Isingeniso: Amandla Amazwi Amathathu

Inkulumo " Thina bantu simi njengamazwi amathathu okuqala e-United States Constitution’s Pregnation, futhi siye saphinda futhi emlandweni waseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Ngaphezu nje kokuvula, lesi simemezelo esiqinile simi sonke isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esisekelwe esimisoni sokuthi igunya lezombangazwe lisuka ezakhamuzini ezivamile, isigaba esibusayo, noma umyalo waphezulu. Ukuqonda incazelo yalamazwi amathathu kudinga ukuhlola izinqubo zokuhlakanipha eziwaklameyo, ukuhlehla okuzichazayo, nokulwa okuqhubekayo okuwubala njenge [[FLT]] abantu.

Lapho abakhi bezakhiwo behlangana ePhiladelphia ngo-1787, baqala ukwakha uhulumeni ongalungisa ubuthakathaka bezihloko ze-Confederation kuyilapho futhi bebhekisele ekutholeni inkululeko ewinwe eMpini yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Inkulumo ethi thina bantu" [ asizange nje] sifune ukuphendulwa impikiswano, kwakuyisigqibo esiqinile se ubukhosi obunenkani ewumthetho wohulumeni osekelwe evumelwaneni yababuswayo. Ukuqonda ngokugcwele, umuntu kumelwe ahlole isikhathi esingokomlando, imiklamo yefilosofi, kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kwalokho okushoyo ukuhlanganiswa kusithi “i. [FLTY:]

Umlando: INhlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo Ka - 1787

UMthetho-sisekelo wabunjwa phakathi kukaMay noSeptember 1787 ePhiladelphia, ihlobo elishisayo eladala izinyanga zenkulumo eshubile. Izihambeli zamelela ishumi nambili ezifundazweni zokuqala ezingu-13 (iRhode Island zanqaba ukuhlanganyela). Zaqonda ukuthi uhulumeni omusha wesizwe kumelwe ukuba unamandla kunalowo owadalwa yiZiphakamiso zeConfederation, kodwa futhi wazesaba amandla akhethekile. uhulumeni wawungakhulunyelwa abantu, wayewukuhlehla ngamabomuku olimi lwezihloko, olwaqala “Konke laba abakhona abazofika, kodwa sabesaba ngaphansi kwezethutho lwezwe” — kwamanye amazwi, sakhuluma ngenxa yesimo, hhayi ngenxa yomphakathi wonke.

Ukushintshwa kwe “ thina simisa izihambeli ezingaphansi zabantu base-United States” ukuya [ku- sisithi“ Thina bantu” siphawula ushintsho oluyisisekelo ehlelweni lwe-Union. UMthetho-sisekelo omusha wawuzothola igunya lawo ngokuqondile kubantu baseMelika, hhayi kuhulumeni wendlu yomthetho. Lokhu akuzenzanga ngengozi; kwakuyimpikiswano eyinhloko ye-Foderalistlist, eyayikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wesizwe onezibophotho kwizakhamuzi ongavikela inkululeko, ubulungisa, nohlelo. Gouverneur Morris, umthunywa owamisa ulimi lokugcina lwe-Pregarrow, waqonda ukuthi amagama okuvulayo lonke i-bhulobhulo.

Kodwa futhi inkulumo yabhalwa ngokuhlukana okukhulu. Abakhi be-flamers babengenakuvumelana ngokuthi izigqila kufanele zibalwe njengabantu noma impahla, ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni kufanele ube namandla okuqeda ukuhweba ngezigqila, noma indlela yokulinganisela ukumelelwa phakathi kwezifundazwe ezinkulu nezincane. ] “Thina bantu [ sithembise ubunye, kodwa eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, amaMelika amaningi akhishwa kulelo shwa.” Izimpikiswano zokubekwa kwe-ratiod Fidralists nemibhalo emelene ne-Foderálist.[isholost]

Indima Yesiqalo Sokukhipha Igebe

Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo unikezwa izizwe ukuze ulwelwe ngo-1787178, amazwi okuvula esandulele aba isikhalo esikhuthaza kokubili abasekeli nabaphikisi. UFederali baphikisa ngokuthi “Thina bantu” senza uMthetho-sisekelo ube yiqoqo lesizwe sonke, hhayi isivumelwano nje phakathi kwezizwe eziphethe. Bakhomba isaziso esiwubufakazi bokuthi uhulumeni omusha uyoba necala kubantu, uqinisekise ukuthi amandla awenziwe ngokhetho nangommeleli. Nokho, u-FLY u-FODédalist uxwayisa ukuthi inkulumo efanayo ingasetshenziswa ukuthethelela igunya elinamandla kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwelungelo elinamandla. [FFOT], [FF] [FF] [FF] [FF]

