Indima Eyinkimbinkimbi Kahulumeni Ekusheshiseni Nokugcina Umlando Okhuluma Kamnandi

Kuwo wonke umlando ogciniwe, izinkulumo ziye zasebenza njengezinto ezibangela ushintsho lwezenhlalo, ushintsho lwezombangazwe, kanye nokuzinza kwempucuko. Kodwa ngemva kwamazwi onke aguqula isizwe avame ukubonakala kungumdlali olindelwe: uhulumeni. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlangano ezibusayo nezikhulumayo ezinamandla abululanga noma bunye. Ohulumeni baye basekela izinkulumo zomphakathi ngesikhathi esisodwa ezigunyaza ukuguqula nokuqondisa okusejele; baye bavikela amazwi aphikisayo kanye nezenzo zombuso ogxekwayo. Ukuqonda lendima ehlukene kwembula kakhulu ngendlela izinhlangano ezilinganisela ngayo, ukulondeka, kanye nelungelo eliyisisekelo lokuveza inkululeko. Lesi sihloko siveza izinkulumo zombili eziye zashicilelwe futhi zashintshwa ngazo umlando, zihlola izinqumo zomlando, izenzakalo ezingoko, nezingxabano eziqhubekayo ezichaza ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezibucayi.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zohulumeni Zihlanganyela Nenkulumo Eshintshayo

Izindima Zokuvikela: Lapho Ohulumeni Bevikela Iphiko

Esinye sezibonelo ezivelele kakhulu zokuvikela kukahulumeni ekukhulumeni okungokomlando kwenzeka phakathi ne-American Civil Rights Movement. Lapho uDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. enikeza inkulumo yakhe ethi "Nginephupho" ezinyathelweni ze-Lincoln Sikhumbuzo ngo- 1963, wakhuluma engafihlisi kodwa ngokusekela okusobala kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe. UMarch eWashington wamiswa uMnyango weSizalo, ne-National Park wanikeza imvume nokulondeka. Lokhu akuzange kwenzeke ngengozi: ukuphatha kukaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy waqaphela ukuhavikelwa okunokuthula njengomhlangano ovikelwe yi-Software yoMpalmentalist Reconfmentation, ngisho nangokuthisting Religivertivection.

Ngokufanayo, ngo-1965, uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wasebenzisa ikheli lakhe kuMkhandlu ukusekela iVoting Rights Act, ethi "sizonqoba" – ukunambitha iculo lenhlangano ngokuqondile. Lapha, ihhovisi eliphakeme kunalapho lithulisa inkulumo eyayizoshintsha isimo esingokomthetho sesizwe. Indima kahulumeni yayingesona imvume elula kodwa ukusekela kwenkuthalo, esebenzisa isikhulu seqembu elikhuthaza iqoqo ukuze kuthuthukise umthetho wamalungelo abantu.

Indima Ezicindezelayo: Lapho Ohulumeni Bengakuvumi Ukuthula

Ohulumeni nabo baye basebenzisa igunya labo lokuvimbela izinkulumo ukuba zingazwiwa. Ngo-1918, phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, uhulumeni wase-U.S. wamangalela umholi wesosha ngokomthetho u-Eugene V. UDebs ngaphansi kwe-Espionage Act ngenkulumo ayegxeka kuyo isigwebo seminyaka eyishumi sempi. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuqiniseka kwakhe uDebs v. United States, iphikisa ngokuthi amazwi akhe aphakamisa isigwebo sejele futhi aletha ingozi, ngisho noma inkulumo yakhe ingakugqugquzeli budlova. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ohulumeni abangakukhuthaza ngayo ukulondeka kwesizwe ukuba bavimbele inkulumo esongelayo, ngisho nalapho isigijimi sesikhulumi sivinyiwe.

