Ukubaluleka Okuhleliwe Kobuhlobo Bukahulumeni - \ Ubuhlobo

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zisebenza njengebhuloho eliyinhloko phakathi kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni nezinkulungwane zezisebenzi ezihlangene ezinikeza izinkonzo zomphakathi ezidingekayo — kusukela ekulungiseni nasekuthutheni ukuya ekunakekeleni impilo nasemfundweni. Indlela laba baholi abaphatha ngayo ubuhlobo nezisebenzi zikahulumeni bathinta ngokuqondile isimilo, impumelelo, kanye nezinkonzo ezithengwa izakhamuzi nsuku zonke. Kunokusebenza okuvamile, ukuphatha inyunyana kuyindima eyisisekelo efuna i-avvy, ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho, nokuqonda okujulile kwezentengo yemali yomphakathi.

Abaphathi benhlangano abaphumelelayo abasho ukugwema ukuhlasela noma ukumisa izivumelwano ngokushesha. Kuhilela ukwakha uhlelo olubambisanayo lapho izithakazelo zezisebenzi, umphakathi, nempilo kahulumeni elinganiselwe. Uma abaphathi bezwe besingatha ukuhlangana kwenyunyana okungafanelekile, imiphumela ihlanganisa izingxabano zesivumelwano ezithatha isikhathi eside, ukuncishiswa kwempumelelo, ngisho nokuntengantenga ezinkonzweni zomphakathi ezibucayi. Ngokuhlukile, ukuhlangana kwezinhlangano ezihlangene ezihlangeneyo kungaholela ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezintsha, ekuthuthukiseni izivumelwano zezisebenzi, futhi kuthengenwe imali eseleni isikhathi eside.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yabaphathi Bombuso Embusweni Wobumbano

Abaqondisi bezwe — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangababusi, abaholi bezinkampani, noma abaqondisi bemisebenzi abamisiwe — bathwala iqoqo lemithwalo yemfanelo ecacile lapho besebenza ngemisebenzi ehleliwe. Lemisebenzi ayiyona eyentandokazi; igcinwe emyalelweni, esibonelweni, nasemaqinisweni asebenzayo okuqhuba inkampani kahulumeni.

Izivumelwano Zokuhlanganisa

Isibopho esibonakalayo kakhulu nesinemiphumela yesivumelwano esihlangene (CBAs) nezinhlangano. Lamaphepha agunyaza ngokomthetho alawula iholo, iminikelo yempesheni, imishwana yempesheni, imithetho yemali, imithetho ethatha isikhathi eside, izinqubo zomsebenzi, nezinqubo zokukhala. I-CBA eyodwa ingathinta amashumi ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi futhi ilahlekise isifunda sezinkulungwane zezigidi zeminyaka yayo. Izikhulu kumelwe zingene ezingxoxweni ngokuqonda ngokucacile izindleko zemali kahulumeni, izilinganiso zemali, izikweleti, nombono wezomnotho. Zidinga futhi ukuqaphela iziza kuqala zenyunyana — ngokuvamile zisho izindleko ezingu-669 zezinguquko eziphilayo, ukulondeka, ukulondeka nokuvikelwa kwemisebenzi. Ikhono eligcwele ukuvikela. I-Skingled negoatortortorssss isebenzisa iziphakathilo ezibonisa ukuthethelela, njengokuqhathanisa ukukhokhwaza kwemali yemali ye-pancredium.

Izingxoxo zezeluleko azivamile ukuzenzekela ngokuzihlukanisa. Izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zisebenzelane nabaholi bomthetho abalawula iziphakamiso zemithetho futhi bangase babe nezinqumo zabo zezombangazwe. Kwezinye izifundazwe, ihhovisi lombusi liqondisa ngokuqondile ukuhlelwa kwezindleko, kuyilapho kwezinye izibhodi ezizimele zobudlelwane bezisebenzi zimisa imithetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isakhiwo, ikhono lomphathi lokwakha ukuvumelana emagatsheni ahlukene linzima. I-CBA exazululwe kabi ingasiphazamisa isimo iminyaka eminingi — ukuvala izindleko ezingalawuleki noma ukusungula imithetho eqinile evimbela ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi.

