Indima kahulumeni kaFederal ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi: Ukubukeka Okunemininingwane

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi e-United States buyindaba yentuthuko enkulu, ukulwa okuphikelelayo, nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kwemibono yesizwe. Nakuba imibhalo eqanjiwe ichaza izimiso zenkululeko nokulingana, iqiniso ngezizukulwane zamaMelika [1] kuhlanganise namaMelika, abesifazane, amaqembu amancane esizwe, kanye nomphakathi we-LGBTQ, yayingenye yentuthuko engoko hlelo, i-debust, i-ocestration, nokungalingani okusemthethweni. Uhulumeni wezwe, ngemithetho yawo yezikhulu, isikhulu, namagatsha enkantolo, uye waba injini eyinhloko yokususa lezi zimiso ezimisiwe nokusungula izakhiwo ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlola okunweba okukhushubile kushintshela kumo olungokomlando, umthetho obalulekile, izinqumo ezingokokwahlulela, nezinyathelo zanamuhla okuchaza izikhulu zikahulumeni, futhi kuphikisa isilinganiso sendima yomphakathi, ngezinye izikhathi, ukuncintisana kwelungelo, nokuncintisana kwelungelo lohulumeni.

Isisekelo Somlando: Kusukela Ekuvuselweni Kwendawo Kuya EMzabalazweni Wamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuhileleka kukahulumeni kuhulumeni elungelweni lomphakathi kungalandelelwa emuva enkathini yokuvuselelwa kwesizwe ngemva kweMpi Yombango. 13th, 14th, ne 15th Isichibiyeli kuMthetho-sisekelo, sagunyaziswa phakathi kuka-1865 no-1870, saqeda ubugqila, siqinisekiswe isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi sanqabela ukuvota. Lezi zinguquko zamelela ukubekwa kwegunya kwezwe emalungelweni ezweni okuchaza izakhamuzi nenkululeko yomphakathi. Nokho, ukuphela kwe-Constanton ngo-18779 kwaholela esikhathini sokugcinwa kwesivumelwano sezwe. Imithetho yesizwe [[FLT] [FLD:] [FFF] [3]

Umzabalazo wanamuhla wamalungelo abantu, owathola amandla ngawo-1950 nawo 1960, wawuyinselele eqondile kulokhu kuhlala. Lenhlangano yayingesona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa umkhankaso oqhubekayo, owenziwe ngotshani wokubhikisha okungenabudlova, izinselele ezingokomthetho, nezokuzingelela kwezombangazwe. Ukusabela kombuso kokuqala kukahulumeni kwakuvame ukunqikaza nokungaguquguquki. UMongameli Dwight Dwenhower, ngokwesibonelo, yayiyingxube edumile, i-ampi kazwelone eMfuleni iRock, Arkansas ngo- 1957] ukuphonsa i-denside eCentral High School, ukubonakaliswa okunamandla kahulumeni okudelela uhulumeni, ngokwenhlanganisela, ukuvuzwa kobuswa kobukhazimo lwezimo oluno olunonya ([FLT: 0]]]) njengomkhankaso wobuhostnernernerton (osempempempey) nobust Luther, ekugcineni, uhulumeni owenziswe kakhulu kusukela kumthetho omkhulu.

Imithetho Ewuphawu Oluyisivikelo

Le mithetho yezomthetho iseyithuluzi elisobala nelihlala njalo lokuvikela amalungelo abantu.

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

Izwe licabangela umthetho omkhulu wamalungelo ezakhamuzi kusukela ekuvuselweni kabusha, i-Civil Rights Act ka-1944 ngokuyisisekelo inguquko emphakathini waseMelika. Ingxenye yomthetho ebanzi enezihloko eziningi eziyinhloko. [ iTit II[[FLT]] inqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi, njengamahhotela, amahotela, nezindawo zokudlela zemidlalo, okusekelwe ebala, imibala, inkolo, noma imvelaphi yesizwe. [[FLT]] ivule ukucwasana kwenkolo [[FLT] [[FLT:] isilinganiso semikhathi] noma iqoqo lemisebenzi engokomthetho, noma iqoqo lezenyuko yezezwe, noma iqoqo lezenyuko yesizwe, noma iqoqo lezenyuko lezwe eliphakeme lezwe ngokwezimali, [[Focense] [edus] [edus], iqoqo elingaphezulu]