Imibuso yobukhomanisi inikeza izibonelo ezinamandla. Ngo-1981, uhulumeni waseChina waqeda izinkulumo ze-prodemocracy e-Tiananmen Square ngebutho lezempi. ERussia yanamuhla, imithetho emelene "nobushiqela" iye yasetshenziselwa ukubopha abantu abaphikisayo njengo-Alei Navalny, onamakheli akhe aveza ukonakala kukahulumeni. Le zenzo zibonisa ukuthi ohulumeni bangasebenza njengesithiyo esiyinhloko sezinkulumo ezingokomlando, ngezinye izikhathi bazibeke ezikhumbulweni zenkumbulo yomphakathi ngokuphelele.

Indawo Empunga: Ukusekela Okunezimo Ne - censhortship Ekhethayo

Akuzona zonke iziphakamiso zikahulumeni ezivikelayo noma ezicindezelayo kuphela. Phakathi nenkathi ye-antebellum e-United States, uhulumeni walondoloza isimo esiphikisanayo ngezinkulumo zokuqeda. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo uvikelwe ngokusemthethweni, izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zamisa imithetho enqabela ukusakazwa kwezinto ezilwa nezigqila. Uhulumeni kahulumeni wawuvame ukubheka enye indlela, futhi u-"gagg" eSixukwini (1856-184) wavala zonke izicelo eziphathelene nobugqila. Lokhu kuvikela okukhethekile kwakusho ukuthi inkulumo eyashintsha umlando – njengoFrederickis Douglas "INkukaye yesithathu kaJuly?" – kunganikelwa kuphela emazweni akhululekile, futhi ngisho nangaphansi kosongo lobudlova uhulumeni owawuzivimbela.

Lomlando ugcizelela ukuthi ukuhileleka kukahulumeni akuvamile ukuhambisana. Isimiso somthetho sisekelo esifanayo esavikela uDkt. King savumela ukuqulwa kwecala lombuso. Umehluko ngokuvamile uxhomeke emongweni wezombangazwe, izinga elicatshangelwayo losongo, nokuzimisela kukahulumeni ukusekela izibopho zakhe ezingokomthetho.

Izivikelo Ezingokomthetho Zokukhuluma: Isisekelo Sendima Kahulumeni

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala E - United States

Isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuvikela izinkulumo zikahulumeni eUnited States yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esivimbela ukuba kwenziwe imithetho "enqabela inkululeko yokukhuluma." Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasilungisa lesi simiso. Izinqumo eziyinhloko ezinjenge Brandenburg v. [1969] [i-O] iqinisekisa ukuthi inkulumo ekhuthaza isenzo esingekho emthethweni iyavikelwa ngaphandle kokuba "iqondiswe noma iveze isinyathelo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze futhi ingenza isenzo esiwujuqu esikhuthazayo noma siveze isenzo esinjalo." lesi sigqesha esiphezulu siqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezinkulumo eziphikiswayo eziphikiswayo zegunya likahulumeni ngokuvamile zivikelwa.

Elinye icala eliyingqophamlando, texas v. Johnson (1998), liqinisekisa ukuthi ukushiswa kweflagi – uhlobo lwenkulumo engokomfanekiso – kuvikelwe ngokomthetho. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni akanakwenza ubugebengu ngenxa nje yokuthi ucasule iningi. Lesi sinqumo sivikela ngokuqondile izinkulumo ezilahla umthetho wakwamanye amazwe, ebonisa ukuthi amapulani angokomthetho angawavikela amazwi ekuphindiseleni kukahulumeni.

Nokho, lezi sivikelo azizona eziphelele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yavumela imingcele elinganiselwe ezigabeni zokukhuluma njengenhlamba, ukuhlambalaza, "ukulwa namagama." uhulumeni futhi ulawula inkulumo ngemibandela eqondile: izisebenzi zomphakathi zinezivikelo ezimbalwa lapho zikhuluma emsebenzini, futhi inkulumo yezentengiselwano ingaba ngaphansi kwesikhathi, indawo, nezimiso. Ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kokuvikela inkulumo elimazayo kanye nokuhleleka okudingekile kuhlala kuyimpikiswano engokomthetho, njengoba kubonakala ezimweni zamuva ngokuphathelene nemithetho yenzondo nezokulinganisela kwezezindaba zomphakathi.