Ukulungiselela Izindlela Zokuhlela Nokuhlela

Ngisho ne-CBA engcono kakhulu ayinakulindela zonke izingxabano emsebenzini. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zinomthwalo wokumisa izinqubo ezilungile zokukhalala ezivumela izisebenzi ukuba zigxeke ukujeziswa kwemithetho, ukuchazwa kwesivumelwano, noma izimo ezingalondekile. Uma izikhalo zikhula ngaphezu kwesinqumo sangaphakathi, ngokuvamile ziyaqhubeka zibopha izintambo. Izikhulu kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni unikeza amacala aqinile, adinga ukubhalwa okuphelele, ukusetshenziswa okungaguquguquki kwenqubo, nokuqeqeshelwa abaphathi nabaphathi. Izikhalo ezingafanele ziqeda ukwethenjwa futhi zingaholela ekubiziseni ukukhokha amaza noma iziyalezo zenkantolo.

Ngaphezu kokusingatha isikhalo esingokomthetho, izikhulu zikahulumeni ezithuthukayo zitshala imali ezinqunyweni zokuqala zokuxazulula izimpikiswano. Ukuhlanganisa, amakomiti asebenza ndawonye, kanye namakomiti asebenza ngokubambisana “ehholo lomphakathi” kanye nemihlangano evamile phakathi kwabameleli benyunyana namanxusa amaqembu kungadambisa izingxabano ngaphambi kokuba babe izikhalo ezingokomthetho.

Ukuvumelana Nemithetho Yezisebenzi Nemithetho

Abaphathi bezwe kumelwe basebenzise imithetho ehlukahlukene yezisebenzi, kuhlanganise neNational Labor Relations Act (NLRA) ukuze bafune iziqu zomthetho ezizimele, kodwa izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinzima kakhulu zilawula izinhlangano zomphakathi ezihlangene. Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza amalungelo ahlukene okuhlelwa, kuyilapho ezinye zilinganisela iholo nezinzuzo ekubekeni imithetho yemithetho. Izikhulu kumelwe zihlale zikhona enkantolo ehlobene nezomthetho othintanayo, ukubusa, nokususa izincazelo ezingokomthetho ezindabeni ezinjengenhlanganisela iminikelo efanelekile, umsebenzi wezombangazwe, kanye nelungelo lokuhlasela. I-Noncolliance ingaphumela ekusebenziseni izikhalo zemisebenzi engafanele, iziqondiso zezemisebenzi emishayeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho kahulumeni enjengeFair Labor Standard Act (FLSA) neFamily and Medical Let Act (FMLA) ihlangana ne - CBA ihlangene nezimiso zokulalela, idala izihibe. Iqembu lomphathi wezwe elingokomthetho — ngokuvamile elibekwe ehhovisi lommeli jikelele — linikeza isiqondiso, kodwa umphathi kumelwe asekele impucuko yokuqapha okungokomthetho kuyo yonke inkampani.

Ukuma Okungokomthetho Nokungokombangazwe Kwezinhlangano Zezisebenzi Zomphakathi

Imithetho Yezisebenzi Zomsebenzi Kazwelonke NoMbuso

Isimiso esingokomthetho sezinhlangano zezisebenzi zikahulumeni sihluka kakhulu eUnited States. Cishe engxenyeni yezifundazwe, ukuthengiselana kwelungelo elingokomthetho okungenani izisebenzi ezithile zomphakathi. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zalinganisela noma zangahlela imithetho, zishiya ubuhlobo benyunyana kuzingxoxo zesikhashana noma iziyalezo zezikhulu. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, njengaye Janus v. AFSCME[[FLT] [208] [208]), ziye zalungisa kabusha izakhiwo ngokuvimbela izimali zesibopho senyunyana ngokuvimbela izimali zezinhlangano ezingamalungu angengama-666 eqenjini, iphoqelela ukusebenza ngaphansi kwesibonelo somsebenzi ophansi ezizweni zonke. Izinhlangano zezwe kumelwe ziqonde indlela [FFLT] [FFFF], futhi zinciphe izinhlangano zezimali ezisekela kakhulu kwemindebelo yeNhlangano yezentengo yokuzithandela.

