Indima KaMbusi Wezwe Yokuhlangana Ekuvikeleni UMbusi WoMbuso

Ukuzivikela kombuso kuyimfundiso eqinile engokomthetho evimbela ukumangalelwa kwezinkantolo zombuso ngaphandle kwemvume. Lesi simiso, esifakwe kakhulu ezimisweni zikahulumeni njengaleyo yase-United States, sisebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi sokuvikela impahla kahulumeni nokuvikela ubukhosi bezwe ngalinye phakathi kwesimiso sezwe. Ngokuvimbela ukumangalelwa okuzimele, ukuvikela kombuso okuzimele kungaqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe angaphatha izimali zawo, impahla, nemisebenzi yomphakathi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okuqhubekayo ekulahlweni kwezwe. Nokho, lemfundiso ayiyona into ephelele; ukusebenza kwayo kuye kwavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ezwe ngalinye, kubangela izimpikiswano mayelana nokulandisa, ubulungisa, nokulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni. Ukuqonda ukuvikela imfutho kudinga ukuhlola izimpande zayo ezingokomlando, izimo ezingokomthetho, izimo ezingokomthetho, nezingalawule izivumelwano eziqhubekayo phakathi kwezindawo zengcebo nokuvikela izimali.

Ukuqonda Ukuhlangana KoMbusi Wezwe

Umqondo wokuzimela ukuvikela kombuso ulandela umsuka wawo womthetho wesiNgisi, lapho inkosi ingenakumangalelwa khona ezinkantolo zayo ngoba umqhele wawuwumthombo womthetho futhi ungenakufinyelelwa. Lomqondo wadluliselwa ezindaweni zaseMelika futhi, ngemva kokuzimela, wamukelwa yizwe. Lemfundiso isekelwe esimisweni sokuthi isigaba esizimele (‘isizwe, isifundazwe, noma isizwe, noma isizweˈsivikelekile esubeni ngaphandle kokuba sivume ukukhohliswa. E-United States, isombuso owengamele isivikelo sivikelelwe enkantolo ehlangene noma ezinkantolo zombuso ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. Lesimiso sokuvikela sisebenza sisebenza elungelweni esilethwelwe abantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, ngisho nakwamanye amazwe, nakuba singekho.

Enye inkolelo edidayo iwukuthi ukuvikela uhulumeni ngokwawo kuvikela uhulumeni kuphela. Eqinisweni, kudlulela nasemagunyeni ezwe, eminyango, nasemagunyeni asebenza emakhonweni awo angokomthetho. Nokho, akuvamile ukuvikela ohulumeni bendawo noma omasipala, ababhekwa njengabahlukene ngokwendlela ehlukene kahulumeni futhi bangafakwa ezivumelwaneni ezithile. Imfundiso ayisona isihlangu sengubo esiqinile; ingaphansi kwemibuso eqinile, i-athoritiontion, i-coutiontiontiontion, ne-systemmentmentmentmentment. Inkantolo ephakeme ibeke imingcele yale, ikakhulukazi lemithetho evumela ukuba ivume ngokumisa, noma ngokungena ezivumelwaneni ezithiyo ezithiyeni ezithiyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iBrou Congresston ayikho ukuviswa kwemithetho ephethe ngaphansi kwemithetho yayo elawulayo.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Namacala Ayinhloko

Izisekelo ezingokomthetho zokuzivikela kombuso eUnited States zisekelwe eSichibiyelweni seshumi nanye soMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa izimpande ziyajula. Ngaphambi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ukuthi ibusa ukuzivikela kobukhosi ngaphansi komthetho ovamile. Icala IChoolm v. Georgia [1793] [1793] yashaqisa izifunda lapho iNkanto ivumela isakhi somthetho ukuba sivunyelwe isakhamuzi saseNingizimu Carolina eGeorgia. Ngokuphendula ngokushesha, iSishaya - mthetho sadlula iSiphendumiso seshumi Nenye, esivimbela ngokuqondile ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zilalele ifomu zesinye isizwe noma izwe. Ngesikhathi, iNkanto ephakeme yandisa ukufinyelela kwenkambiso yokulwa nesizwe esithile ngokumelene nesizwe sayo, njengesimiso sokuchaza isimiso sesimiso sesimiso sezwe jikelele sesimiso sokubusa.

