Isingeniso: I - green Inflate yaseNdiya Nendima Yomthetho Olawula Imali

Izwe laseNdiya lisemqoka onzima ohambweni lwalo lokuthuthuka. Njengoba umnotho ukhula ngokushesha, inani labantu elingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,4, kanye nezingcindezi zendawo ezungezile ezikhulayo, izwe kumelwe livumelane nokukhula ngokunakekela indawo ezungezile. Uhulumeni uye wazibophezela ekubekeni ithonya elingokwesimo sezulu eliphambili ngaphansi kwesivumelwano seParis, kuhlanganise nokunciphisa ukukhuphuka kwe GDP ngo-45% ngo-2030 (phakathi kuya ku-20059) kanye nokufinyelela le migomo enomphela ngo-2070. Ukuze ukufeza le migomo, kudingeka ushintsho oluyisisekelo lwemisebenzi yezentengiselwanothi yeze yezentengiselwano ebhizinisi, futhi kuqhubeke impumelelo ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwezomnotho.

Intela iveze njengenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okusheshisa lolushintsho. Ngokunciphisa izindleko zokwamukela ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza kanye nemisebenzi evuzayo, uhulumeni waseNdiya uhlose ukukhuthaza ukutshala izinhlangano zomuntu siqu emabhizinisini asekelayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola isakhiwo, ithonya, nethuba lentela elizayo lokukhuthaza amabhizinisi anobungane eNdiya, unikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezentengiselwano, abenzi bemithetho, nabanikazi bezezimali.

Ukubukeza Intela Ekhuthaza Ibhizinisi Lezentengiselwano ENdiya

Imbangela Yokuzitika

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile zizodwa zihluleka ukuthatha inzuzo ebanzi yemikhuba eqinile ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme, inzuzo engaqinisekile, nezimakethe ezihlukene. Izisusa zentela zivala leligebe ngokwenza ukutshala imali kube okunomsoco kube okunenzuzo ngokwezimali. Zinciphisa inkathi enzima yokuvuselelwa kwemishini ehlanzekile, zinciphisa izindleko eziphumelelayo zokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlanzekile, futhi zithuthukisa inzuzo yamabhizinisi athuthukisa ukusebenza kwendawo ezungezile.

Izici Ezinkulu Zezikhangiso

Uhulumeni waseNdiya unikeza inhlanganisela yezinzuzo zentela eziqondile nezingaqondile ezibhekiswe emabhizinisini anobungane. Izigaba eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [ Amaholide e-Tax: Igcwele noma inxenye yokukhululeka enkokhelweni yeholo lenkampani ngokwenkathi ekhethekile, ngokuvamile ngenxa yemisebenzi emisha emikhakheni ephambili enjengesizukulwane esivuselelwayo samandla, udoti owenziwe wasetshenziswa, kanye nokulima okuphilayo.
  • Izincopho ezithelweyo: Imvume evumela amabhizinisi asuse izindleko zenhloko yemali ekhishwe elungiselelwe izinto eziluhlaza ezifanele, njengezindawo ezinamawolidi angaphandle, ama-turbine omoya, noma i-office e-okentine.
  • Intengo yeMagugu neNkonzo yeTakisi (GST) yasuswa: Izinga lentela ephansi (ngokuvamile 5% noma 12%) ngemikhiqizo kagesi (njengezimoto zikagesi, i-LDED, kanye nezinto zokuvuselela) zilinganiswa nesilinganiso se 18% noma 28% yempahla evamile.
  • Ukwehla kwenani elibhaliwe: Imvume yokubhala ingxenye enkulu yezindleko zemishini eluhlaza eminyakeni yokuqala yokusebenza, ukunciphisa isikweleti sentela sesikhashana nokuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwemali.

Ukuhlaziya Okunemininingwane Kwentela Eyinhloko

Amaholide Entela Ngaphansi Komthetho Wentela Okhokhelwayo

Ingxenye 80-IA ye-Inhoo Tax Act ibiyitshena lokuthuthukisa isizukulwane sezesisekelo samandla kanye nemisebenzi yamandla evuselelwayo. Ngale lungiselelo, ukushintshwa kwamandla kwezentengiselwano okuvela emithonjeni evuselelwayo (ukukhanya kwelanga, umoya, ibhanoyillas, i-hydrowar encane) ingathatha isilinganiso senzuzo encishisiwe ngeminyaka eyishumi elandelelanayo phakathi neminyaka engu-15. Lokhu kuye kwasetshenziswa ekuhebheleni ukutshala amapaki azungeze ilanga namapulazi omoya. Ngokufanayo, i-80-IAB inikeza iholide lentela yeminyaka eyishumi elandelanayo yamabhizinisi asungula izifunda ezikhethekile zezomnotho (SEZ) ezithatha isilinganiso esingokwesilinganiso semithetho eluhlaza.