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Nakuba i-Civil Rights Act yakhuluma ngezindlela eziningi zokukhetha, ilungelo lokuvota lasala ngaphansi kokuvinjezelwa ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe. Ukuvota Amalungelo kwakuyisesabelo esiqondile ekucinezelweni okuhleliwe kwe-Blackvotation ngokuhlola ukufundela ukubhalisa, intela yokuvota, kanye nokwesabisa okuqondile. Ilungiselelo elinamandla kakhulu, [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT] [3], lalidinga izigaba ezingeni lokuqala, ezingokomlando ezingeni lokuqala ze-yodwa, ukuvota okuthiwe ukuphakama kwe-kuyokuyo, futhi kuhlala kulungile eMhlabeni we-South. [FFF] izikhulu zezombangazwe ezinhlalweni zezombangazwe ezinhlalweni zezombangazwe.] isilinganiso esikhulu sezezezezezezezinhloko, isilinganiso sezezeziningi. [enyuko, isilinganiso sezeziningi] izikhulu sezezezeze

Isinyathelo Sezindlu Esifanele Sango - 1968

UMartin Luther King Jr., uMthetho wenezelwe emthetho wezentengiselwano zesizwe. I-Act yanqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala okusekelwe ohlangeni, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yezwe ekuthengisweni, ukuqashwa kwezindlu. Yayivala futhi imikhuba yokuvala umlomo enjenge "renting" ne"sterering", lapho izifunda ezithile noma amaqembu ayegwenywa khona (noma) ngokusekelwe ekuhleleni kwazo ngokohlanga noma ngokohlanga. I-Departum yombuso (HUD) ibekwa icala lezekelo lwezindawo, ukuveza nokuphula umthetho, ukuveza nokuphula umthetho, ngaphandle kwalethwa kwemithetho yemithetho yezindawo, futhi iyaqhubeka iveza ukuhlelwa kwemikhambiza ngokuncipheka kwemikhakha yomthetho, futhi iyaqhubeka nokuhlelwa kwemikhambi yemikhankaso yeze yomthetho yezendlu.

  • AmaMelika anomthetho wobukhubazeko (ADA) ka 1990: Umthetho omkhulu wamalungelo ezakhamuzi onqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi, izikole, ezokuhamba, nazo zonke izindawo zomphakathi nezingasese ezivulekele umphakathi.
  • I-Led Bealiver Beally Pay Pay Act ka-2009: Lesisenzo sabuyisela isivikelo esicacile ekukhokheni ukucwaswa okusekelwe ebulilini, ohlangeni, ezweni, ubudala, noma enkolweni. Yacacisa ukuthi ishekethisi ngalinye lomthetho wobushiqela wezinsuku eziyi-180 ukuvimbela ukubeka umthetho wenkantolo eqinile.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Esiqondile Njengokuqondisa Ushintsho

Ngaphandle komthetho, igatsha eliphethe liye lasebenzisa iziyalezo zobumongameli nezenzo zokuphatha ukuze kuthuthukiswe amalungelo omphakathi lapho uMkhandlu wenqaba ukuthatha isinyathelo noma lapho kudingeka isinyathelo esisheshayo kuhulumeni.

Umyalo Ophethe 9981 (1948) – Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamabutho Ahlomile

UMongameli Harry S. Truman’s I-Exective Order 9981 isendaweni ebucayi. Ibhalwe ngokulandelana kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi eqalayo nesidingo sokuveza isisekelo esihlangene sombuso wentando yeningi, umyalo wamenyezelwa "ukuthi kuzoba khona ukulingana kwempatho kanye namathuba kubo bonke abantu abakwimisebenzi ehlomile ngaphandle kobandlululo, ibala, inkolo noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. Lomthetho ubeke inselele isimiso esiqinile sohlanga eU.S. ibutho lezempi, elalilokhu lisebenza ngokulandelana kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe I. Inqubo yezempi ngokuvamile ewumbangodlayo, kodwa ekugcineni yaphumelela. Ngesikhathi seMpi ye-Korea, isigaba sesizwe, isigaba esihlangene, sabonakala siphumelela, kodwa sasingenanzuzo somphakathi somphakathi kuphela. Ukusebenza kwempumelelo, futhi sisebenza ngokusebenza kwempumelelo kwezentengo yomphakathi.