Icala eliyingqophamlando elacacisa indawo yokuzivikela kobukhosi emongweni wempahla kahulumeni yi- Fla. Dep. of Revolution v. Kurth Ranch, 511 U.S.777]. Ngaleyondlela, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yasekela ukuthi isimiso sentela yezidakamizwa esihilela intela kahulumeni asinakubekelwa inselele enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphansi kweBankruptic Codenti ye-Branch ngenxa yeSiphetho seshumi nanye se-RGenethiwerth [[FLT]. INkanto evumela igunya elinjalo lombuso ukuba liphazamise imisebenzi yayo yokukhokha imali. Lesi sinqumo sagcizelela isimiso sokuthi intela ayifuni inzuzo esemthethweni yokufuna noma inzuzo embusweni yemali, imali, imali nemali engekho somthetho wokuziboshelwa.

Esinye isinqumo esibalulekile yi- ISAMINOLE Friest of Florida v. Florida (1996]), lapho iNkantolo yanquma khona ukuthi iNkantolo ayinakunquma ukuvikela kombuso ngokungemthetho nge-Atigrationt I kuphela; Ingxenye 5 kuphela yeSiphendulo se 145 esinika amandla amaKhomisha ukuze inqande umbuso okuzivikela. Lendaba yalinganisela kakhulu ikhono leNgqungquthela lokuthobela izinkantolo ezinkantolo ezisezinkantolo ezingokomthetho ezisezinkantolo zabo siqu njengemithetho ye-Indiyan Gaming Regatation Act. Icala elifana ne-Ald v. Maine. [1999] [le] Ukucabanga kwanwebela lendlela yokucabanga enkantolo, iphethe futhi izibo zomthetho ezinkantolo zayo ngaphandle kokuba ivumelwane.

Imithetho Yamazwe Nombuso Ophakeme: ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Sezwe

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye siyisici esiyinhloko sombhalo esihlanganisa ukuvikela uhulumeni ekubuseni kukahulumeni kumthetho kahulumeni. Umbhalo waso ufundeka kanje: “Nakuba amandla okwahlulela e-United States angeke athathwe njengadlulisela kunoma yisiphi isambatho emthetho noma kulunga, aqala noma amangalelwe noma amangalelwe esinye sezakhamuzi zase-United States, noma amaZizwe noma amaZifundaze noma amaZifundazwe angekho zweni langaphandle.” Nakuba ukunqandwa kwezwe kukhuluma kuphela ngezadi zezakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe noma amazwe, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni ukuba igwenywe futhi izakhamuzi zikahulumeni. Le ncazelo iye yaphikiswa, kanye nabagxeki abaphikisayo ukuthi idlula ulimi olusobala lwezwe.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye asikhi isithiyo esiphelele; kunezindawo eziningi eziqashelwayo. Okokuqala, uhulumeni ungavuma ukumangalelwa ngokuvinjelwa kwesimiso sokuvikela izikhali. Lomkhohlisi kumelwe acace futhi afezeke, ngokuvamile ngezimiso zikahulumeni ezidala imbangela yokulwa nombuso noma ngokuvela ngokuzithandela enkantolo kahulumeni. Okwesibili, iSivumelwano singathola ukuvikelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni lapho imisa umthetho ogunyaza iSimemezelo se-145th Remence, njengemithetho enqabela ukucwaswa noma ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo okungokomthetho. Nokho, iNkantolo ifuna ukuba iSishayamthetho siyenze inhloso yokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa “ngokungaguquguqukiyo” ngolimi lwe-mthetho. Owesithathu, imfundiso ye- Ex [FLD [1910]

Lokhu kukhishwa kugxeka ukuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi nemithetho yendawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhamuzi singamangalela isikhulu senhlangano kahulumeni ukuze sivimbele umbuso ekubopheni umthetho ongekho emthethweni, futhi isikhulu sikahulumeni asinakukwazi ukuzimela ukuthi sivikela isodwa ngoba isuti imelene nesikhulu ngokomuntu siqu, hhayi umcebo kahulumeni. Nokho, [ingxenye yenhlangano kahulumeni] Ex Young ayivumi isambatho semali empontshelwe impoqo emoyeni, esihlala sivinjelwe ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni. Lokhu kushaya isilinganiso esinembayo esicophelelayo: ivumela abantu ukuba baphikise izenzo zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokukhipha izimali zezwe ngomonakalo.