Iqala ukuhlanganisa ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo ye-eco-iC, uhulumeni wethula isiqephu samashumi amahlanu-IAC, esinikeza i-100% yenzuzo eminyakeni emithathu elandelanayo kweyisikhombisa, uma ukuqala kuqala kuhlanganiswa ngemva ko 1 April 2016 futhi kufakazelwa yi-Inter-Ministerial Board. Nakuba kungekuphela kwesiqalo esiluhlaza, ibhizinisi elizinzileyo liye layifaka lenzuzo.

Izikhangiso Zokuphinde Zitholakale

Ngalé kwamaholide entela, uhulumeni ukhuthaza ukutshala izimali ezitshalwayo ezitshalwayo ezitshalwayo ezitshalwayo ngokuncishiswa kwezisindo. Ngaphansi kwe-Fomati 35AD, izindleko emabhizinisini akhahliweyo − kuhlanganisa nokumisa nokusebenzisa iketanga elibandayo lokukhiqiza noma ukubeka nokusebenzisa ipayipi legesi yemvelo elincishiwe. Ukuze kusetshenziswe imishini evuselelwayo, inzuzo ivame ukubonakala ngokuncipha okusheshayo kunokuncishiswa okuqondile, kodwa ezinye izisusa ezisesilinganisweni ezingokombuso zinikeza izimali eziyinhloko ezinciphisa inzuzo ehholo.

Icebo le-solar photovoltaic (PV) elihlotshiswe nge-Incentive (PLI) yemiklamo ye-solar e-sovoltaic (PV) eyasungulwa ngo-2021, linikeza i-figscal efinyelela ku-30% ekuthengisweni okungaphezulu kwabenzi bamangqamuzana elanga asebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nezimo ze-option. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa umkhiqizo oncitshiswe phansi, ukuxhumana kwawo nezinzuzo zentela (umz., u-GST kwemitho engaphansi kwemithozo) kwenza inzuzo engokwemali ekhudlwana.

Izinga Elincishisiwe Lemikhiqizo Nezinkonzo Eziluhlaza

Umbuso we-GST uhlolwe ukukhuthaza ukudliwa kotshani. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Izimoto ze-EV:[FLT] GST on EV ngu-5%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-28% ezimotweni zepetroli nediesel. Ngokufanayo, iziteshi ezibizayo zama-EV zidonsa 5% GST.
  • Imishini yamandla evuselelwayo: Izimiso zamandla elanga, izinjini zomoya, nezingxenye zazo zikhokhwa ngekhulu elingu-12% (noma izilinganiso ezingaphansi kwemvume) esikhundleni sesilinganiso esingu-18%.
  • Izinkonzo zokuphatha imfucumfucu: Ukuhlelwa kwemfucumfucu eyingozi nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-e-waste kukhululwa eGST noma ekhokhwa intela ku-5% ngegama, ukunciphisa izindleko zokulalela amabhizinisi avuselelayo.
  • Izakhiwo eziluhlaza: Izakhiwo ezixutshwe namanzi njengengilazi engasebenzi kahle amandla, izinto zokuphehla, nezimiso zokuvuna amanzi emvula zidonsa amazinga anciphileyo, nakuba inzuzo iyonke kubathuthukisi isaboshelwe ukunqanda isilinganiso esiphansi seGST yezakhiwo eziluhlaza ngokusemthethweni.

Ukwehla kwexabiso lenani lenani elikhulu

Ukwehla okusheshayo kungokomunye wemithetho ethandwa kakhulu yamabhizinisi entela enhloko-nkampane. Ngaphansi kwe-Infeating Tchax Treasus Umthetho, impahla enjengezinhlalo zelanga, iziteshi zikagesi, neziteshi zokuhamba ngogesi zifanele ukukwehla kwenani elingu-40%-80% kunyaka wokuqala (kuqhathaniswa ne 10%-15% ngemishini evamile). Lokhu kuvumela amabhizinisi ukuba afune inzuzo ephezulu ngokushesha, anciphise inzuzo ekhokhelwa intela uma edinga imali eningi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani enikela nge-crore epulazini elangeni elangeni elingase-kungasho ukuthi i-crore engaphezulu ngonyaka wokuqala onyaka wokuqala ngaphansi kwesimiso esiphambili.