Izikhungo Zomthetho Zamazwe Ngamazwe: Izingxabano Ezivikelayo

Ngalé kwe-United States, ezinye idemokrasi ziye zasungula izindlela ezingafani. I-United Kingdom’s Human Rights Act ihlanganisa iSiphakamiso 10 se-European Convention on Human Rights, evikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kodwa evumela imingcele "edingekile emphakathini wentando yeningi" ngenxa yokulondeka kwesizwe, ukuthembeka kwezwe, kanye nokuvimbela ukuphazamiseka. Lokhu kuye kwavumela i-UK ukuba ivimbele izinkulumo ezithile zezombangazwe, njengalezo ezikhazimulisa ubuphekula ngaphansi koMthetho wobuphekula u-Act 2006.

I-Nancy Law yaseJalimane iqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma kodwa inqaba ngokucacile isivikelo sokukhuluma okuhlasela "isimo esiyisisekelo sentando yeningi esiyisisekelo." Lokhu kuye kwenza uhulumeni wakwazi ukucindezela ukuphika inkulumo eqanjiwe ye-genetic-Nazi nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, okungavikelwa ngokomthetho eUnited States. I-Charter of Rights and Freedoms ivumela "imingcele enengqondo" enkulumweni, kuhlanganise nemithetho yenzondo esekelwa yiNkanto eMnyango Ephakeme yezolimi yaseCanada .R. Keegstra[[[[FLT: 1]] [1990].]. Lezingxabano zezizwe zomhlaba ziqokomisa ukuthi izivumelwano zikahulumeni zimicishiciswe ngokungafani ngemithetho engokomthetho namasiko.

Indima Yomthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

ISiphakamiso 19 seSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu simemezela ukuthi "wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga nenkulumo." i-International Parvenent on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), egunyazwe amazwe angu - 173, ichaza ngokwengeziwe ukuthi lelilungelo lihlanganisa "inkululeko yokufuna, ukwamukela nokudlulisela ukwaziswa nemibono yazo zonke izinhlobo" kodwa i-ICPR ivumela nemithetho evimbela "edingekile" ngenxa "yokuhlola amalungelo noma idumela labanye" kanye "nokulondeka noma ukuhleleka komphakathi"."

Lamathuluzi asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke akha ukulindela okuqinile ukuthi ohulumeni bavikele inkulumo, kodwa futhi banikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lohulumeni ukuze bathethelele ukucubungula. Inselele ikhona ekuqikelweni: amazwe anjengeChina ne-North Korea ayizingxenye kuyi-CCPR kodwa acindezela izinkulumo eziphikisayo ngokuhlelekile. Igebe phakathi kwesibopho esingokomthetho nomkhuba likhulu, lenza indima kahulumeni ibe yindaba yomthetho nentando yezombangazwe.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Ekukhulumeni Okumnandi Komlando

Isivikelo Esikhuthele Sabakhulumayo Nabezilaleli

Ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha indawo ephephile yenkulumo yeningi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza amaphoyisa isivikelo emibuthanweni yemihlangano, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zihlala zitholakala, nokumangalela labo abazama ukuphazamisa imihlangano engokomthetho. Phakathi nohambo luka-1965 lukaSelma ukuya eMontgomery, izikhungo zikahulumeni ne-Alabama National Guard (enziwe nguMongameli Johnson) bavikela abashisekeli bezishoshoshoshoshoshosho ukudlulisa iVoting Rights Act. Ngaphandle kwalokhu ukuba khona kwalohulumeni, abashayeli babezongalawulwa ubudlova kuhulumeni.

Kulindeleke ukuba ohulumeni bavikele izintatheli nezikhulumi ekuhlukunyezweni nge-intanethi futhi basebenzise i-cx. Nakuba umbuso ungakwazi ukuvimbela bonke abadlali abangasese ekusongeleleni, ungahlola futhi ubeke isigwebo esibi kakhulu, ngaleyondlela kuphawule ukuthi ukwesatshiswa kwezikhulumi ngeke kubekelwe indiva. Lendima evikelayo idlulela ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amazwi abekwe ngokweziphakamiso ezingokomlando ayakwazi ukufinyelela emapulatifomu – hhayi nje ukumelana okungekhona okungokomthetho, kodwa izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuphikisana namandla akhona e-aymmetry.

