IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo ZeRaje Sabha Njengenhlolo - vo Kumphathi

IRaje Sabra, noma uMkhandlu waseMelika, uyindlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya. Ukwakhiwa kwayo ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 80 soMthetho-sisekelo akwenziwanga nje ukulungiselela igumbi lokuvuselela kodwa kuklanyelwe ukusebenza njengomzimba ohlala njalo, omelela izifunda nezindawo ezihlangene. Lokhu kuhlukanisa okunikeza iRajija Sabba indawo ekhethekile ekhethekile lapho i-scrutinise igatsha elikhulu, elithathwe ngokuyinhloko eLok Sahab. Isikhulu esinesikhundla esinguMphathi wezikhulu, i-Prince, i-Prince Council, ne-Gractialmes, ne-scleannective sibopho sokuhlala ikhona iPhalame njengendawo ehleliwe. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi i-Lokhab incine inciswe iminyaka emihlanu yonke futhi ikhethwa ngokuqondile ngabantu, i-Sahadhad, i-spadmion, ngesilinganiso esinezelelwe futhi isilinganiso esingu-6.

ISiphakamiso 75(3) sithi uMkhandlu Wezikhonzi unomthwalo wemfanelo wobunye kuyiLok Sabha. Lokhu akumkhululi umphathi ekulandiseni iRaje Sabha. Ngokuphambene, iRajiya Sabba uqondisa ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhlola imithetho, ukuhlola ngokwezimali, nekhono lawo lokubuza abefundisi. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iRajiya Sabba amandla ngamabomu, nakuba engalingani ne-Lok Sabha kunoma iziphi inkundla, anele ukuba asebenze njengesehlolo elinokubaluleka kwesikhulu esiholayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela iRayya Sabha ehlola ngazo isikhulu, imingcele yaso, ibhekene, futhi ayisebenzi kuyo eNdiya.

Imishini Yokuqondisa Engalawuleki ERaje Sabra

Ukucwaninga Okungokomthetho Namandla Okuchithwa Kwemithetho

IRaje Sabra ihlola zonke izikweletu ezidluliswa yiLok Sabhah, ngaphandle kwemali. Lenqubo yokubukeza ayiyona neze imikhosi. IRaje Sabha ingahlongoza ukunqandwa kwezivumelwano, ikhomba amafakthe ukuze ikhethe amakomiti, noma iwalahle ngokuqondile. Ngokwesiko, uhulumeni uzithola evikela umthetho phambi kwendlu lapho ingeke ibambe abaningi khona. Lokhu kuphoqelela umphathi ukuba athethelele imithetho yakhe ngobufakazi nangokucabanga, ukuvimbela noma imithetho ephoqelelwe ukuba ibekwe ngaphandle kwengxoxo ephelele. Isibonelo, i- facebookss and Services (GST) Bill kwadingeka ukuba idluliswe njengesivumelwano somthetho, ifuna ukuba kube nezingxenye ezimbili ezingaphezulu ezindlini zombili ezisezindlini. I-Syyabra i-speast, ivimbela noma imithetho ephoqeqeshiwe kakhulu kahulumeni ukuba ibekwe futhi iqhunwe ngokuphoqelelwa kwemicine.

Ngalé kokulungisa, iRaje Sabha inamandla okusungula umthetho ongewona wefayina. Nakuba kungavamile ukuvela izikweletu ezinkulu, ikhono lawo lokwenza kanjalo liqinisekisa ukuthi izithakazelo zikahulumeni nemibono ehlukile kuthola izwi lomthetho. Isimiso sekomiti yalendlu [1] Ngokuyinhloko i-Palamente ehlangene neKomiti Yobukhoma (*itshe letshe lembombo lale komiti). La makomiti, akhiwe amalungu azo zombili izindlu, ahlola izikwelengiso futhi afune izikwele izikweletu zemali futhi afune izikhokhi nochwepheshe. I-Rajiya Sabha ivame ukulinganisela inani leqembu elibusayo kuLobabha, okuholela ekuhlolweni okuqinile.

Ihora Lombuzo Nehora Leqanda

Ihora lombuzo liyithuluzi elinamandla lokuphendula izikhonzi ngomlomo. Ukuhlala ngakunye kuqala ngehora elinikezelwe imibuzo ebhekiswe kubefundisi. Ilungu le Rajeya Sabha lingabuza imibuzo ephindwayo (zifuna izimpendulo zomlomo ngokulandela i-endings) noma imibuzo engalindelekile (izimpendulo ezibhaliwe). Izikhonzi kumelwe ziphendule ngokoqobo, futhi uSithethi noma uSekela akaqali ukuba azivikele ekubuzeni imibuzo ephikelelayo. Ikhono lokubuza ukulandela izikhulu ukuba zifune ukusabela ezindaweni eziphindiwe, ukulibala kokuhlelwa, noma ukuphenduphenduka kwezinhlelo. Ihora leminyaka ngemva kwe hora Lombuzo . ."I Hourly nenkathi elandela i-Reader Hours Hours." ivumela ukuba kuphakanyiswe ngaphandle kokuqaphelisa izindaba eziphuthumayo. Lokhu kuye kwasetshenziswa ekuqokomiseni kwezokusebenza njengomlimi, ukuhlulwa kwemithetho, ukunqanda kwabantu.

