Lapho kugadla izinhlekelele zemvelo, noma zigadla ngomlilo, izikhukhula, noma ukuzamazama komhlaba, umbuzo ocatshangelwe izingqondo eziningi uwukuthi: ubani ophethe? Impendulo ayivamile ukuba lula. E-United States, ukusabela kwenhlekelele kuwumzamo oqinile ohilela indawo, umbuso, nohulumeni, ngamunye onemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene okumelwe isebenze ndawonye ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu. Ukuqonda lezizindima akuyona nje imfundo ephakeme; kungasiza izakhamuzi, abaholi bomphakathi, nabanikazi bamabhizinisi ukuba balawule inhlekelele yangempela ngokuphumelelayo.

Izinhlekelele zemvelo ziyanda kokubili ngobukhulu nangobukhulu. Ngokwe- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, i-United States yabhekana nezinhlekelele zezulu ezihlukene eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-28 ezihlukene kanye nesimo sezulu esibandayo ngo-2023 kuphela, inhlekelele eqophelweni eliphezulu. Lokhu kugcizelela isidingo sokusabela kahle kuhulumeni kuzo zonke izinga. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izinhlekelele zemvelo, umbuso, nohulumeni ohulumeni abaphatha ngayo izinhlekelele zemvelo, amandla nokulinganiselwa kwazo, nendlela ukubambisana kwazo okulawula ngayo imiphumela yokuphumelela.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Iqoqo Lokuqala Lokuzivikela

Ohulumeni bendawo bayakwazi ukubhekana nenhlekelele. Uma isiphepho sihlasela noma isikhukhula sifica indawo, izikhulu zesifundazwe nedolobha okumelwe zithathe isinyathelo kuqala. Ukusondelana kwazo nemiphakathi ethintekile kuzenza zikwazi ukuhlola umonakalo ngokushesha, zithumele izinkonzo eziphuthumayo futhi zixoxe ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi.

Izinkonzo Eziphuthumayo Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Iminyango yomlilo yendawo, amaphoyisa, nezinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo (EMS) yizithakazelo zokuqala ezikhona. Lezi zikhungo zisebenza ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sedolobha noma sezikhulu zesifundazwe, ezixhumanisa imizamo yokuqala yokufuna nokukhipha izingozi, ukuthatha i-triage, nokukhipha iziyalo zomphakathi. Ukuphepha komphakathi kuyinto ephambili: iziphathimandla zendawo zinquma ukuthi nini futhi kuphi ukukhipha iziyalezo zokuphuma, zimisa izikhungo, futhi zivala imigwaqo noma amabhuloho adala izingozi.

Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nomlilo wequbula wamaMaui angu - 2023, izikhulu zaseMaui County zazinomthwalo wokukhipha izixwayiso zokubaleka, zithumela amaqembu okucisha umlilo, futhi zilawula imisebenzi yokukhosela ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho. Ijubane nokuphumelela kwalezi zenzo zendawo kwathonya ngokuqondile inani labantu abasinda.

Ukuphathwa Kwezakhiwo Nokulungiselelwa Komphakathi

Ohulumeni bendawo futhi baphatha izakhiwo ezigcina imiphakathi iphephile: imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izinhlelo zamanzi, imishini yokulawula ugesi, nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Kumelwe bahlole futhi balungise izakhiwo ezibucayi ngemva kwenhlekelele futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zivuselelwa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngaphandle kokusabela, izinhlangano zendawo zitshala izingcezu zomphakathi zokuzilungiselela − ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe, ukusakaza izikhwama zokunikeza izimo eziphuthumayo, nokuqhuba imikhankambiso yemfundo yomphakathi.

Ohulumeni bendawo futhi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha nokuvuselela amasu abo ayingozi, aveza izingozi namasu ahleliwe okunciphisa ukungenwa kalula. Lamacebo anikezwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni ukuze bafanelekele ukusekela imali.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso: Ukubambisana Nengcebo

Uma inhlekelele idlula amandla kahulumeni wendawo, inyathelo likahulumeni. Ohulumeni basebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwabathathi-mfunda nemithombo kahulumeni, ukulungiselela ukubambisana, izisebenzi, imishini, nokuxhasa ngemali.

Ukulawulwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo ZoMbuso Izinhlangano Nezindawo Ezinengcebo

Isifundazwe ngasinye sinenhlangano yokulawula isimo esiphuthumayo (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-State Emergency Management Agency or Office of Emergency Services) eqondisa ukulungiselela inhlekelele, ukusabela, nokululama esizweni sonke. Lezi zikhungo zigcina inqwaba yezinto ezidingekayo, zihlela ukuthunyelwa kwamabutho esizwe, futhi ziqondise izimo eziphuthumayo zikahulumeni phakathi nenhlekelele.

Uma imithombo yendawo isiphelile, uhulumeni unganikeza izisebenzi ezengeziwe, imishini, nosizo lwezimali. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi no-2018 Camp Fire eCalifornia, iHhovisi loMphathi waseCalifornia lamaNkonzo e-Emergement (Cal OES) laqondisa ukuthunyelwa kwezinkulungwane zabacimi bomlilo, abaphathi bomthetho, kanye nezindawo zokukhosela ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Bakwazi ukunikezana izimfuno zosizo ezivela kwezinye izifunda, beqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu abacishi bomlilo abavela e-Oregon, eWashington, nase-Arizona bangahlanganyela ngokushesha ekulweni.

Ukuqondisa Impilo Yomphakathi Nokubambisana Kwesifunda Sezwe

Ohulumeni boMbuso banakekela izingozi zempilo yomphakathi phakathi nezinhlekelele, balawula ukuqapha izifo, baqinisekisa ukulondeka kwamanzi okuphuza, futhi bahlela izinkonzo zezempilo kubantu abashiyekile. Iminyango yezempilo yoMbuso isebenza emitholampilo yendawo nasezibhedlela ukuze kutholakale amanxeba, izifo, nezidingo zempilo engokwengqondo.

Ukuxhumanisa izigaba zesifundazwe kungenye imisebenzi ebucayi. I-Emergency Management Alternation (EMAC) iyisivumelwano sokusizana phakathi kwazo zonke izifundazwe ezingama-50, i-Frigian of Columbia, i-Puerto Rico, neVirgin Islands yase-U.S. Uma uhulumeni edinga imithombo eyengeziwe − njengamaqembu okusesha, izisebenzi zezokwelapha, noma imishini emikhulu. .Isimiso sasetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi neSiphepho uKatrina futhi muva nje phakathi neSiphepho u-Ian ngo-2022.

Uhulumeni Ozimele: Imithombo Yezwe Nokusekela Okuhlelekile

Indima kahulumeni iwukusekela lapho inhlekelele idlula isifundazwe namakhono endawo. I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) iyinhlangano eholayo kahulumeni yempendulo yenhlekelele nokululama, kodwa eminye iminyango (ihlanganisa uMnyango Wezesivikelo, uMnyango Wezempilo Nezenkonzo Zobuntu, kanye ne-Army Corps of Engineers ." futhi ifeza indima ebalulekile.

I - FEMA Nendlela Isizwe Esisabela Ngayo

I-FEMA ihlanganisa imizamo yempendulo kahulumeni yenhlekelele nge- National Response Framework , echaza indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo ndawonye kanye nombuso, nomphakathi, isizwe, nezindawo ezisebenza ndawonye. Uma inhlekelele ibizwa ngokuthi inhlekelele kahulumeni kaMongameli, u-FEMA angathumela izimali ezinjengezindlu zesikhashana, ukudla, namanzi, amaqembu ezokwelapha, nosizo lwezimali.

I-FEMA futhi iqondisa uhlelo loMcelo-Msebenzi, olunikeza abanikazi nabasesha imali yokulahlekelwa okungalindelekile, kanye nohlelo losizo luka-Hulumeni, olusiza uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo ukuba bakhe kabusha izakhiwo ezicetshiwe. Ngonyaka ka-2023, i-FEMA yanikeza imali engaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4) ekuxhaseni inhlekelele.