Ukulondoloza Inkulumo Ehambisana Neposi

Ohulumeni futhi banendima ebalulekile ekuqongeleni nasekulondolozeni umlando wezinkulumo eziwumlando. IZinqolobane zesizwe e-United States zigcina ama-memory namavidiyo aqoshiwe amakheli kamongameli, izimpikiswano zomhlangano, nezimpikiswano zeNkantolo Ephakeme. I- Library of Congress iphethe amaphepha ezibalo eziningi ezinethonya, iqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zingafunda amagama alolonga umphakathi wazo. Izinhlangano ezihlangene zikahulumeni njengendawo ye-British Library eqoshiwe ngeqopha umsindo ne-Australian National Film neSound Archive zenza imisebenzi efanayo.

Lomthwalo wemfanelo wobukhomanisi awuyona nje imfundo. Imfundo ephelele yombhalo kaDkt. I-King James’s "Letter yase Birmingham Jail" – egcinwe ezikhungweni zikahulumeni – ivumela izazi ukuba zihlaziye izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezingokokuziphatha ezasekela i-Civil Rights Movement. Uma ohulumeni behluleka ukulondoloza lezi zinto, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokunganaki noma ngokubhubhisa ngamabomu, bayakwazi ukususa izingxenye zomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni waseChina ususe noma ubeke imingcele yokufinyelela izinkulumo zikaTianann Square, okwenza kube nzima izazi zezehlakaniphi ukuba zivuse lezo zenzakalo ngokunembile.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Namalungelo

Umthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni obucayi kakhulu uwukulinganisela ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokumelene nezinye izithakazelo ezingokomthetho, njengokuphepha komphakathi nokulondeka kwesizwe. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwaseMelika, okucaciswe Scheck v. United States [1919], kuhlonisiwe ukuthi ngisho nenkulumo evikelwe kakhulu ayinikezi umuntu ilungelo lokuya "kucima' umlilo enkundleni yemidlalo egcweleyo""" lesi sifaniso siye sagxekwa kakhulu kodwa sihlala sinethonya: ohulumeni kumelwe banqume lapho umugqa wenkulumo uwela empawini evikelekile bese iyingozi.

Izinselele zanamuhla zihlanganisa inkulumo yenzondo ebangela ubudlova emaqenjini amancane, ukuphikiswa okululaza ubuqotho bokhetho, nenkulumo - ze yamaphekula efaka abalandeli abasha. Ohulumeni abazama kakhulu ukuvikela abaphikisi bangathulisa yonke inkulumo ephikisayo, kuyilapho labo abaphendukela kakhulu ekuyengeleni impela bengase bavumele ukulimala kwangempela. Ikhambi aliwona umthetho owodwa ozuzisayo kodwa liyindlela ecacile evumelana nezimiso ezivumelanayo. Izinkantolo, izindikimba ezizimele, nokuhlola umphakathi konke kungenza ohulumeni babhekene icala ngezinqumo zabo ezilinganiselayo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezindaba Eziqhubekayo

Imingcele Engokwezinombolo: Ukuvumelana Kukahulumeni Kokukhuluma Nge - Internet

I-Internet iye yandisa kakhulu ukufinyelela kwezinkulumo ezingashintsha umlando. Inkulumo eyodwa exutshwe namagciwane ingahlanganisa izigidi phakathi namahora, njengoba kuboniswa kwi-Black Lives Matter ne-Arabian Spring ments. Nokho ohulumeni bazama ukuvumelanisa indima yabo engokwesiko nendawo ezungezile ye-alditure. Uma uhulumeni ufuna amapulatifomu ezenhlalo ukuze asuse inkulumo ephula imithetho yendawo, ngisho noma amapulatifomu ebekwe phambili kwamanye amazwe? Ikhambi lihluka kakhulu: i-European Digitagenity Services Act i-Act i-cess ezibophaka izibophono ezilinganiselayo, kuyilapho i-U.S ngxenye 230 ivikela amapulatifomu ekubekeni icala lokukhuluma komsebenzisi.