Ukuvikelwa Kwezimo ZoMbuso: Indlela Imithombo Yomphakathi Evikelwa Ngayo UMbusi

Enye yemisebenzi ewusizo kakhulu yokuvikela uhulumeni ekuvikelekeni yisivikelo sempahla ezimeleyo yezwe, izimali zomphakathi, nenzuzo yayo (ukusukela ekunamatheleni, ekubulaweni, noma ekuphathweni ukuze kwanelise izintela zangasese. Ngaphandle kwalesivikelo, imibuso ingaphoqelelwa ukuba iphambukise imali yokukhokha intela ebangelwa ukumangalelwa, okungase kukhubaze izinkonzo zomphakathi ezidingekile njengemfundo, izisekelo, nokuphepha komphakathi. Ngaleyondlela imfundiso ivikela izakhiwo zemali eziyigugu ekuncipheni ngokuzenzaka kwangaphandle, iqinisekisa ukuthi izimali zikahulumeni zihlala ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe kunokuba zifunwe yinkantolo.

Isivikelo sinwebeka ezindaweni eziningi zempahla. Izakhiwo ezizinziwe uhulumeni, umhlaba, izimoto, imishini, ngisho nezinto ezingakholeki njengemvume nezimpawu zingavikelwa kubakweletwayo. Isivikelo sobukhosi simboze imali ekhethekile, njengemali yempesheni, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, izimali zehhovisi, namachibi omshuwalense kahulumeni. Okubaluleke kakhulu, lemfundiso ayisebenzi kuphela ukuqondisa amasutu kuhulumeni kodwa futhi izama ukubopha impahla yezokwahlulelwa iqembu elithile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uma uma uma uma uma umakhi wemisebenzi iwina iwina inkampani yombuso ethola imvume yombuso, akanakuthatha izakhiwo zehhovisi noma i-win ebhange imvume yombuso. Lesi simiso sisebenza hhayi ukuqondisa izivumelwano zezwe nezimiso zemithetho yemithetho yemithetho nezimiso ezithile zemithetho yemithetho enikeza izinqubo engokomthetho efunwa njalo, uma imvumeni engokomthetho noma imvumeni yomthetho.

Umphumela ongokoqobo uwukunciphisa izinhlobo zamakhambi akhona ngokumelene nezifundazwe. Nakuba abantu bengagwema izikhulu zikahulumeni ngenxa yokukhululeka okungalawuleki noma ukulimala ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni uma uhulumeni ugonyelwe, abanakwenza izahlulelo ngokulandelana kwempahla kahulumeni. Kunalokho, bayavuma ukukhokha izahlulelo ezivela ezinqubweni ezimisiwe noma ngezinqumo zomthetho. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zabeka izimali ezihlukene zokuthi ziyakwazi ukusingatha izindleko zokuvimbela izindleko, kodwa lezizimali azikhonziwa ngokuzithandela futhi zingaphansi kokulawula izivumelwano zemithetho. Ngakho ulwelo oluphethe izikhali lunikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokulawula izingozi ezikhona nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezithile.

Ukulinganiselwa Nokugxekwa Kobunye BoMbusi

Naphezu komlando wejele nokubaluleka kwalo, ukuvikeleka kombuso kuthathe ukugxekwa okukhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lemfundiso ingavikela ezindaweni zokulandisa, ikakhulukazi lapho amazwe ephula imithetho yesizwe yamalungelo abantu noma ebangela ukulimala ngokunganaki. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sejele sikahulumeni sisebenzisa amandla engeziwe ngokumelene nesiboshwa, isisulu singase singakwazi ukukhokha uhulumeni ngenxa yemali elimazayo ngoba uhulumeni ungenazo izikhali ezivikelayo. Ngokufanayo, izinhlekelele zendawo ezungezile ezibangelwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngokufana nokuchitheka kwezindawo zikahulumeni zesifundazwe ngaphandle kokukhokha imbuyiselo ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni ukhethe ukukhokha.