Ukuqhubeka kweRajeya Sabba − ayipheliswanga — kusho ukuthi amalungu aqongelela inkumbulo yenhlangano nobuchwepheshe. Umfundisi akakwazi ukuvala indlu; ilungu elifanayo lingase licindezele umbuzo ofanayo eminyakeni eminingi kuze kunikezwe impendulo eyanelisayo. Lokhu kucindezela okuqhubekayo kuye kwaholela ekuvumeni okubalulekile kukahulumeni nasekulungiseni imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphenyela okuphikelelayo okwenziwa yi-Rajaya Sabba amalungu eMinistry of Home Affaices ukuba alungise iziqondiso zalo ngokusebenzisa izibhamu eJammu & Kashmir.

Izingxoxo Nezimpikiswano

I-Raje Sabra ivame ukuba nezimpikiswano zokubonga ngekheli likaMongameli, ngokufuna izimali, nangokuthinta izimemezelo. Lezingxoxo zibalulekile ngoba zifuna umphathi ukuba avikele umlando wakhe phambi kwegumbi elihlanganisa ochwepheshe abavelele, ababeyizisebenzi zombango, nabameleli bezindawo. Ngokungafani neLok Sabhaha, lapho iningi leqembu elibusayo linganciphisa khona impikiswano, i-Rapya Sabbah yaqashwa (h) lapho kungekho qembu elilodwa elingajabulela khona izingxoxo ezivelele zeqembu [1]. Izingxoxo zokulungisa izifunda ezimfushane ngaphansi koMthetho we-Roul 176 zisiza amalungu ukuba avuse izimpikiswano ezithile ngaphandle kokuvota okusemthethweni, licindezela abefundisi ukuba bachaze izenzo zabo.

IRaje Sabra inamandla okuxoxa ngemibiko ye- Comptroller and General (CAG) ne-Comparial Committee. Lezi zingxoxo zivame ukudalula udoti noma inkohlakalo. Ngokwesibonelo, impikiswano ngombiko we-CAG ngohlelo lwezigaba ezimbili lweRajiya Sabhaha yayinamandla kakhulu, yaholela ekuhoxisweni kweNkampathi Yezokuxhumana neNkampathiswano kanye nophenyo weNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ukwengamela Imali: Imali Nemali

UMthetho-sisekelo ulinganisela kakhulu indima kaRajiya Sabba Sabha eMalini Bills", izindonga eziqukethe kuphela amalungiselelo entela, ukuboleka, nezindleko zemali eHhomu lika-R10. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 110, i-Face Bill ingabekwa kuphela eLok Sabhaha, futhi iRajiya Sabbaha ingatusa ukuncitshiswa kwemali, okungamandla kaLok Sabbaha noma awamukeleyo. IRajiya Sabbaha kumele ibuye iNgcebo likaMali phakathi nezinsuku eziyi 14; kungenjalo, i-Facedry i-Raypha i-ak i-Rabbia i-ak i-ak i-oce i-ocercern uma ihlanganisa i-Bill i-Syagles engaphezulu kwengu-Syab. Uma kuviwenzile i-Rajian i-Syka i-Syka eqinisekisa nge-Rymond.

Ngaphandle kweMali, iRaje Sabra scrutintinting uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke ngokuhlanganyela kwayo eKomitini emisha yezezimali, ehlola izicelo zemali yazo zonke izinkonzo. Imibiko yekomiti, ehlanganisa ukutusa ukuthutha ngokoqobo nokuthuthukisa kwemali, igcinwa kuzo zombili izindlu. Nakuba uhulumeni engabophekile ukwamukela lokhu kutusa, kumelwe aphendule, futhi ukusabela kwayo kusobala. Lokhu kwakha ukuhlolwa kwedumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRaja Sabha uLeya Sabha unikeza amandla okulahla iMali yemali noma omunye umthetho ohlobene nemali kuyinikeza okunzima kakhulu. uma kungavamile ukusebenzisa lokhu kutusa, futhi ukusabela kwayo kungoko umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRajiya Sabha uveza amandla okulahla i-Bill noma omunye umthetho owemali owenziwe ngokumelene nokuphathwa kwezikhulu.