Leli lungiselelo liye laphumelela kakhulu emoyeni nasezingxenyeni zelanga, lapho izindleko zokuqala ziphezulu khona futhi inzuzo ibuyiselwa khona. Ayinciphisi umthwalo wentela kuphela kodwa futhi isheshisa izinga lokunqamula kwemisebenzi, iyenze ikhange kakhulu kubatshali bezimali.

Ithonya Lamahlelo Ayinhloko

Ukukhula Kwamandla Okuvuselelwa

Amandla avuselelwe aseNdiya aye asuka ku-35 GW ngo-2014 kuya ku-180 GW ngo-2024 (kuhlanganise ne-hydrod). Izisusa zentela ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, inzuzo esheshayo yanezela ekwandiseni amandla omoya ezifundazweni ezinjengo-Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, ne Karnataka. Amandla elanga nawo, azuza ekuncishisweni kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nehholo lentela leminyaka eyishumi ngaphansi kwe-Roxadengu 80-IA, okuholela ekunciphekeni okuphawulekayo kwamanani amandla omoya kusuka ku-612% KWh ngo-2014 kuya ku-9.

Ngokwe-Ministry of New and Renonetic Energy (MNRE), izifakelo zelanga zafinyelela ku-70 GW phakathi no-2024, wesibili kuphela eChina. I-International Renetic Energy Agency (IRANE) iye yaqaphela uhlelo lwe-Indiya lokuxubanisa − kuhlanganise namaholide entela kanye nokwenyuka kwenani lentengo ($_ukusebenza okungcono kakhulu kokushayela ngokubuyiselwa kwenye indawo.

Ukufuya Nokuthengisa Izitshalo

Engxenyeni yezolimo, izisusa zentela ziye zakhuthaza ukuthathwa kwemisebenzi yokulima engokwemvelo nengagobeki. Uhulumeni unikeza intela encishisiwe eyikhulu enzuzoni ngeminyaka emihlanu yokuqala yamabhizinisi amasha ahileleke ekufumeni okuhlanganisa, kuhlanganise nezinto ezixutshwe nezitshalo, izilinganiso ze-opicticide, kanye nezimpomponyo ze-oksicium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanyongo asebenza ngogesi ayizi-5% (unyaka we-12%), okwenza ukuba abe athengwa kakhulu abalimi.

Ukuqala nge-agritech − njengalawo akha amathuluzi anembile okulima, izinzwa zempilo yenhlabathi, nezimiso zokunisela ngamanzi , kusiza ngeholidi lokuqala lentela ne-GST ekukhululweni kwezindawo ezithile zobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlangana kobuchwepheshe bemishini nokulima okungokwemvelo kuye kwaholela ekuveleni kwamapulatifomu anjenge Dehaat ne-AgroStar, okuthuthukisa ukuphumelela kwekethena nokuncishiswa kwamakhemikhali.

Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

Ingxenye elahla udoti iye yaba inzuzo eqondile yezisusa zentela. Ngaphansi kwe-Candelo 80-IA, amabhizinisi adala amandla emfucumfucu emfucu eqinile kamasipala noma empango yebhakitiriya afanelekela iholide lentela leminyaka eyishumi. Lihlangene nokwehla okusheshayo kwemishini yokulungisa imfucumfucu, lezi zisusa ziye zakhanga ukutshala izimali ezikhungweni ezishiswa udoti ezisemadolobheni anjenge Delhi, iPine, neHyshabad.

Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-ewaste, ipulasitiki, nemfucumfucu yokwakha nakho kujabulela izinzuzo zentela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-GST ezindaweni zepulasitiki eziphindaphindiwe ingu-5%, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-18% yepulasitiki engakaphucukile, idala inzuzo. I-Swachh Bharat Mission (Ehlanzekile yaseNdiya) iqinisa ngokwengeziwe intengiso yokuvuselela imikhiqizo ngokuguqula izinto ngokusebenzisa izinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni izakhiwo zomphakathi.

Ukuphehla Ugesi Nokuphehla Ugesi

Ukunxenxa kokuhamba ngogesi kuye kwakhuliswa ngenhlanganisela yezisusa zentela nezimali zokuxhasa. Ngaphansi kwe-Fastater Reaserting kanye nokuncitshiswa kwecebo loMsebe-zintambo (FAME II), abakhiqizi bathola izisusa eziyinhloko, futhi abathengi bathola intengo eqondile ekuthengeni. Ohlangothini lwentela, i-GST nge-EV i-5%, futhi intela yentela ekhokhwa ngeya kuya ku-61.5 lakh itholakala ngenzalo ekhokhweni yokuthenga i-EV (SMALI 80EB). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani zokwenza izingxenye ze-EV. , izingxenye zemoto, abahleli befuna ukukhiqiniswa nokutheliswa kwemali ngaphansi kwengxenye ye-AD 35.