Lezi zinkathazo ziye zabangela ukuba kufuneke inguquko. Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho zisekela indlela elinganiselwe kakhulu yokuvikela ubukhosi, ziphikisa ngokuthi injongo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo seshumi nanye isithibeza izisudi zokubusa ngokuhlukahlukahluka, hhayi isutu likahulumeni. Abanye baveza ukuthi Alden v. Maine isinqumo, esanwetshwayo ezinkantolo, esakheke ngokunyeleleka: umthathi-mfashini angashela inkampani yangasese kodwa hhayi umbuso wokuphula isakhiwo esifanayo, ngisho nalapho umbuso uhlanganyela emisebenzini yezentengiselwano. Icala elisebenza ngaphandle kweminye imikhakha (njengomthetho omelene nokungathembekile), libonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zizimisele ukuthatha izimoto ngaphandle kwezentengo yezentengiselwano. Nokho, iNkade yeNkampatho enkulu yezentengo yeze yezentengo.

Okunye ukugxeka kuhlobene nokungabi nabulungisa okusebenzayo kokushiya abantu abalimele ngaphandle kokucela usizo. Ezimweni zokunganaki okukhulu noma amathe ahlosiwe, umbuso ungaba ukuphela kwephakethe elijulile, futhi ukugonyelwa kungaphinga izisulu imbuyiselo enengqondo. Amanye amazwe aye asabela ngokuveza izenzo zokuthi ukuvikela izingozi ezithile, kodwa lezi zisulu ngokuvamile zilinganiselwa ngezimiso ezimfushane zokulinganisela, nezimiso ezimfushane zokukhipha imingcele. Umphumela uwukusetshenziswa kwekhambi lapho ukutholakala kwekhambi kuxhomeke khona esimweni lapho ukulimala kwenzeka khona.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nokulinganisela Ubukhosi Nobulungisa

Izwe lokuzivikela kombuso liyaqhubeka liguquka njengoba izinkantolo zizama ukubhekana nezinselele ezintsha. Eminyakeni yamuva, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa amandla ale mfundiso kuyilapho icacisa imingcele yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Allen v. Cooper [2020], iNkantolo yathi iNkantolo i-Congress ayinakho ukuvikela kombuso ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile ngaphansi kwe-coplocted Claus esebenzisa iSiphakamiso I, ishaya i-Akhiso, ivala i-Yopy Remedificiation Claritification Act. Lesi sinqumo sakhishwa ekumelani intelo yomthetho, ngisho nalapho kukhishwe inzuzo engekho semthethweni. INkanto engathi “ifana nezimiso zomthetho zomthetho zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho we-hulumeni” Inqulution iveza ukuthi ayivikelekile ekulahlekelwe.

Nokho, akuzona zonke izinqumo zamuva ezivumelanayo. . ku-Texas Department of Public Safety[[FTL:1] (2022]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yathola ukuthi isho ukuthi ivuma ngokusikisela uma zimukela izimali zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ezithile ezisekela imibandela exhasa ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela. Icala lihilela ukukhokha ummeli we-Texas yezentekiselwano yezentengiselwano eTexas ngenxa yokwephulwa kwemisebenzi yenkonzo ye-Experly and Rescrectal Rights Act Act (USSRA). INkanto yakholelwa ukuthi ngokwamukela imali yezinhlelo zemisebenzi yesizwe, i-Texas yabangela ukuviselwa kwemithetho yokuviselwano enqandayo enqandayo e-Salstra. Lesinqumo sisikisela ukuthi i-mthetho ka-mthetho kazwezwelonke i-mthetho u-odviced ngokomthetho.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zalwa nezinga lokuvikela uhulumeni. Ezinye izinkantolo eziphakeme ziye zandisa icala ngokuchaza imithetho evimbela ukunqanda ukudleka, kuyilapho ezinye zinemida elinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCalifornia iye yathi i-Tort Expects Acter isebenza kabanzi ezimweni eziyingozi zempahla yomphakathi, kuyilapho izinkantolo kwezinye izifunda ziye zanquma ukuthi ukususwa kweqhwa emigwaqweni kuwumsebenzi owenziwe ngokuqondisisa wokuzivikela ezitusweni.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngokungahlangani KoMbusi