Lokhu kungathiya okuphakathi kwesu elikhululayo lobukhosi obuthandwayo kanye nesidingo esingokoqobo sokulinganisela uhulumeni . I-Bill of Rights, eqiniswe ngo-1791, ngokwengxenye yayiyimpendulo yokwesaba ukuthi “ Thina bantu” [ singasontwa ukuze sikhonze izithakazelo zabanamandla. Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokuqondene nomthetho, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bahlala negunya ngisho nakuhulumeni abawadalayo.

Isisekelo Esiwubuciko: Izimbangela Zokukhanya Nezici Zomphakathi

Umqondo wokuthi uhulumeni kufanele usekelwe evumelweni yababuswayo awuzange uvele emoyeni ophansi. Abakhi beflames bacwebezela kuyifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi kaJohn Locke, uJeanācques Rousseau, noMontesquieu. Locke’s Spected of Government [ [1689]] [abantu] bezwe lemvelo bayavuma ukwakha i-Monialmoneal, banika igunya likahulumeni njengethemba kuphela. Uma uhulumeni ephula ukwethemba, abantu banelungelo lokukuguqula noma ukukuqeda. Lokho mqondo ngokuqondile [FLT:] [FLT]] [F:]

I-Montesquieu’s Umoya woMthetho (1748]) wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlukanisa amagunya, lawo uMthetho-sisekelo owawamisa kamuva. Umbono kaRousseau ] uthanda [] .] Isithakazelo sabantu esihlangene sefilosofi [] ngisifake ungwengwezi lwefilosofi emqondweni wokuthi umthetho ongokomthetho uvela esivumelwaneni somphakathi. Inkulumo kaPregionthi yabamba lowo moya wokukhanyiselwa: abantu ngokwabo bayimithombo yegunya lezombangazwe, nohulumeni abamisa amandla awo afanele ekuvumeni kwabo.

Lenkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo yanikeza uMthetho-sisekelo isisekelo sokuziphatha esiyingqayizivele. Ngokungafani nesimiso sobuqamama saseBrithani, lapho ubukhosi obungasetshenziswa khona ngobuchwepheshe babuhlala eSikhungweni sikaHulumeni-Parliament, isimiso saseMelika senza abantu baba yinkosi enkulu. Amagama okuqala amathathu eSigqwenga amelela ukwephulwa okukhulu kwenkathi edlule yaseYurophu. Ngisho noThomas Jefferson, owayeseParis phakathi neNgqungquthela yoMthetho-sisekelo, kamuva wadumisa le ncwadi ngenxa yokusekela kwayo ubukhosi obuphambili [[[FLT:]]] futhi wakhathazeka ngokungabikho kwesivikelo esicacile senkululeko yabantu ngabanye.

Babengobani “Abantu” Ngo - 1787?

Enye yezimpikiswano ezibaluleke kakhulu ngendaba yendabuko ehlanganisa abantu baseAfrika ezindaweni eziningi, kanye nabantu abampofu abangenayo impahla bakhishwa kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni ngokuqondile enqubweni yezombangazwe. Abakhi bamafomu babebheka abantu njengabakhululekileyo, abamhlophe, abanezimpahla. Abesifazane, aboMdabu baseMelika, abagqilaziwe baseMelika, abakhululekile kubantu baseAfrika, abakhululekile kubantu bamazwe amaningi, nabamhlophe abangenayo impahla abampofu abathiwe ukuba bangenele ngokuqondile enqubweni yezombangazwe. Lomthetho ngokwawo wababala abantu abagqilazwe njengomuntu oyisithathu ezithombeni (i-Artle I, Isigaba 2, Claus 3) nemithetho enqabela ukutheliswa kwabantu abagqibileyo kuze kube ngu-18088 (i-Ingxenye ye-Claus, isigaba 9,1). Lokhu kuphikisana nolimi oluphakeme.

Inkulumo ithi:“ Thina bantu” kanjalo siqukethe ukungezwani okungokwemvelo phakathi kwesifiso sendawo yonke kanye neqiniso elincane. Abafaki-fumethi babengahlosile ukuhlanganisa wonke umuntu; basebenzisa lamazwi ekugunyaziseni uhulumeni omusha wezwe kuyilapho ulondoloza isigaba sesifunda sezenhlalo esikhona. Ngamakhulu amabili alandelayo, ukuncishintshwa koMthetho-sisekelo ([FLT:]] [[1711]] BBYLAYILE YAMAHAMBILE [, iReconstationtionss (13, 14th,15), i-15th Amend), i-Redementation (1920), i-Admiglisect ka-19, i-Voltic Act of 1965, kanye ne-26 ye-61] incazelo ebanzi ye-[FT][FF][5][5][5]], futhi i-earternarinetic, i-eardium, i-eald.