Lokhu kusebenza kwemvelo kuye kwashukumisela abadlali abakhulu abanjengo-Ola Getry, Ather Energy, noMahindra Ugesi emakethe yaseNdiya, kanye nabenzi bezimoto abavamile abashintshela kuma-EV. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuthengiswa kwe-EV kuye kwakhula kusuka kuma-EV angaphansi kwama-10 000 ngama-10 000 ngo-2019 kuya kuma-2023-24, kanye nezinga eliphezulu elingaphezu kuka-70% ngonyaka.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Izenzakalo Ezihambisana Nezenzo

Ukuklama Ilanga Ngaphansi Kwe - PLI

Isu le-PLI lemiklamo yelanga, enengqikithi ye-crore (US $2,9 000 000 000), liye lakha ukutshala imali okubiza ngaphezu kwe-7650 000 embonini enjenge Runice New Energy, Adani Solar, ne Vikram Solar. Icebo linikeza ingcingo yemali encitshisweyo engokwezimali engenisa amashumi amathathu nanhlanu emali ekuthengiseni ngeminyaka emihlanu. Uma ihlangene neholide lenkokhiso yemali yeminyaka eshumi ephambili egabeni lama-80-IA kanye ne 5% ye-GST emangqamuzaneni elanga, izindleko zokukhiqiza indalo zinciphe kakhulu. INdiya manje isesimweni sokuthumela ngenetha lokuthumela amapulani ezinkanyezi ezinkanyezi ngo-2026.

Amandla Omoya Ayabuyiswa

Ngo-2023, uhulumeni wasungula isimiso sokulawula amapulazi omoya aneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 ubudala. Ngaphansi kwalenkambiso, abasebenzi abakhona bangathatha indawo yenjini endala ngemishini ehamba phambili futhi bathole intela enwetshwela amandla entela akhiqizwayo. Amankampani anjenge-Suzlon ne Siemens Garda asebenzise le ndlela ukuze athuthukise imikhumbi yabo, athuthukise izici zekhono nge-40%.

Izinselele Nezinkinga Ezingasetshenziswa

Izindleko Eziyinkimbinkimbi Nezici Ezicitshwayo

Nakuba uhlu lwezisusa zentela lunenzuzo enkulu, amabhizinisi amaningi akuthola kunzima ukusebenzisa izimfuneko ezisemthethweni, izimfuneko zokubhala, kanye nezinqubo zokugunyaza. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iholidi lokuqala lentela ngaphansi kwe-Cute 80-IAC lidinga isiqinisekiso se-inter-Ministerial Board, inqubo engathatha izinyanga. Ngokufanayo, izinzuzo ezisheshayo zidinga ukugcinwa kwezincwadi ezizimele kanye nezimo eziningi zemali nezindawo zeholo. Imisebenzi emincane neyomdabukonti ngokuvamile ayinazo ezomthetho kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlela lezinzuzo, ishiya imali etafuleni.

Ukuqaphela Okulinganiselwe Phakathi Kwabahlali Abanezinkinga

Ukuhlola okwenziwa yi-Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCCI) ngo-2023 kwembula ukuthi amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-60 amabhizinisi amancane aluhlaza ayengazi izisusa zentela ezisebenzayo. Izisebenzi eziningi zezentengiselwano ekuqondiseni imfucumfucu, imfucumfucu, kanye namandla amancane avuselelwayo angazi ukuthi i-GST incishisiwe noma intengo yokutshala imali. Ukuncishiswa kukahulumeni akunele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Ngaphandle kokusungulwa kokuqondisela ukuqasheka okungaqondisi, isakhiwo esikhuthazayo sisandlekile.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Esishintshayo Ngaphesheya Kwamazwe