Ohulumeni futhi baqalile ukusebenzisa ukuqapha ngemishini ukuze baqaphele futhi ngezinye izikhathi bathule ngokungenangqondo abantu abangase bahluze ubandlululo. EChina, i "I-Firewall" isithiyo sangaphandle esinezinkulumo ezizwelayo, futhi amapulatifomu asekhaya kudingeka acubungule okuqukethwe yizimiso ezisebenza ngemishini. Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi, ikhono likahulumeni lokuphoqelela amapulatifomu ukuba asuse inkulumo – njengakuyi-Union’s Online Safety Bill – inselele ukuphazanyiswa. Inselele iwukuthuthukisa izici ezivikela inkulumo ekhululekileyo ngezimiso zentando yeningi kuyilapho kuxoxwa ngenzondo nokungahlulwa.

Ukuvikela Ukudumazeka

Enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu zesivikelo sikahulumeni yisikhala phakathi kwenkulumo yenzondo nenkulumo esemthethweni yezombangazwe. E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ngokuthi inkulumo yenzondo ivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba iwele ekusongeleni, ekuhlukunyezweni, noma ekuvuselelweni. Matal v. Tam[[FLT]] [2017] [2017], iNkantolo yashaya umthetho ovimbela ukubhaliswa kwemishosho elulazayo, iqinisekisa ukuthi "i-pech ayingevinjelwe emnyombweni ukuthi iveza imiqondo ecasulayo." Lokhu kusho ukuthi isikhulu sikahulumeni asinakwenqaba imvume yokukhuluma ngenxa nje yokuthi okuqukethwe yiyo kucasula ngokohlanga.

Ngokuphambene, ohulumeni abaningi baseYurophu baphambanisa inkulumo yenzondo, kuhlanganise nokuphika izenzo zonya ezingokomlando. Ukunqatshelwa kokubulawa kwesizwe ukubulawa kwabantu ngokuqothulwa kwesizwe kuye kwasekelwa njengokudingekile ekuvimbeleni ukuvuselelwa kobuNazi. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada eR. v. Keegstra[ isekela imithetho yenzondo ekhuthaza ukukhuthazwa kwenzondo ngamabomu namaqembu aziwayo. Indima kahulumeni kulokhu kucindezela izigaba ezithile zenkulumo, iveza ukuthi ukulimala kwamaqembu amancane kudlula amalungelo esikhulumi. Inkulumo ayixazululwa kalula kodwa iphoqelela ukuba iqononondise, ihlelwe ngokuvumelanayo ngoba lapho ziyovikela inkulumo nalapho ziyongenela.

Ukungaqondi Nokungathembani

Ukwanda kokwaziswa okungamanga – lokho abaningi abakubiza ngokuthi "izindaba ezingeyikho" – kuletha uvivinyo olusha lokuhileleka kukahulumeni ngezinkulumo. Imikhankaso yokudalula ingalulaza okhetho, njengoba kubonwa ngokuphazamisa kweRussia kukhetho lwango 2016 U.S.. Abanye ohulumeni baye basabela ngokumisa imithetho evimbela ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga, njengokuvikelwa kweSingapore ku-Online Dithoughes and Manippect (POFMA). Abagxeki bathi imithetho enjalo inikeza ohulumeni ithuluzi lokuvimbela ukugxekwa okungokomthetho ngokuyichaza ngokuthi kuyiphutha.