Ama - 393Femith Ayekethisa Nokuphikisana Kwesinambuzane

I-Threefeffs Ukuhlehla kuyisibonelo esinzima sendlela umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo ongase ucele ngayo ubukhosi obuthandwayo kanye nokuphoqelelwa ukuba buqedwe ngokohlanga. Ukuyekethisa kwabalwa kwabantu abagqilazwe njengezigqila ezintathu kwezingamele zomuntu kokubili eNdlukeni yabameleli nentela eqondile. Lokhu kwanikeza amazwe aseNingizimu amandla angenakulinganiswa ezombangazwe kuyilapho enqaba noma yiliphi izwi elingokomthetho. [FLT: 0] i-Pregailgey’s [FLD]“ Thina Abantu” asisebenzanga kulabo ababeboshelwe ebugqilini. Umbango olufanayo lubonakala emazwini [ “intebose izibusiso zenkululeko nePoster,[FLT] [FF] [F] eziningi]

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, safuna ukuxazulula lokhu ngokumemezela ukuthi bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadaliweyo e-United States bayizakhamuzi futhi banelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokufanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Sandisa ngokomthetho incazelo ye "Abantu”[ ukuba bahlanganise abantu ababegqilaziwe ngaphambili. Nokho ukulwa ukuqaphela ukuthi isithembiso //ngeSivumelo samaLungelo esingu, ukulwa okuqhubekayo mayelana namalungelo okuvota, kanye nezimpikiswano ngokufuduka kanye nokubekwa kwemvelo. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sichaze futhi [[FLT]]“ Abantu abangesona sigaba. [[FLT] [[FLT]] [FLD:3]

Izincazelo Zanamuhla Nokubaluleka Okungokomthetho

Namuhla, isiqalo ngokwaso asiwona umthombo ozimele wamalungelo angokomthetho; izinkantolo ngokuvamile zigomela ukuthi ayinakusetshenziswa ekushayeni imithetho. Nokho, inkulumo ethi “Thina bantu” sifaka umthetho nempucuko yaseMelika. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikhombanga isiqalo njengesiqondiso senjongo yoMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT]] MClulloch v. Maryland [1819], uMahluleli uJohn Marshall wakhomba kulimi lwePregat: [ukuveza i-Ubumba i-Ubumba eliphelele ngokwengeziwe i-Ubumba i-Unionst provicencessionstions [[FFFFFF]][5][5][9][10][9][10][9][ithelela ku-kathika] umthetho ohlomo oluthiwe ukumelana nokuvumelana nemithetho olushayo oluthiweyo ukuba luthole ukumiswa.

Ekhulwini lamashumi amabili leminyaka, abameleli bamalungelo omphakathi babevame ukunxusa ukuthi“ Thina bantu” siphikisa ngokuthi izithembiso zoMthetho-sisekelo zisebenza kubo bonke abantu baseMelika, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi baluphi uhlanga noma ubulili. UDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. wabhekisela isiqalo kumthetho wakhe INA IDHOLE [ inkulumo, ibiza isizwe ukuba siphile ngokuvumelana nencazelo yeqiniso yemfundiso yaso. Inkulumo ivela futhi esifungweni semvelo, izakhamuzi ezintsha ezifunga ukusekela nokuvikela umthetho-sisekelo wakuqala [FLT].[FLT][F:]

Izinhlangano zezombangazwe ziyaqhubeka zidlulisa isikhalo kuyi-Pregedge. Kusukela kwabashisekeli beqembu letiye abaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni olinganiselwe kumaqembu afuna ukumiswa ngokulinganayo, lamazwi asesekhonjweni. I-National Archives yase-U.S. ibonisa isikhumba sokuqala esibhalwe ukuthi “Thina bantu” sibonakala kakhulu, futhi unyaka ngamunye izigidi zezingane zesikole zifunda ukusho iDagnory. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kubonisa ukuthi lamazwi akhona kokubili ayikho umlando nomqondo ophilayo.

