Umqondo wokwahlukana kwemibuso usekelwe ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni wase-United States. Iqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa eliba namandla kakhulu, kanjalo livikele inkululeko namalungelo ezakhamuzi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici eziyinhloko zokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, umsuka wayo ongokomlando, indlela esebenza ngayo, kanye nezici zayo zentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Kuyini Ukuhlukana Kwamandla?

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubhekisela ekuhlukanisweni kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni ibe amagatsha ahlukene ukuze kuvinjelwe noma yiliphi igatsha ekusebenziseni imisebenzi eyinhloko yelinye igatsha.

  • [[I-FLT:0] Igatsha elisemthethweni[[QTL:1] – yenza imithetho
  • [[Igatsha:0] Igatsha elisebenzayo[[QT] – imithetho ephoqelelayo
  • Igatsha le-Judicial[ – ichaza imithetho

Lesi sakhiwo saklanywa ngamabomu amaFramers oMthetho-sisekelo ukuze sivimbele ukufakwa kwamandla ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani. UJames Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uYise woMthetho-sisekelo, wabhala kabanzi ngesidingo seminyango ehlukene ku Federali uNo. 51. Waphikisa ngokuthi "umthetho kumelwe wenziwe ukuze kulwiswe ukuvelela" – okusho ukuthi igatsha ngalinye kufanele libe namandla anele okuhlola abanye.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yokuhlukana Kwamandla

Lomqondo awusungulwanga ngabasunguli. Isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi uMontesquieu, emsebenzini wakhe ka 1748 Umoya woMthetho [, ulwelwele ukwahlukanisa igunya lezombangazwe libe yizishayamthetho, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela. Isimiso saseBrithani ngalesosikhathi sasinendawo ehlukene, kodwa iNkosi yayisabusa kakhulu phezu kwePhalamende nezinkantolo. Amakoloni aseMelika, njengoba ayethole ukuphambana kwenkosi, ayezimisele ukwakha isimiso lapho amandla ayeqhephukile khona.

EMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo ka - 1787, izihambeli zaphikisana ngendlela yokwakha uhulumeni omusha wesizwe. i-Virginia Plan yahlongoza uhulumeni onamandla onamagatsha amathathu, kuyilapho i-New Jersey Plan yakhetha igunya elinamandla elinamandla kunawo wonke. Ukwephulwa ekugcineni kwakuwuMthetho - sisekelo njengoba sazi, ngeZiphakamiso I, II, no III ekwakheni amagatsha amathathu futhi ibala amandla awo.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: ISiphakamiso I

Igatsha lomthetho limiswa yiSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo. Sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho futhi sakhiwa izindlu ezimbili: iSigele neNdlu yabameleli. Sihlangene, sibumba i-United States Congress.

Ukwakheka Komkhandlu

Ingqungquthela inezigaba:

  • I-senate:[ ihlanganisiwe ngama-senator ayikhulu, amabili asuka esifundazweni ngasinye, asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha. ISigele sasiklanyelwe ukumelela izithakazelo zezimo ngokulinganayo.
  • Indlu yabameleli: Yakhiwa ngabameleli abangu-435, nenombolo evela esifundeni ngasinye esekelwe emphakathini waso, isebenza amagama athatha iminyaka emibili. Indlu yayihloselwe ukuba isondele kubantu.

Amandla Omkhandlu

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza iSishaya - mthetho esiqondile esibalwe esiphakameni I, Ingxenye 8.

  • Ukuphoqelela Nokuvota Umthetho
  • Ukumemezela impi
  • Izentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle
  • Ukulawula imali nentela kahulumeni
  • Ukukhulisa nokusekela amabutho nebutho lasolwandle
  • Ukwakha amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo
  • Ukukha izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi

UKhongolose futhi uye wasikisela amandla nge-Fanect Clause, eyivumela ukuba idlulisele imithetho edingekayo ukuze kukhishwe amandla ayo adwetshwe.