I-United States ayiyodwa ekuqapheleni ukuvikeleka kombuso; izimiso eziningi zikahulumeni zinezimfundiso ezimelene nezimiso. E-Australia, ohulumeni bombuso bakholelwa ukuthi ukuvikeleka kwezingubo ngaphansi komthetho ovamile, nakuba iPhalamende lingayilawula. INkantolo ePhakathi yase-Australia ku- i-Commonwealth v. Evans Deakin In Pustrictions Ltd [ [1986]) ikholelwa ukuthi ukuvikela umbuso akunakwenqandwa futhi kungathathwa ngolimi olucacile lwe-station. Ngokufanayo, izifunda zaseCanada zijabulela ukuvikeleka isambatho ngaphandle kokuba umthetho unikeze, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zaveza umehluko ngenxa yokuziphatha okuphula iSahluko se-Orti ye-Canada neNkulumbuso.

Ku-European Union, amazwe angamalungu ngokuvamile awavikelekile ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuzivikela kombuso, kodwa umthetho we-EU ubeka imingcele ephawulekayo. INkantolo ye-European of Justice inqume ukuthi amazwe angabekwa icala lengozi ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho we-EU, asekela ngokunempumelelo ukuvikeleka kobukhosi obuzimele emongweni othile. Lendlela ibonisa ukulinganisela okuhlukile phakathi kobukhosi bombuso namalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukubeka icala ngecala elibo. Ukuqhathaniswa nesimiso sombuso we-U.S. kuqokomisa ukufaneleka kwesibopho saseMelika sobukhosi obumbaxakile, lapho amazwe elondoloza khona ukuzivikela okuqinile ngisho nalapho ephula umthetho wombuso.

Izivumelwano zokuhweba nezokutshala imali emhlabeni wonke zihlangene futhi nomthetho ozimele. Izivumelwano zokusayina ukuvikela ukutshala imali ngokuvamile zivala izivumelwano zokuzimela ukuze kunikezwe imiklomelo, zizithoba ekubopheni isinqumo sempikiswano. I-United States ngokwayo iyavuma ukuvumelana ne-Father Immunies Act yemisebenzi yayo yezentengiselwano kwamanye amazwe, kodwa ukuvikeleka ubukhosi bamazwe kuhlala kuhlukile. Ukuqonda lezi zilinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe kusiza ekuthuthukiseni imfundiso yaseMelika nezimpikiswano eziphathelene nenguquko.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zokuphathwa KoMbuso

Kubagcini bamagugu bamazwe, abameli, nabaphathi bempahla, ukuvikela izikhali ezizimele kuyithuluzi elibucayi lokulawula izingozi. Ukwazi ukuthi izimali eziyisisekelo ngokuvamile azinakuhlotshaniswa nezindawo kuvumela amazwe ukuba ahileleke ekuhleleni isikhathi eside, aboleke imali ngenzalo ephansi ngoba ababoleki bemali abakwazi ukuthatha impahla kahulumeni, futhi bafake imali ezingeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa impahla. Nokho, lokhu kuvikela kusho futhi ukuthi amazwe kumelwe asebenzise kakhulu ekumiseni izinqubo zokuzithandela ukuze alondoloze inzuzo futhi agweme ukulahlekelwa yi-athonsi.

Izinhlangano eziphethe amabhizinisi amakhulu ezentengiselwano − njengezindawo ezidayiswayo zikahulumeni, imidlalo yokubheja, noma izinto ezisetshenziswa umphakathi − zidinga ukuqaphela okuhlukile okungabangela ukugonywa lapho zihileleke ekuthatheni ipropietary kunemisebenzi kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iFederal Tort Apeties Act ayisebenzi ezindaweni ezithile, kodwa uhulumeni usho ukuthi ngokuvamile izenzo zivimbela ukuvikela ibhizinisi ngemisebenzi. Izinkantolo kwezinye izindawo ziye zakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-parcation noma i-gaful kuyindlela yokushushuluza noma i-gafu iyikhothasi, okuveza isimo ukuba necala njengebhizinisi lomuntu. Lokhu kudinga ukuba uhulumeni aqaphele ngokucophelela ukuba ulwele i-proctal nezingozi.

