ukuhanjiswa, namandla avuselelwayo. Iminyango yoMbuso ingafaka le ntuthuko yokwandisa izinhlelo nokuzama izindlela ezintsha.

Ukushintsha Kwezimo Zesimo Sezulu Nokuzibamba

Ukuhlelwa kwendawo okuqinile manje kuhlangene eduze nokushintsha isimo sezulu. EUnited States ihlela ukuvikela imiphakathi ekunyukeni kwezinga lolwandle, imililo yemlilo, izikhukhula, nama-itroweve. Ukuthola i-lowding plain, ukugawula njengesivimbo esingokwemvelo, futhi izimpawu zokwakha ezivuselelayo zonke ziyingxenye yalendlela. i-EPA’s Contrapactive Resource Center[ inikeza isiqondiso esingasetshenziswa iminyango yezwe ekusebenziseni izinqumo ezinqunyiweyo. Lendlela yokulungisa ingadonsa ukusekela kwemithetho yezwe kanye nezivumelwano zeqembu leqembu.

Ukwandisa Ukusetshenziswa Kwamathuluzi Ezomnotho

Izisetshenziswa zezomnotho eziqala kabusha − njengemali ekhokhwayo yenkonzo yezemvelo, i-carbon, ne-ofters , kanye namabhange aluhlaza . Ezinye izifundazwe zihlola izindlela zokufaka izinzuzo zamazwe emvelo alondoloziwe, njengekharbon ehambayo noma ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi mithombo kungabuyiselwa ekulondolozweni kwezinhlelo zokukhula ezihlakaniphile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusekela imali kanye nokukhuliswa kwendawo ezungezile, izenhlalo, kanye nokulawulwa kwezindawo ezisemgangathweni kukhuthaza inhloko yinhloko ukuba iqhubekele emisebenzini egciniwe. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingasiza lemikhankampane yemali ngokuveza izakhiwo.

Isiphetho: Ukushintsha Ikusasa Ngobuphathi Obukhulu

Iminyango kahulumeni iphambili ekushintsheni ekuhleleni izwe. Ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokulungisa imvelo, izimiso zokukhula ezihlakaniphile, izisusa zokukhula okuluhlaza, kanye nokuthembisana komphakathi okukhulu, bakha isisekelo semiphakathi eqinile. Le mizamo ayinazo izinkinga − iziphakamiso zezezombangazwe, izingxabano, nentengo yezentengiselwano ihlala inzima. Nokho amathuba anikezwa yintuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, imfuno yomphakathi, kanye nokuzivuselela kwemozulu anamandla ngokufanayo.

Indlela engaphambili idinga isibopho esiqhubekayo sokubambisana kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni, umkhakha wesintu, nomphakathi. Iminyango kahulumeni kumelwe ihlale ishesha, izimisele ukuzama amathuluzi amasha futhi ivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo. Ekugcineni, ukuhlelwa kwendawo kungokobuphathi (izinto zethu zemvelo), indawo esihlala kuyo, kanye nobungako bendlela yokuphila yezakhamuzi zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Njengoba iminyango kahulumeni icwengisisa izindlela zayo, inikeza umbono onethemba walokho okungafezwa uma sihlela kokubili umhlaba nabantu bawo engqondweni.