Amandla Akhethekile Nendima Yomthetho - sisekelo

IRaje Sabba inamandla ayingqayizivele athinta umqondisi ngokuqondile. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 61, ihlanganyela neLok Sabha amandla okuqala ukuhlobisa ngokumelene noMongameli. Nakuba ukukhonzwa kukaMongameli kungake kuphumelele, usongo lwayo luye lwaphumelela. I-rajiya Sabbahay unamandla akhethekile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 312 ukudala zonke izinkonzo zaseNdiya (njenge-IAS, IPS), i-IFS) ngokudlulisa isinqumo esisekelwa abantu ababili-R35. La mandla athinta isimo sombuso wezikhulu. I-Rajishaha Shabha ingathinta futhi, ngenani elikhulu elikhulu, i-Plamesmesss i-meactries (njenge-IPSlace, i-IPSCPS), ngokuphumelela i-Syulvian. Uma ikholelwa kuyi-Rajian inzuzo yesizwe kuphela.

IRaje Sabra ifeza indima futhi ekukhethweni kukaMongameli onguMongameli, okhonza njengomongameli wayo wangaphambili onguSihlalo. UMongameli ongumKhosi ukhethwa yikholiji elinamalungu azo zombili izindlu, kodwa iRajiya Sabhaha yakha iningi lalelo kholiji. UMongameli angathonya ukusebenza kwesikhulu ngokuqondisa iRapya Sabba, afake ivoti ehlukanisayo enkantolo ye-oflock, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile anikeze uhulumeni imvume yokusebenza kwe-palement.

Ukulinganiselwa Kokulawula KweRaje Sabha

Ukuhluleka Ukwenqaba Amabhola Emali

Umngcele obaluleke kakhulu i-Raje Sabba ukwakheka okungenamandla kwe-Money Bills. ISiphakamiso 110 sichaza i-Faill i-Faill ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni baye babheka amafaksi njengemali u-Rajiya Sabbahs ngamabomu ukuze bagweme ukuhlola. UMthetho ka-Aadhaar (2016) udluliswe njengeMali Lemali naphezu kokungakhokhi intela nezindleko. INkanto ePhakathi i-Opreme ihlola lo mkhuba. Ngisho noma imali iyimali eyi-Fall Bill, i-Raja Sabbaha ingatusa i-andermentsments; i-Lok Sabbaha ayidingenzelwenga ukwamukela. Lokhu kuvumela umphathi ukuba aphume umthetho we-Rajya Sabra ekhokhwa ngokuphelele, incike indlu elungiselelwe ngaphandle kokwenza.

Akukho Nje Indima Ekukhulumeni Kwethemba

Ukusinda kwesikhulu kuxhomeke kuphela kuyi-Lok Sabba. I-Rajiya Sabba ayikwazi ukuqeda uhulumeni ngokungaqiniseki. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umphathi angawushaya indiva i-Rajiya Sabbaha ezindabeni zokusinda nokubusa, agxile kuphela ekuvaleni iLok Sabba. Ngezinye izikhathi uhulumeni uye wasebenzisa lokhu ukuphoqelela izinqubo eziphikisanayo kuyilapho ukuphikiswa kukaRajiya Sabbaha kulokhu kumane nje kunguphawu. URajiya Sabbaha akakwazi ukuphoqelela umfundisi ukuba alahle; isikhali sakhe kuphela sivuleka obala futhi sihlaze. Esimisweni lapho isixuku sinamandla khona, lesi sikhali sivame ukukhomba.

Igunya Elilinganiselwe Ngezenzo Zokwenqabela Izinkulumo

IRajiya Sabra ayinakugxeka noma izikhulu zesango. Nakuba ingabhekisela emakomitini, ayinakuphoqelela umphathi ukuba axoshe umfundisi. ILok Sabhah, ngoNdunankulu, ilawula ngokuphelele ukumiswa kobukhonzi. Amakomiti kaRajiya Sabba angabiza amabhulathi futhi afune izincwadi, kodwa umphathi angalahla ezisekelweni zokhuseleko lwesizwe noma imfihlo. INkantolo Ephakeme isekela ukuthi ilungelo lokwaziswa aliphelele, futhi ilungelo lesikhulu lingasusa izimfuno zephalamende ezimweni ezithile. IRajiya Sabra ayinayo imithetho engokomthetho ehlukene; ithembele kuLok Sabha ukuba yenze imibiko yayo, ngokuvamile, elahla.

Izinkolo Ezingokwesayensi

Ibhizinisi likaRajiya Sabra lihlelwe yiKomiti ye-Business Advisory enamalungu akhona ngokuyinhloko avela eqenjini elibusayo. Isekela likaMongameli ./Ilungu likaMongameli − liyilungu lombuso obusayo noma likhethwa ngokusekela kwalo. Lokhu kunikeza uhulumeni ukulawula okuthile kuloluhlelo. Izikweletu zangasese eRajiya Sabba azidingi ukuxoxwa ngazo. Indlu ihlala izinsuku ezingaba ngu-70 ngonyaka, ukuncipha kwamashumi eminyaka angaphambili, futhi ihora lokubuza livame ukuphazanyiswa yizimpikiswa. Le-Proferacturesss inciphisa isikhathi sokuqondisa kweRajiya Sabha okusebenzayo.