Izinhlelo Zokusiza Nezezimali

Ngaphandle kokusabela ngokuqondile enhlekeleleni, uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izibopho kanye nemali ebolekwayo ukuze asize imiphakathi ilungiselele futhi ilulame ezinhlekeleleni. Imisebenzi yezimali ye-Hazades Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) enciphisa izingozi zesikhathi esizayo, njengokuphakamisa izakhiwo ezisendaweni yezikhukhula noma ukumisa izakhiwo eziyingozi. I-Small Business Administration (SA) inikeza imali eboleka inhlekelele ephansi kakhulu emabhizinisini, kubanikazini, nakubaqashi.

I - FEMA ibuye isebenzise i - Emergency Management Institute (EMI), enikeza izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ochwepheshe abaqondisa izimo eziphuthumayo kuzo zonke izigaba zikahulumeni.

Ukuhlobana Phakathi Kwamaqembu Kahulumeni

Ukusabela ngenhlekelele okuphumelelayo akusona isenzo esivele; kudinga ukubambisana okungenamsoco phakathi kwezinhlangano zendawo, zikahulumeni, nohulumeni. Uma lokhu kubambisana kusebenza kahle, imithombo yemali ishelela lapho zidingeka khona kakhulu. Uma iwohloka, imizamo yokusabela iyahlukana futhi ithatha isikhathi eside.

Ukuvivinya Umzimba Okuqeqesha Amalungu Nomyalo Ovumelanayo

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubambisana ukuqeqesha amalungu. Imishini yazo zonke izilinganiso ihlanganyela ekuziqeqesheni okulingisa izimo zenhlekelele, kusukela kukuzamazama komhlaba kuya kubhadane. Lokhu kuvivinya kusiza abathathi-mdlali bakhe ubuhlobo, izinhlelo zokuxhumana, futhi ibone amagebe ezinhlelo ngaphambi kokuba kuvele inhlekelele yangempela.

Phakathi nesenzakalo sangempela, isakhiwo sokuyala esihlangene sivame ukusetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinqumo ezilandelanayo. Ngaphansi kwe-National Incident Management Management System (NIMS), abameleli abavela kuzo zonke izifunda ezithintekile nezinhlangano basebenza ndawonye esiteshini esisodwa sokuqondisa. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu usebenza ngezinto eziza kuqala ezifanayo nokwaziswa okufanayo, ukunciphisa ukudideka nokwenza umzamo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ukwaziswa Nesinqumo Semininingwane

Ukuhlanganyela ulwazi kungenye yezingxenye ezibucayi. Izinhlangano zendawo ziqoqa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nomonakalo nezidingo, okuthi kubekwe ngokwezinga elingokomthetho nakuhulumeni ukuze kwabiwe imithombo. Amathuluzi anamuhla anjenge GIS, i-SATTP, nokuhlola imithombo yezokuxhumana kwangempela kuyasiza ekuthuthukiseni isithombe esifanayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nezikhukhula ezingu-2022 eKentucky, amamenenja endawo esimo esiphuthumayo asebenzisa i-traneage nemibiko esemhlabeni ukuze adwebe izindawo ezigcwele izikhukhula, kuyilapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni zisebenzisa leyo mininingwane ukuhlela imisebenzi yokuhlenga futhi zithumele izikhungo zesikhashana. Loluhlobo lwendlela yokufinyelela ijubane lokusabela futhi luqinisekise ukuthi usizo lufinyelela emiphakathini edinga kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Nobulungisa Emphakathini