Imithetho eqondile inezela olunye ungqimba lobunkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Meyers à Miliasn Brown Act yaseCalifornia imisa izinqubo eziningiliziwe zokufuna nokukhipha isinqumo, kuyilapho izifunda-zwe njengeTexas neGeorgia zivimbela ukuthengiselana kwezisebenzi eziningi zomphakathi. Izikhulu eziphethe ezisezindaweni ezinamalungelo amaningi athengiseneyo kumelwe zilawule izinyunyana eziningi — ngezinye izikhathi eziningi — ngasinye sinezivumelwano ezihlukene nezinsuku eziphelayo. Ezizweni ezingenamalungelo angokwesivumelwano, izikhulu zingasengangeneli “et [“ i-metāandāmnerlaser , ” NW], okudinga ukuba kukhulu kwamakhono afana nezingxoxo ezingokomthetho.

Ithonya Lezombangazwe Nombono Womphakathi

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zisebenza edobeni. Zonke izivumelwano zinikeza, zonke izikhalo, zonke izikhalo mayelana nezinyunyana zihlolwa yimithombo yezindaba, isishaya-mthetho, amaqembu enzalo, nomphakathi wokuvota. Ohulumeni abakhona ukuze bakhethe kabusha bangase bathathe izimemezelo ezinzima zokunxusa abamelene nezindawo zokuxhumana noma abameleli bezindawo zokukhokha izikhundla zokugunyaza ukugunyazwa kwemisebenzi. Izikhulu ze-agency ezimiswe umbusi onenzondo zingazithola zibambeke phakathi kwezicelo zenyunyana nemithetho yezombangazwe. Umbono womphakathi futhi ufeza indima ethile — ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo konogadali bejele noma othisha bangafaka u-Rofficel nomphathi bezenzi bemishipuke ukuba bashintshe indlela.

Lengcindezi yezombangazwe idinga abaphathi bezomthetho ukuze baxhumane ngokuphumelelayo. Kumelwe bachaze ukuhluzeka kwezivumelwano ngolimi olucacile, bathethelele ukuchithwa noma ukuvunyelwana kwemithetho engokomthetho, futhi balawule umbono womphakathi ngemisebenzi yenyunyana. Inhlekelele — njengokushaywa izikhulu zokujezisa noma ukukhubazeka okugulayo okubangelwa izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle — ifuna ukukhulumisana okusheshayo nokusobala ukuze kulondolozwe ukwethenjwa umphakathi.

Izinselele Ezivamile Nendlela Abaqondisi Abazinqoba Ngayo

Izinombolo Zokuhlela Nokusebenzisa Imali

Mhlawumbe inselele engapheli ikhona ukungezwani phakathi kwemali efunwa izisebenzi nemali elinganiselwe yombuso. Ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho, inzuzo elinganiselwe, kanye nezikwehliswa zemali ehhala ezingekhoyo ngokuvamile kuphoqelela abaqondisi ukuba bafune imvume — iholo elibandayo, izingxoxo ezandayo zezisebenzi ngemishwane yempilo, noma ukunciphisa amazinga ezisebenzi. Izinhlangano ngokwemvelo zimelana nalokhu kuxekelelwa, futhi ukuhluleka okuholayo okubangelwa yimali kungaholela ekuhlaseleni, ukugula, noma ukubiza imali eshibhidileyo. Izikhulu zivame ukuxoxa ngezindaba eziphathelene nezokusebenza. Ziveza izigijikishi zeminyaka eminingana futhi zinikeza imiholo encinyaneni encinyaneni yezentengo yezelo yomsebenzi eqinile, noma umbhangqwana owenziwa ngokuqeqeshwa kwemali egciniwe ephephile nokuphepha.