Uhlelo Oluphethe 11246 (1965) – Isinyathelo Sokuqinisekisa Kuyi - Federal Contrating

Johnson, I-Executive Order 11246 yamisa isisekelo sokuvuma kwanamuhla. Yanqabela izakhiwo zikahulumeni ukuba zisuse ngokusekelwe ngokohlanga, umbala, inkolo, ubulili, noma ubuzwe futhi yafuna ukuba zithathe "inyathelo eliqinile" ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimemezelo ziyasebenza futhi izisebenzi ziphathwa ngaphandle kokucabangela lezi zici. Lomyalo wadala i-Office ye-Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCC) ye-odance) eMbusweni we-OFLCP) phakathi koMnyango wezisebenzi zemisebenzi yemisebenzi, emboni emboniswayo nezindawo ezisebenzela imboni yombuso. Le nqubo ithinta ingxenye enkulu yezezomnotho. Izisebenzi zezigidi zezezezentengiselwano yezezombangazwe zezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yeze .[FLC.[F.3]

Ukuhleleka okuphethe 13672 (2014 – Ukuvikela i-LGBTQ+ Izisebenzi kanye nabaQeqeshi abaPhakeme

Ekwandiseni okuphawulekayo kwesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi phambi kwe- Bostock Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme, uMongameli Barack Obama wakhipha I-Executive Order 13672[. Lomyalo waguqula i-EO 11246 ukuba inqabe ngokuqondile ukucwaswa kwenkambo yezocansi neyobulili eliphezulu ngokwezikhundla zikahulumeni. Yandisa futhi isivikelo ezisebenzini zikahulumeni ngokwawo. Nakuba ingahlanganisi zonke izisebenzi, lesi sinyathelo sokuphatha sasiyinyathelo esikhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuthola amandla kukahulumeni siqu akuzange kusetshenziswe ekusekeleni ukucwasana ne LGBTQT+ abantu ngabanye. [FF]

Izinqumo Zokwahlulela Njengomgunyathi Wencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ijaji likahulumeni, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States, liye laba nendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni uMthetho - sisekelo nemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi, ngokuvamile libhidlize imithetho yombuso yokulahla icala nokumisa izimiso ezintsha ezingokomthetho.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Isinqumo sobunye Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo iyisici esinemiphumela enkulu kakhulu seNkantolo Ephakeme ebusayo yekhulu lama-20. Yachitha imfundiso engokomthetho " kodwa ilingana" yamiswa eminyakeni engu- 58 ngaphambili [[FLT:].[FLT]] V. Ferguson. Ukubhala ngeNkantolo, iJaji Elikhulu i-Arevern Warren Warren lasho ngokudume ukuthi "Izakhiwo zemfundo azinaphuthanga." Isinqumo sasiyicala eliqondile lokukhipha i-porntion futhi samemezela ukuthi izimiso ezinjalo zaphula i-ecometic Claus eMvice. Nakuba ukumiswa kwezimiso zezentengiselwayo yokuqala kuhlangene kakhulu eNingizimu" [Macrectsssss] [Focteded], [Foth] izikhulu zezenyukst ngokomthetho womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi wonke, wagunyaza wonke.[5]

Uthando Virginia (1967)