Wonke amazinga kahulumeni kumelwe ahileleke futhi emiphakathini ethintekile ukuze aqonde izidingo zawo ezikhethekile − ikakhulukazi ngokomlando abantu abangase babhekane nezithiyo ezengeziwe phakathi nezinhlekelele. Ukutholakala kolimi, izindawo zokulala ezikhubazekile, nokuxhumana okufanelekile ngokwesiko kuyizingxenye ezidingekayo zokusabela okungaguquguquki. Icebo elisha le-octal ye-FEMA ligcizelela ukufaneleka njengesimiso esiyinhloko, futhi amabhodi amaningi esizwe nezinhlangano zendawo akha umphakathi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kuzwakala amazwi ahlukahlukene.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukusabela Kukahulumeni Kuyasebenza

Izinhlekelele zezwe langempela zinikeza izifundo ezinamandla mayelana nokuthi yini edinga intuthuko ekusabeleni kukahulumeni. Ucwaningo olulandelayo lubonisa ukuthi amazinga kahulumeni ahlukene ayenze kanjani ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu.

ISiphepho uKatrina (2005): Ukwehluleka Kokubambisana

Izikhulu zendawo nesifundazwe eLouisiana zazihlatshwe umxhwele yisiphepho, futhi uhulumeni wasabela kancane futhi wasebenzisana kabi. Ingxenye engamaphesenti angu - 80 yeNew Orleans yahlaselwa yi - Levee, futhi izinkulungwane zezakhamuzi zasala zingenakho ukudla, amanzi noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo izinsuku eziningi.

Uphengululo lwangemva kwenhlekelele lwembula ukwehluleka okugxekayo kuzo zonke izinga: ukuhlelwa kokukhishwa kwezisebenzi zendawo, ukungalungiseki kombuso, nokungawakhiqizi amathuluzi kahulumeni. Inhlekelele yabangela izinguquko ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokudlula kwe-Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reformation Act ka 2006, okwaqinisa igunya le-FEMA nezimiso ezithuthukisiwe zokusebenza kwe-octal.

Iflare e-California (2018): Ukubambisana koMbuso nombuso

I-Ampi yase-2018, eyabhubhisa idolobha laseParadise futhi yabulala abantu abangu-85, yabonisa kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kokubambisana kombuso nohulumeni. I-Cal OES ngokushesha yaqoqa izinkulungwane zabacimi bomlilo nezikhulu zomthetho, kuyilapho i-FEMA yanikeza usizo lwezimali nezindlu zesikhashana kwabasindayo. Ukusabela kwadunyiswa kabanzi ngesivinini sayo, kodwa futhi inhlekelele yaqokomisa izinkinga ezikhona zokuvinjelwa kwequlwe kwequbula nokuphathwa kwendawo okudinga uhulumeni, umbuso, kanye nokubambisana kwendawo.

I-COVOID-19 Pandemic (2020-2021): Ukusabela kwezempilo yomphakathi ehamba ngesivinini esiphindaphindiwe

Isifo se-COVOVID-19 kwakungeyona inhlekelele engokwemvelo ngomqondo ovamile, kodwa sahlola ukusabela kukahulumeni kuzo zonke izindlela ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili. Iminyango yezempilo yendawo yayinomthwalo wokuhlola, ukulandelela, nokusakaza imijovo. Ohulumeni bamazwe basebenzisa izikhindi, baphatha isibhedlela, futhi bahlela ukutholakala kwemishini yokuvikela umuntu. Uhulumeni wamazwe, ngeCDC ne-NIH, wanikeza isiqondiso, ukusekela, ukusekela kwezezimali, nokuthuthukisa imithi.

Lolu bhadane lwadalula amagebe amakhulu ezisekelweni zempilo yomphakathi nasekuxhumaneni kohulumeni, kodwa lwandisa nezinto ezintsha ezinjengokumapulatifomu okusekela ukwaziswa okuyozuzisa ukusabela enhlekeleleni esikhathini esizayo.

Ukulungiselela Izinhlekelele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela izinhlekelele zemvelo ezinamandla nezivamile, ohulumeni bazo zonke amazinga kumelwe bavumelanise ukulungiselela kwabo namasu okusabela.