Ukulinganiselwa Komhlangano

UMthetho-sisekelo uvimbela futhi iSishaya - mthetho esiseSiphakamisweni I, isiqephu 9, ngeke imise i-habeas corpus (ngaphandle kwalapho kusemdlalweni noma ekuhlaseleni), ukudlulisa izikweletu ze-has, noma ukunika izikhulu. Lemingcele iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho negatsha eliseduze kakhulu nabantu alikwazi ukugxambukela emalungelweni ayisisekelo.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Isihloko II

Igatsha eliphethe limiswa yiSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo. Sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho futhi siholwa uMongameli wase-United States, osebenzisa igama elithatha iminyaka emine futhi angaphinde akhethwe ngenye futhi inombolo eyodwa (njengoba ilinganiselwe yiSichibiyelo sama-22).

Indima KaMongameli

UMongameli unendima eziningana eziyinhloko, ezihlanganisa:

  • Isiyaluza-in-Chief samabutho ahlomile, negunya lokuqondisa imisebenzi yezempi
  • I-compant , enomthwalo wemfanelo wobuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe, izivumelwano zokuhlobana (ngemvume yeSigele), kanye nokumisa amanxusa
  • umphathi we-Cheef, eqondisa i-compative central kanye nemithetho eqinisekisayo ikhishwa ngokwethembeka
  • [ Umholi wezentengiselwano, ethonya ukwenza umthetho ngekheli leZwe le-Union, amandla, ne-odar ye-athoric
  • Ukuphelela kwezwe[, okumelela isizwe ngezenzakalo zemikhosi

Izinhlangano Eziphethe Nemibuso Yesifundazwe

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi zisebenza ngaphansi kwegatsha eliphethe, ngalinye linomthwalo wemfanelo wezindawo ezithile ezingokomthetho. Iminyango eyisihluthulelo ihlanganisa:

  • Umnyango Wezokuvikela
  • UMnyango Wemfundo
  • UMnyango Wempilo Nezinkonzo Zabantu
  • UMnyango Wobulungisa
  • Umnyango Wezwe
  • UMnyango Wezimali

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ezizimele ezinjenge - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), i - Federal Reserve, ne - Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) zingaphansi kwegatsha eliphethe kodwa zisebenza ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okuzibusa. Ukwanda kwesifundazwe sokuqondisa kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngezithunywa zegunya lokulawula ezinhlanganweni eziphethe — isihloko senkulumo - mpikiswano eqhubekayo engokomthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: ISiphakamiso III

Igatsha lokwahlulela limiswa yi-Athis III yoMthetho-sisekelo. Lichaza imithetho futhi liphethe ubulungisa. LineNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi.

Izakhiwo Ze - Federal Judiciary

Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlanganisa:

  • Inkantolo yezembuyiselo: Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni, ehlanganisa amajaji ayisishiyagalolunye (kuhlanganise noMahluleli Oyinhloko) omiswe nguMongameli ngesiqinisekiso seSigele. Ukuphila kwaklanyelwe ukuvikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.
  • Izifunda zezokudlulisa izikhalo (Izinkantolo zesifunda): izikweleti eziyi 13 ezizwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda. Ziyizinga eliphakathi.
  • Izinkantolo zesifunda:[ izigodi zokwahlulela ezingu-94 ezisebenza njengezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwamacala kahulumeni. Umbuso ngamunye unenkantolo yesifunda okungenani eyodwa.

Imisebenzi Yegatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lenza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile:

  • Ukuhumusha uMthetho - sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni
  • Ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe
  • Ukubukeza ukufaneleka kwemithetho nezenzo zezikhulu (ukubukezwa kwemithetho)
  • Ukuqulwa kwamacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, nokuphatha ngempoqo
  • Izenzakalo ezinqumayo lapho uhulumeni waseU.S. uwumcimbi khona

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela amiswa ecaleni eliyingqophamlando Madison v (1803). Kulesosinqumo, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuthi "kuyisifundazwe esiqinile nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini." Lokhu kwanika izinkantolo igunya lokushaya imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso kukodwa ngeke kwanele ukuvimbela ubushiqela; amaFrame akhiwa futhi esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Lokhu kuyizindlela ezivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba linciphise amandla amanye. UJames Madison wachaza lokhu ku- Fedalist No. 51 [ukunikeza igatsha ngalinye "indlela yomthetho-mfashoshaphansi nezisusa zomuntu siqu zokumelana nokungezwani kwezinye izithakatho.""