Okunye ukucabangela okuwusizo ukusebenzelana phakathi kokuzivikela komthetho nokuwiswa kwamandla emali. Uma amafayela kahulumeni awekhohlayo .Aseyivelakancane, njengoba iSahluko 9 singesomasipala kuphela esivikela ulwelwelo lukahulumeni oluzimele oluyivikelayo ekufuneni okuthile. Nokho, iBankruptic Code ihlanganisa amalungiselelo okunqanda ukuvikela imvelo emongweni oqondile, njengokugwenywa kokugwema okuthandwayo. Ukurth Ranch Icala ngokwalo lisuka ekuncipheni, eliqokomisa ukungenwa kwentengo yomthetho kahulumeni wentela nokwehla kwemali.

Umbono Wekusasa: Inguquko Noma Ukuqina?

Ikusasa lokugonyelwa kombuso ngokusemthethweni cishe liyobona impi eqhubekayo phakathi kwamabutho ezwe nesibopho sokulandisa. Kwesinye isandla, iNkantolo yamanje ePhakeme ibonakala izinikele ekuvikeleni kakhulu kokuzivikela kombuso, njengoba kubonakala ku- Allen v. Cooper no[FLT] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [ii] [i] , (okuthi, naphezu kokulinganisela isivikelo esimweni esinikeziwe, isiqinisekiso semfundiso eyisisekelo,). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucindezela komphakathi kokungahlulwa kwezindawo ezinjengobuswa amaphoyisa, izimo zejele, nobulungisa bendawo kungase kukhuthalele imizamo yokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa. Amanye amazwe ayesecabangela ukuvikelwa kwezindlela ezithile, futhi azama ukumiswa kwemithetho engokomthetho ngaphansi kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Enye indawo yoshintsho olungenzeka ukusebenza kwesimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni ekuveleni kobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa kukahulumeni ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ukwenza izinqumo ezizenzakalelayo ezibangela umonakalo ofanelana nako? Imfundiso yamanje isikisela ukuthi imisebenzi yokukhetha ihlale ivikelekile, kodwa njengoba i-Al idlangile, izinkantolo kungase kudingeke ukuba ziphinde zicabange ngemingcele “yokungalawuleki.” Ngokufanayo, zisho ukuthi ukwenza imisebenzi engaqondakali engaqondakali kungabhekana nemibuzo emisha efuna ukumelana nokuzivikela. Izazi ezingokomthetho zihlongoze “imvume yemithetho yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlanganyela ezimisweni zikahulumeni, kodwa leyo ndlela idinga ukubheka imingcele“ yokuphoqesha nokuhlasela. ”

Ekuphetheni, ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sombuso sokuzivikela kuseyimfundiso eyisisekelo evikela impahla yombuso nobukhosi. Inikeza isivikelo semali esibalulekile kodwa ayingenawo amaphutha. Izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho eziqhubekayo zifuna ukucwengisisa ukusebenza kwayo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi izifunda zomhlaba zinesibopho sokwenza okubi kuyilapho zilondoloza ikhono lazo lokubusa ngokuphumelelayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezinqumo zokwahlulela, izinguquko zemithetho, noma iziphakamiso zezwe, ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzivikela nokulandisa kuyoqhubeka kulololonga isivikelo sempahla yombuso ezindaweni ezizimele iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

[[FLT: 0] Ukuqhubeka nokufunda:[[NTP:1] [[FLT:] Isikhungo solwazi olusemthethweni: uMbusi Immoniny qha .[FLT:] Fla. Dep.. yeRevenue v. Kurth, 511 U.S. [194] [[FL:] [[FLT]]] .Alden v. 527] U.Umthetho.[FLT][FLT][FF][11]