Khilisela Ezimisweni Eziqhubekayo

Ukuqinisa isisekelo sokumelana nezinhlekelele kunciphisa umonakalo nokululama kwejubane. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphakamisa imigwaqo nezakhiwo ezifundeni ezikhukhulayo, ukuqinisa izimpawu zamandla ezilwa nemlilo, nokufaka izikole nezibhedlela ukuze zimelane nokuzamazama komhlaba. FMA Building Restolament Refractive and Community (BRIC) uhlelo lokusekela izakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezisemgangathweni, futhi izinhlelo ezihlela izakhiwo ezinjalo kufanele zifake imali emalini engokomthetho, futhi izikhululweni ezithinta izingozi ezinkulu kakhulu.

Yandisa Imfundo Yomphakathi Nezinhlelo Zokulungiselela

Ukulungiswa kuqala ngabantu ngabanye nemikhaya. Ohulumeni kufanele bafake izimali emikhankasweni yemfundo yomphakathi eqhubekayo efundisa izakhamuzi indlela yokwakha amathuluzi aphuthumayo, ukwenza amalungiselelo okuxhumana komkhaya, nokuqonda izindlela zokuthutha. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) iqeqeshe izisebenzi zokuzithandela ukuba zisize abathathi-mdlali abangochwepheshe phakathi nezinhlekelele, ukuthuthukisa ikhono lendawo nokuthuthukisa isiko lokuvuma.

Ukwaziswa Kwe - levercege Nobuchwepheshe

Imininingwane ephambili yokuhlola, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, namathuluzi okuhlola angempela angathuthukisa zonke izigaba zokulawula inhlekelele. Ukufakelwa kokubikezela kungabikezela izindlela zesiphepho nezigodlo, kuvumele ukuthutha kwangaphambili. Ukuhlola kwezezindaba kungasiza izikhulu ukuba zibone izidingo ezisanda kuvela kanye nokungaqondi kahle. Ukutshala kulezi zilinganiso zobuchwepheshe kuzo zonke izilinganiso zikahulumeni kuyovuza ngokushesha, ngokuphumelela kakhulu.

Qinisa Ubuhlobo Obuphakathi

Ukuhlangana akunakusungulwa phakathi nenhlekelele. Ohulumeni kufanele bahlele ukubambisana ngezivumelwano zosizo, izimiso zokuqeqeshana, kanye nezindawo zokuxhumana. Ukuzivivinya kwasikhathi sonke okuhlanganisa izinhlangano zendawo, zikahulumeni, nohulumeni, kanye nabantu abasebenza nabo emagumbini abodwa nezinhlangano ezingazuzisi.

Isiphetho

Izinhlekelele zemvelo azipheli, kodwa indlela ohulumeni abasabela ngayo ingenza umehluko phakathi komphakathi olulama ngokushesha kanye noweminyaka eminingi ulwa. Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza impendulo esheshayo, esemhlabeni esindisa ukuphila. Ohulumeni boMbuso bandisa imithombo futhi baxhumane nezindawo eziphethe. Uhulumeni unikeza ukusekela okukhulu nokusekela lapho amakhono ezwe nezwe ehluleka. Uma la amazinga amathathu esebenza ngokunempumelelo, ngokuyaleza okuhlangene, ngokuhlanganyela ulwazi, nangokwesivumelwano somphakathi, kungumphumela owesizwe esinesibindi.

Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda lezi zindima kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuba yilungu elinolwazi futhi elikulungele ukusabela enhlekeleleni. Ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi inkampani okumelwe ithintane nayo, ukuthi ingathola iziphi imithombo, nokuthi yini okumelwe ilindelwe phakathi nenkathi ngayinye yenhlekelele kunganciphisa ukukhathazeka futhi kuthuthukise imiphumela. Ngokukhuthaza ukutshala imali ngokulungiselela nokubambisana, imiphakathi ingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ohulumeni bayo bakulungele noma yini ezayo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlela yokulungiselela izinhlekelele zemvelo, vakashela ukufunda.gov kanye FEMA.gov.