Indima kahulumeni ekulweni nokwaziswa kumelwe ihlelwe kahle. Imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi, ukuthatha izifundo zokufunda nokubhala, nokusekela i-metarianism kuncane kunemithetho yokuhlola ngokuqondile. Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, ukuphikisana okungcono kakhulu nenkulumo engcolile kuyinkulumo elula - njengoba uMahluleli Louis Brandeis ephikisa ngokudume kakhulu – kodwa lokhu kuthatha izinga lokudlala okungenzeka ukuthi alikho enkathini yokusetshenziswa kwemithetho. Ohulumeni kumelwe banqume ukuthi bathathe isinyathelo njengezikhombisi, abadlali, noma izibukeli zezokuxhumana.

Inkulumo Kahulumeni Nempicabadala Yomphakathi

Okokugcina, ohulumeni ngokwabo bayizikhulumi, futhi ukuxhumana kwabo kungaguqula impikiswano yomphakathi. Izinkulumo zomthetho ezivela kumongameli, undunankulu, noma umbusi zinesisindo esikhulu. Ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi inkulumo yabo siqu inembile ngempela futhi abasebenzisi ipulatifomu ukuze bathule abaphikisi. Umqondo "we-public forum" – izikhala ezinjengepaki nezindawo ezivamile ezisetshenziselwa umsebenzi oyimfihlo – futhi bafaka izibopho kohulumeni: abanakuvimbela ukungena kwabo ngokwalokho abakucabangayo, futhi kumelwe bagcine lezindawo zivulekile kubo bonke izikhulumi.

Izimpikiswano zamuva nje zokuvumela ababhikishi eduze kwemihlangano yezombangazwe noma ezikhungweni zezindiza ziqokomisa lokhu kucindezeleka okuqhubekayo. Ohulumeni abalawula indawo engokoqobo kumelwe basebenzise imithetho engathathi hlangothi, bangathandi umbono owodwa wezombangazwe kunenye. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme uMennesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky [208]) baqeda ukuvinjelwa kwezingubo zezombangazwe ezindaweni zokugcona ngoba ukuvinjelwa kwakungacacile futhi kuvunyelwe ukugcinwa okungenangqondo. Lendaba ibonisa ukuthi indima kahulumeni njengemenenja yempahla akumelwe iphikise amalungelo ezikhulumi.

Isiphetho: Indima Kahulumeni Engenakuxazululeka Kodwa Ehloniphekile

Izinkulumo ezashintsha umlando kususela emngcwabeni ka-Pericles kuya ku-Churchill "Umbala, Ithuna, nezinyembezi," ukusuka kuGandhi "Qeda eNdiya" ikheli likaMalala Yousafzai" lenkulumo ka-UN - azizange zenzeke endaweni engenalutho. Zenzeka phakathi kwendawo ethile yezombangazwe neyomthetho, kanti ohulumeni besusa indlela noma bemisa imingcele. Indima kahulumeni engcono ayikona ukungathathi hlangothi kodwa ayiyona elula kodwa isivikelo senkulumo esinezimiso ezihlangene nemingcele ecindezelayo. Lokhu kudinga izilungiselelo eziqinile zemithetho esemthethweni, izintambo ezizimele, nezakhamuzi ezifuna abaholi bazo ukuba baphendule.

Awukho uhulumeni ophelele ekufezeni lendima. Ngisho namazwe entando yeningi kakhulu anezenzakalo ezihlazisayo zokucindezelwa, futhi ngisho nemibuso ebusa ngempoqo iye yavikela abaphikisi ngezikhathi ezithile lapho ifeza izinjongo zabo. Isifundo emiphakathini namuhla ukuthi ubuhlobo bukahulumeni nezinkulumo ezishintsha umlando kumelwe zixoxwe njalo. Imithetho kumelwe ivuselelwe ubuchwepheshe obusha. Ukuqonda komphakathi izimiso zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kumelwe kuqiniswe. Futhi abantu kumelwe bahlale beqaphile kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni ozohwebelana nabo. Ukukhuthazela komphakathi wentando yeningi kuxhomeke kukho.

Ukuze kufundwe ngokwengeziwe ezisekelweni ezingokomthetho okuxoxwe ngazo: Isichibiyeli sokuqala eMvumweni Wezinqolobane Zesizwe , 's Free Studence Language Free Special Special [, kanye iPartive on Politiki and Political Rights .