Izikhulu eziphumelelayo zisebenzisa futhi “izindlela zokuthengiselana ezisekelwe ku-”. Esikhundleni sokuthengiselana (izinga elingu 2% vs. zinikeza 0%), zihlola izithakazelo eziyisisekelo — inani lenyunyana elibikezelwa kusengaphambili nokulunga; izikhulu zibiza ukuvumelana nokulawula. Amakhambi okudala aphuma, njengamachibi asekelwe ekukhokheni, ahlanganyela imali egciniwe encishisiwe empilweni enciphileni encishisiwe, noma emakomitini okuphepha abonisa intuthuko yomsebenzi.

Ukuvumelana Okuhlukahlukene

Izwe livame ukuncintisana ngamaqoqo amaningi amelela imisebenzi ehlukahlukene — othisha, abahlengikazi, onjiniyela, izisebenzi zasemgwaqweni, izisebenzi zokuphatha, nezinye eziningi. Inyunyana ngayinye inezinhlelo zayo, ukuhola, nomjikelezo wesivumelwano. Ukuhlanganisa imishini eminingi ye-ocessingss futhi kungaholela ekuhlukaniseni, nenyunyana eyodwa ebeke indinganiso kwabanye. Abaqondisi bayakwazi lokhu ngokumisa izimiso ezicacile kanye neziketishi ekukhuleni okuphelele. Basebenzisa futhi ukuvumelana, lapho isivumelwano se-project sisebenza khona phakathi kwezindawo ezifanayo, ngokulungisa izimo ezikhethekile zokusebenza. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zemali futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu ezisebenzi ahlukene asebenza kahle.

Incazelo Yomphakathi: Imingcele Nezinkonzo Ezibalulekile

Izisebenzi eziningi zikahulumeni zenqatshelwe ukushaya — imingcele esekelwe ekuqhubekeni kwezinkonzo zomphakathi. Nokho, izinyunyana zithola ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa ukucindezela: ukusebenza kwempoqo, ukushaya izingcingo ezigulayo, noma ukunxusa isishaya-mthetho ukuba sixhase izimali ezingcono. Abaqondisi kumelwe babheke lamacebo futhi balungiselele amasu avumelanayo, anjengabaphathi abaqeqeshela ukwenza imisebenzi yangaphambili noma ukwenza izivumelwano zomthetho wombuso kanye nezinye izifunda. Ngalesosikhathi, kumelwe bahloniphe ilungelo lenhlangano lokuziphindiselela nokugwema izenzo ezingabonwa njengempindezelo elungile. Indlela eqinile yokunikeza umsebenzi obalulekile, ehambisana nezingxoxo ezifanelekile — ilondoloza ukuqina.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuphathwa Kwe - Union Ephumelelayo

Ukuxhumana okubonisa ngale

Ukukhulumisana okuqotho njalo, kuyindlela yokuhlangana kwenyunyana esebenzayo. Izikhulu kufanele zihlangane nabaholi benyunyana ngaphandle kokuhlongoza okungokomthetho ukuze baxoxe ngezindaba ezisebenzayo, izinguquko zenqubo ezayo, kanye nezikhalo zezisebenzi. Le mihlangano yakha ukwethembana futhi ivimbela izinkinga ezincane ukuba zikhule. Ukubonisa ngokukhululekile kusho futhi ukuhlanganyela imininingwane yezimali — izibikezelo zemali, ukubiza abashayeli, kanye nokulinganisela okusemqoka ekuhlolweni kokuphatha. Uma izinyunyana ziqonda ukuthi imingcele, zithambekele kakhulu ekutholeni izikhundla ezingokoqobo.

Ukuxhumana Ngemininingwane

Ukusebenzelana kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni kwanamuhla kuxhomeke kakhulu ekusebenziseni inzuzo. Abaqondisi bezomthetho kumelwe bakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa kwamanje nokungokomlando ngembuyiselo, izinzuzo, isikhathi esengeziwe, ukuthatha indawo engaphandle, nokuphepha emsebenzini. Amathuluzi okulingisa amafektha angalingisa izindleko zezivumelwano ezihlukene, njengokuthuthukisa inzuzo yabanikazi bemali yempesheni noma amasuntswana empilo. Ukunikeza le mininingwane etafuleni elitheneyo kushintsha ingxoxo ngokombono oqondile. Kusiza futhi abaphathi benyunyana abamelene nezivumelwano eziphikisanayo ezingasekelwe ngokobufakazi obungokwezimo.