Ku ku- Virginia, iNkantolo Ephakeme yawisa imithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga. Icala lalihilela uRichard Loliver, umlungu, noMildred Jeter, owesifazane oMnyama, owashada eWashington, D.C., ngo-1958, kuphela ukuba aboshwe lapho bebuyela ekhaya eVirginia. LeNkantolo yanquma ukuthi umthetho kaVirginia waphula bobabili iMkhathi iSimiso sikaClausle neSiviko esilinganayo sika-Clausle seSinyusi 14. IJajini eliyinhloko u-Mahlulele u-Rre Warren wabhala ukuthi "inkululeko yokushada, noma ukungashati, umuntu wolunye uhlanga uhlala nothile, futhi ungenakulahlwa yisinqumo kuphela imithetho emelene nomthetho womphakathi we-16 kuphela kodwa futhi u-Greacervey Warner [evey] imvume yesinqumo sesinqumo esingokomthetho seSigemendo: [3] `F]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Esigabeni esingu-5-4 sokubusa, owehlayo v. Hodges umthetho osemthethweni wokushada ngokwezenhlalo ezweni lonke. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi iSichibiyelo seSinyathelo se 14 u-Claus sivikela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada, nokuthi i-Lingano leSivikelo sika-Claus idinga ukuqaphela imishadoba efanayo eyenzeka kwamanye amazwe. UMahluleli u-Omgomo ka-Onthoice Kennedy wamisa ilungelo lokushada njengengxenye yesithunzi somuntu ngamunye ne-Ibhulam, ethi "ilungelo lokushada liyilungelo eliyisisekelo lenkululeko yomuntu." Lesi sinqumo sinquma amashumi eminyaka yezempi engokomthetho ne-odreader, ukumisa isilinganiso esifanayo sesizwe esiphethe umthetho ofanayo noma imithetho evinjelwene. Isivumelwano somthetho sichaza isilinganiso esingokomthetho somthetho esilingana nesomthetho.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezindawo Ezizimele Nemingcele Emisha Yanamuhla

Isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi asiyona inkundla engokomlando; iwumkhakha osebenzayo nojikelezayo womsebenzi kahulumeni. UMnyango wanamuhla woMahlulelo (DOJ) useyingalo eyinhloko, enezinqumo ze-CIIIl Rights i-Civil Recentation [] yokumangalela ubugebengu benzondo, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, ukushushumbisa abantu, nokubandlu, umsebenzi, nemfundo. Eminyakeni yamuva, i-DOJ iye yaqhuba "isibonelo noma inqubo yokuhlola kwayo yonke iminyango yamaphoyisa, ukuthola ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omthetho kanye nemithetho egunyazayo yokugunyaza ukugunyazwa kwemithetho.

Ukugcinwa kwe-tit kweZigqizo zemfundo zango 1972 kuyaqhubeka kuyindawo enkulu yokuhileleka kukahulumeni. Ekuqaleni kuhloselwe ukusingatha ukucwaswa kwezingane ngokwemfundo, kuhlanganise nemidlalo, ukumiswa kwazo kuye kwandiswa ngesiqondiso sokuqondisa nangemithetho yenkantolo yokuhlanganisa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokuhlaselwa ngokobulili emakolishi. Uhulumeni wezwe, ngeHhovisi lamaLungelo eSifunda sezemfundo, ungahlola izikhalo futhi ugodle izimali zezezwe ezikhungweni ezihlulekayo ukuhambisana. Lokhu kwenza iSihlomelo IX sibe yithuluzi elinamandla, kodwa eliphikisanayo ngokwezombangazwe, ithuluzi lokulungisa imfundo engokwemfundo engokwezolishicilo nokuqinisekisa indawo ephephile.

Imingcele emisha yesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi kahulumeni ihlanganisa ukubheka ubandlululo lwe-algorithism ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa, ekufihleni ulwazi, namalungelo abantu abakhubazekile ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe. IDOJ iye yakhipha isiqondiso sokusebenza kwe-ADA kumawebhusayithi nasezinhlelweni ze-active, futhi i-EOC iphenisa ngokuzikhandla ukuthi amathuluzi okuqasha angayikhetha kanjani ngokungaqondi amaqembu avikelwe. Ukuze ucacingisise ngokubanzi ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, ungavakashela indawo engokomthetho ye-[FLT: 0] i-Dovigation Division. [FLT:]

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Nomsebenzi Ongakapheli

Naphezu komthetho omkhulu, izinselele ziyaqhubeka. U-2013 Shelby County isinqumo, esaqeda uhlelo olucacile lwe-Voting Rights Act, siye saholela ekushicelweni kwemithetho yokuvota emisha ephikiswayo ephikiswa kakhulu ngabavoti abambalwa. Uhulumeni wezwe uphendule ngokumisa umthetho omusha, njenge-John Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act, kodwa i-memo yawo ayiqiniseki. Lokhu kubonisa indlela isivikelo samalungelo okuvota okuyinto eqhubekayo phakathi kwezwe nombuso.