Isethulo Sawo Wonke: Asiwona Nje Isiqalo

Umbhalo ophelele wesihloko esithi Presedge ufundeka kanje:

Thina People of the United States, ngokwe - Order simise i - Union ephelele ngokwengeziwe, simise Ubulungisa, sinikeze i - Tranquality eqinisekisayo, sithuthukise iNhlalo - ntle evamile, futhi sivikele iMibusiso Yenkululeko kithi ngokwethu naseNkantolo yethu, simise futhi simise loMthetho - sisekelo we - United States of America.

Isigaba ngasinye silandela ukuthi “Thina bantu” sisho izinjongo zikahulumeni omusha: ubulungisa, ukuthula, isivikelo, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko. Abafaki-framers abazange bazibeke eziphethweni eziqinile; kunalokho, bazibheka njengezihlangene. [ [i-“umbuso Wendawo ezungezile"[[ [umthetho], ngokwesibonelo, [umthetho] waba isisekelo semali yesimiso somphakathi nezinhlelo ezifana ne-sobusomhlala-zwe. [[FLT: 4.]] [ukhuseleko oluvamile][FLT] luthethelela ukumiswa kwebutho elimi nemvume yempi. Zonke lezinjongo ezinciphekayo ezisekubekwa abantu.

Inkulumo “ imisa futhi imise”[ futhi iyaphawuleka. Ngokungafani nombuso obusayo lapho uhulumeni uzuzwa njengefa, noma umthetho obekwe yigunya eliphezulu, ukumiswa kusikisela isenzo sentando ehlangene. Abantu abamane nje bavuma uhlelo olukhona ngaphambili; badala olunye. Lolulimi olusebenzayo, olunezakhi zofuzo luqinisa umqondo wokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyilungu lezakhamuzi ezikhululekile.

Emfundweni Ehlangene Namuhla

Ukufundisa incazelo ye “Thina bantu” sihlala siyingxenye eyinhloko yemfundo yomphakathi eUnited States. Inkulumo iqala abafundi ngomqondo wobukhosi obuthandwayo nemithwalo yemfanelo ehambisana nesizwe. Izinhlelo ezifana neNational Constitution Center Umthetho-sisekelo osebenzayo [ [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-iCicons] isiza abafundi ukucubunga incazelo yokubaluleka kwegama ngezifundo nemidlalo ehambisana nemidlalo. Ukuqonda ukuthi bayingxenye ye-[FLT:]" abantu abancane [[FLT] [[FLD:5]] bakhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba bahlanganyele emiphakathini yabo, basebenze evoti, futhi bahlanganyele ezinkomeni zabo.

Nokho, imfundo yomphakathi kumelwe futhi ilwisane negebe phakathi kwento engcono nengokoqobo. Abafundisi bavame ukusebenzisa isiqalo ukuze baxoxe ngomlando wokuhlukanisa kanye nomzabalazo othatha isikhathi eside ukuze badlulisele amalungelo kubo bonke. Ngokuhlola ukuthi ubani owashiywa ngo-1787 nokuthi ukulungisa nemithetho kwanweba kanjani i-franse, abafundi bafunda ukuthi ukuhlola kwaseMelika kuyaqhubeka. “ umanyano oluphelele kakhulu”[[ aluwona umkhiqizo ophelile; ludinga umzamo oqhubekayo ovela esizukulwaneni ngasinye.

Isiphetho: Ibinzana Eliphilayo

Incazelo ye“ Thina bantu” asikaze silungiswe. EMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, kwakuyinkulumo ehloselwe ukumisa uhulumeni wesizwe ukuba abe ngokomthetho ngokuqondile kubantu, udlulise igunya likahulumeni. Futhi kwaba ukuyekethisa okuvumele ubugqila ukuba buqhubeke futhi bususwe abesifazane nabantu abanemibala ephelele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokuguqula komthetho ngokomthetho, ngezinqumo zeNkanto ePhakeme, nangezinhlangano zezenhlalo, incazelo ye abantu. iyandile kancane kancane, ngezinye izikhathi, ngokugqashuka koshintsho.

Namuhla, leligama liyingxenye eyaziwa kakhulu yoMthetho-sisekelo. Libonakala ezinkulumoni, ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho, nasezikoleni. Limi eMelika ukuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze ukhonze izakhamuzi ezivamile, hhayi enye indlela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbango wezombangazwe uthanda ukuxabana kangakanani, usho ukuthi“ Thina bantu” sikhumbuza isizwe ukuthi igunya eliphelele alikho ngezikhulu noma izinhlangano, kodwa linendikimba yezakhamuzi ezikhululekile. Ukuqonda leyo nkulumo, ngakho konke ukuphikisana kwayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda lokho okushiwo yiMelika.