Ukwakha Ubuhlobo Obunamandla

Ilinde kuze kube yilapho isivumelwano siphela ukuhlangana nezinyunyana kuyindlela yokuhlanganisa izingxabano. Abaqondisi abasebenzayo bahlakulela ukuhlangana unyaka wonke. Bahlanganyela emihlanganweni yenyunyana, bahlanganyele kumakomiti okuphatha izisebenzi, futhi baqaphele iminikelo yenyunyana ekuthuthukiseni inkonzo. Bafaka imali ekuqeqesheni abaphathi nezisebenzi ze HR ekhonweni lobuhlobo bezisebenzi, kuhlanganise nendlela yokubhala izimpikiswano zomsebenzi nokusabela ngokufanelekile ezikhalazweni. Ubuhlobo obuqinile abusho ukuthi ukuvumelana nezicelo zenyunyana ngayinye, kodwa busho ukuphatha abameleli benhlangano njengababambi bemishuwalensela kunokuba baphane.

Ikusasa Lezisebenzi ZikaHulumeni

Izwe lobungani bezindawo zomphakathi liyashintsha. Isinqumo saphoqelela izinyunyana ukuba zisebenze kanzima ukuze zigcine amalungu, kuholele ekuhleleni izinto eziningi nasemalungwini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunyuka kwemisebenzi, i-autom, nenye indlela yokuhambisa inkonzo (njengemifelandawo eyimfihlo) iveza izinselele ezintsha. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zilindele ukuthi lemicikilisho izoyithinta kanjani inyunyana. Ngokwesibonelo, amalungiselelo akude omsebenzi aye aba impikiswano enkulu engokwenzuzo — funa isiqinisekiso sokuthi imishini iyaqhubeka, kuyilapho abaphathi bekhathalela ukuthi i-eactive comstion, umkhiqizo, nokukhuphuzwa kwempucuko yenhlangano.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha kwezizukulwane zezisebenzi kusho ukuthi izisebenzi ezisencane zingase zibe namathemba angafani ngokulinganisela komsebenzi, ukuhlukahlukahluka kwezindlela zokuphila, nobulungisa bezenhlalo. Ama - Union azivumelanisa nalokhu kulindelwe ayohlala efanelekile; lawo angaboni ukuthi amalungu ayancipha. izikhulu zikahulumeni ezihileleka ezindabeni ezintsha — njengezimiso zokuhamba ezingabonakali ngesimo sezulu noma ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela ukuze kuqhubeke kahle — ayokwazi ukuxoxa kangcono ngezivumelwano ezidinga ngempela.

Ekugcineni, indima yabaqondisi bezikhulu zikahulumeni ekuqondiseni izinyunyana zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ayiyona into engenakuguquguquka. Kudinga ukufunda okuqhubekayo, ukuqapha kwezombangazwe, kanye nendlela eqondile yokuxazulula izinkinga zobungane. Ngokumisa kuqala izingxoxo ezilungile, ukuvumelana, nokuxhumana okusobala, izikhulu zikahulumeni zingakha ubuhlobo bezisebenzi ezisekela izisebenzi eziphakeme zomphakathi kanye nemiphakathi eziyisebenzisayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo eqenjini lomphakathi oncintisana nomthetho, bheka NLRB] iziqondiso zokuhlela ubuhlobo bomphakathi bezisebenzi. I-National Conference of State Legistratures inikeza ukucubungula kwamalungelo ezwe [[[FLT:]]. Ukuhlaziywa kwezesivumelwano sezemisebenzi [[FLT:]] Janus[[[FLT:]'isinqumo kanye nemiphumela yaso kuvela [[FLT] ku-20] kusuka ku-[FLT] i-Economicromes mentation.[FFF] Izivumelwano zemisebenzi yombuso [[FLT] [FF]] [FUF].[11]