Ezinye izindawo ezibucayi zokukhathalela okuqhubekayo kukahulumeni zihlanganisa:

  • Ukulandisa: Uhulumeni wezwe uyaqhubeka uqhubekisela phambili izindinganiso zesizwe ekusebenziseni amandla, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa ezimpilweni zamaphoyisa, nokususwa kwesimiso sokuvikela izikhulu ezifanelekayo eziphula amalungelo omphakathi. Ukungena kwe-George Floyd Justice in Policing Act kulokhu kuwumgomo oyinhloko wemithetho.
  • Isimiso sokuhlanganisa amalungelo: enkambisweni ye-Federal ehlela ukufuduka iphakamisa izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zamalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise nokuphathwa kwabafuni besikhoselo, izimo ezisezikhungweni zokuvalelwa, nesimiso senqubo efanele kubantu abangewona amathumbu. Uhulumeni kumelwe ulinganisele ukulondeka komngcele nezibopho zawo ngaphansi komthetho wezwe lonke nasekhaya ukuze uvikele amalungelo abo bonke abantu abangaphakathi kwe-U.S.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubulungisa bezezimali: Amalungelo omphakathi aqondwa ngokukhula kakhulu ukuba ahlanganise amathuba ezomnotho. Uhulumeni ukhuluma ngalokhu ngokuqinisekisa ukubolekisana ngokulunga nge-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, ukulwa nokubuyisela izimali ngamabhange, nokuqinisekisa ukutholakala okulinganayo kwemali kanye nezindlu.
  • Ukuvikela amalungelo okuzala: Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:] [FLT]] kumaDobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [, eyagumbula [[FLT] Rooe v. Wade [[FLT]]], indima kahulumeni ekuvikeleni ukukhishwa kwesisu iye yancintiswana kakhulu. I-DOJ iqiniselile ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uvikela ukufinyelela emitholampilo (Inkululeko yokungena eCliniki-Encrectivesss, noma i-FACE Actsctivess] ihlala igcinwe, kuyilapho ukuphatha kwezokukhipha ukukhishwa kwesisu. Lokhu kuyindawo yomphakathi manje sekuvinjelwe amalungelo omthetho wokuphatha.

Isiphetho

Indima kahulumeni kahulumeni ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi ayibanga ndawo. Kusukela ezithembisweni zokuqala zeZichibiyelweni ze-Reconstructation ngomthetho ophawulayo wama-1960, nakusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwebutho lezempi ngohlelo oluqondiswe ngenkambiso yezikhulu kuya ekwandiseni kwesivikelo esilinganayo ngencazelo yokwahlulela, uhulumeni wezwe uye wasebenza njengesivikelo sokulwa nobandlululo nenkemba yokuthuthukisa. Izindlela zokuguqula inqubo, ukuthatha izikhulu, nokuhlola inqubo yomthetho, futhi ngokuvamile kubonakalisa ukuncintisana futhi ngezinye izikhathi, kubonisa ukuphakama kwemiphakathi kwabantu baseMelika. Inzuzo ephawulekayo iye yenzeka lapho ukucindezela komphakathi, ukuhola kokuziphatha, nezombangazwe kuhlanganeze kuphele ukukhipha isenzo sikahulumeni. Umsebenzi omusha ususa ukucwa kwemibono nokudlondlo, ukuvusekubusa kwemibuso yemibuso emikhulu, ukukhomba ukukhomba ngokuqa uhulumeni, isithembiso sokulunga nokulunga komthetho wonke.