Intela eshukumisa amabhizinisi ayizihlobo azikho ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuphakathi kuphela. Ohulumeni boMbuso banikeza amaphakethe abo siqu − njengokungangeni emsebenzini kagesi, iziphathi zincwadi zokuthenga umhlaba, nezindawo ze-GST ezisesilinganisweni se-GST. Nokho, lezi zihluka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uGujarat unikeza ukukhululeka okungu 100% emsebenzini kagesi ezimbonini zelanga, kanti i-Utar Pradesh iyifake emahlopeni ngo-50%. Izingalo ezinjalo zenza inkundla yokudlala i-GST futhi zixake izinqumo zokutshala izimali zezentengiselwano ezisebenza ezifundeni eziningi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha kwenqubo njalo kuqeda ukuqiniseka komgcini-mali. Ukuhoxa okungalindelekile kweGST ezingxenyeni ezithile zamandla ezivuselelwayo ngo-2022 kwabangela ukungaqiniseki, nakuba uhulumeni kamuva wakubuyisela. Ukubikezela kubalulekile emikhankasweni emide yesikhathi eside.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo Nokutuswa

Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlanganisayo nezinhlelo zokuqinisekisa

Ukuze kwandiswe ukuphumelela kwezisusa zentela, uhulumeni kumelwe enze izinqubo zokuphatha zibe lula. Ukuvulwa kwefasitela elilodwa ukuze kutholakale izinzuzo zentela eluhlaza − kufana ne-National Single Window System yemvume yebhizinisi − kunganciphisa ukufakwa nokubambeka. Ukuqinisekiswa kwamanani kokufakwa kwempahla (umz., ngezithombe ezicaciwe) kungathatha indawo yokuhlolwa komzimba, ukusheshisa.

Ukwenaba Kwezindawo Ezintsha

Njengoba umnotho wesiyingi uzuza inzuzo, izisusa zentela kufanele zidluliselwe emabhizinisini athatha imishini yomkhiqizo, ukuvuselela, kanye nezinto zokwakha. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkampani eziqasha imishini yezobuchwepheshe esikhundleni sokuyidayisa zinganikezwa izindleko ezengeziwe zentengo. Ngokufanayo, ukuthengiselana ngekhaboni kanye nemali yokuthenga ikhabhoni kufanele kukhishwe intela eholweni ukuze kukhuthaze ukuthatha inxaxheba emakethe yecarbon engcono yaseNdiya.

Ukuthuthukisa Imigomo Yesimo Sezulu Ngokulawula Umnotho

Izisulu ezisheshisiwe ze-Nationally Evolution (NDC) ye-National Expression zidinga ukutshala i-(6850 lakh crore) (US $1,1,1,000 zigidi zezigidi) ngo-2030. Izisusa zentela zizodwa azinakugcwalisa leligebe, kodwa zingahlanganisa inhloko - dolobha yangasese. Uhulumeni angasungula “imvume yokutshala imali eluhlaza” ya 20%-30%% endlekweni yemali ekhona kulo msebenzi othile wendawo ezungezile ekhona amamakethecracks (ezingangonoketshezi oluwuketshezi, 50% lokuvuselela amandla, noma ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziyindilinganayo. Lokhu kungahambisana nezimiso zembulunga yonke, njenge-EU corayom oluhlaza.

Ukuqapha Ngokuphazima Kweso

Izikhulu zentela kanye nezinkampani zezimboni kufanele zithumele ukuqaphela okukhulunywa ngezilimi eziningi okushukumisela osomabhizinisi abaluhlaza. Iziqondiso ezilula ngesiHindi, isiTamil, isiTelugu, nezinye izilimi zendawo . Zingasakaza ulwazi ngezindawo ezivamile zenkonzo kanye nezikhungo zokuthuthukisa amabhizinisi. Imikhumbi esebenzelanayo nezikhungo ezigxile ekulondolozeni (njengezinhlelo ze-AtalInnovation Mission ukuya ku-Money)

Isiphetho

Izisusa zentela ziyithuluzi elinamandla lokukhuthaza amabhizinisi obuhlobo eNdiya, kodwa amandla awo agcwele ahlala engenakusetshenziswa. Ngokunciphisa imingcele yezimali, kakade aseshukumise ukukhula kwamandla avuselelwayo, ukufuya, ukuphatha udoti, nokuhamba ngogesi. Nokho, ukunkimbinkimbinkimbi ekufuneni izinzuzo, ukuqapha okulinganiselwe, kanye nokungavumelani nezimiso kuvimbela ukwamukelwa.

Ngezinguquko eziphambili − i-inlined, i-eligned, kanye nokukhuphuka okunamandla okukhuphuka − i-India ingaguqula isimiso sayo sentela sibe injini yangempela yezentengiselwano eziluhlaza. Njengoba izwe libuka uhambo lwaseNdiya lokuya ku-netha-zero, izisusa ezihlakaniphile ziyoba balulekile ekuguquleni izibopho zendawo ezungezile zibe izimo zebhizinisi ezizuzisayo.