IRaje Sabra Njengekhambi Lempi

Ngaphandle kwezombangazwe ezihlukene, i-Raje Sabba iwumsebenzi okhethekile kahulumeni. Amalungu akhethwa ngemihlangano yezomthetho yezwe, hhayi ngokuqondile ngabantu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ohulumeni bakhona banezwi endlini engaphezulu, abayisebenzisa ngokwengxenye ngabameleli babo abakhethiwe. Uma isikhulu (8) siphathwe yiqembu elingase lilawule imihlangano eminingi yombuso, /aphosa umthetho owephula amalungelo ombuso, i-Rapya Sabbata ingawuvimbela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Land Acquisition Act, 2013, kanye ne-andrements ezilandelayo ngo-2015 (isikhulu seqembu) esimelene ngokuqinile ne-Rajabha, iphosah, iphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba uvikelo oluphoqelela ukuwa.

I-Raje Sabra nayo inegunya eliwukuphela kwayo lokuvumela iPhalamende ukuba lihlanganise izihloko zezwe ezithakazelelwayo (Artle 249) futhi lenze wonke ama-Edismu (Artle 312). La mandla aqinisekisa ukuthi imvume kahulumeni iyadingeka ngaphambi kokuba isikhulu se-Union sifinyelele ezindaweni ezigcinelwe izifundazwe. Ezweni elihlukene njengeNdiya, le mishini ibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukubusa kwezwe iLok Sabata.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: IRaje Sabha Nezinye Izindlu Eziphezulu

Uma iqhathaniswa neSigele sase-United States, i-Rajiya Sabba ibuthakathaka. ISigele sinamandla alinganayo kuyo yonke imithetho, kuhlanganise nezikweletu zemali, futhi kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa kwezikhulu eziyinhloko nezivumelwano. I-Rajiya Sabhaha ayiqinisekisi abefundisi noma abahluleli; uMongameli ubamisa ngeseluleko soNdunankulu. Nokho, iRajya Sabba unamandla amakhulu kunawo wonke eUK Houses, okungabambezela kuphela izikweletulo zomthetho ngonyaka owodwa futhi angeke akwazi ukuvala noma isiphi umthetho. Ilungiselelo laseNdiya Sabha lishaya isisekelo esiphakathi: iRajiya Sabha ingasusa imali engakhokhi namali ephenduliweyo, kodwa amandla ayo alinganiselwe. Lomklamo uveza izinhloso ze-UK Housesbors ukuze kuvinjelwe inzuzo yomnotho lapho ifuna ukulawulwa kwenye indawo.

Izikhangiso Zenguquko Nezimpikiswano

Eminyakeni yamuva, abanye abahlaziyi bezombangazwe baye basikisela ukuqeda iRajiya Sabra, bephikisa ngokuthi iyigumbi elimelene nedemokrasi, elikhethwe ngokungaqondile eliphazamisa intando ethandwayo eliyoboniswa ngeLok Sabhaha. Abanye basekela izinguquko ukuze baqinise ukwengamela kwayo (ngokwesibonelo, ngokuyivota imali noma ngokufuna ukuqinisekiswa kokumiswa kwasebekhulile. Icebo elingcono kakhulu liwukuba nekhalenda elimisiwe leRapya Sabba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi okungenani izinsuku eziyikhulu zihleli. Ngonyaka ka-2025, akukho nguquko enkulu eyake yamiswa, kodwa impikiswano iyaqhubeka. I-Rajiya Sabbahahaha ihlala, ngoba manje, inhlangano eyingqayizivele yamaNdiya ephethe i-Ropera kanye nochwepheshe.

Isiphetho

Indima yeRajiya Sabra ekuhloleni igatsha eliphetheyo icindezelwa futhi isekelwe kulokhu. Nakuba ingenakuqeda uhulumeni noma izikweleti zemali, ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuphenywa, kanye namakomiti kuphoqelela umphathi ukuba athethelele izenzo zakhe phambi kwegumbi elimiswe unomphela, igumbi likahulumeni elikhona. IRajiya Sabba ubambezela, i-antente, futhi idalule i-"ne" ne"exten" yayo esemthethweni," iveza isivikelo esibalulekile ekulweni nokuthambekela kwempoqo. Enkathini yokulawula i-headentine, i-Rajiya Sahabahaba ihlala iyinhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni i-checkers nemali ephethe i-India.

[[UMTH:0] Imithombo yemali ye-External:[