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

  • Dlova amavetoe kamongameli ngevoti yama-2/3 kuwo womabili amagumbi
  • U - Biston umise umongameli (Ubiza iningi lamalungu ekhabethe, amanxusa namajaji)
  • Izivumelwano zeRafenig (Hlolela amavoti amabili-3)
  • Ukukhipha uMongameli nezinye izikhulu
  • Lawula indlela ohlela ngayo imali – nquma ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani
  • Hlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe ngokulalela

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Icala

  • Umthetho weVeto omiswe uMkhandlu (IziKhongolo zingawuqeda)
  • Cela uKhongolo
  • Isicelo somthetho ngekheli le-State of the Union
  • Izikhulu zezokukhipha iziyalezo zokuqondisa indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo
  • Yenqaba ukusebenzisa imali evunyelwe uMkhandlu (ukuncishiswa kwemali – nakuba ilinganiselwe uMthetho Wokulawula Impondoment ka - 1974)

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amanye Amagatsha

  • Nikeza imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingekho emthethweni (ukubukeza okungokwesiko)
  • Bukeza ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo wezinqumo zenkantolo ephansi zokudlulisa icala
  • Ukuqonda incazelo yemithetho lapho kuphakama izingxabano
  • Ukuvikeleka komongameli emacaleni athile kulinganiselwe yizinqumo zokwahlulela

Amasheke Esibhakabhakeni

  • UMkhandlu ungashintsha inani lokwahlulela noma umise izinkantolo ezincane
  • Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni (nesiqinisekiso seSigele)
  • ISishaya - mthetho singakhipha amajaji angokomthetho
  • UKhongolose angaveza izinguquko ezizothathwa umthetho - sisekelo ukuze kugumbuqelwe izinqumo zenkantolo
  • Izindikimba ezishaya umthetho zingashintsha umthetho uma iNkantolo ichaza umthetho ngendlela engavumelaniyo

Ubudlelwane Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isimiso se-U.S. sinolunye ungqimba: uhulumeni wezwe. Amandla futhi ahlukaniswa phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho - sisekelo wawo ngamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, ulingisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seshumi seSichibiyelo sibhekiswe ezindaweni noma kubantu noma kunoma yimiphi imibuso engaphathiswanga i-United States uMthetho-sisekelo.

Lokhu kubusa okumbaxambili kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi zingaphansi kwayo kokubili imithetho kahulumeni nombuso. Ukuphikisana ngemingcele yamandla kahulumeni kuye kwavamile kuwo wonke umlando, kusukela kuyiNkathi Yokuhlanganisa iNyullitiation in oma - 1830 kuya ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla ngokuphathelene nokunakekelwa kwempilo, ukulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile, nenqubo yemfundo.

Amacala Abalulekile ENkantolo Ephakeme Ngokuhlukana Kwamandla

INkantolo Ephakeme ikhiphe izinqumo eziningi ezichaza imingcele phakathi kwamagatsha. Amacala abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • [FLT]] Marbury v. Madison (1803): emisiwe ukubukeza kokwahlulela - amandla ezinkantolo okushaya imithetho engahleliwe.
  • Intsha ehamba phambili makhasini e Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952): amandla omongameli alinganiselwe, ebusa ukuthi uMongameli Truman akakwazanga ukuthatha izigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea ngaphandle kokugunyazwa.
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixon [19974]): ukusho kukaMongameli uNixon ilungelo eliphelele lokulawula, kumphoqelela ukuba aphendule amakhasethi e-Watergate.
  • INS v. Chasha (19983): Inqanda i-pactistion sespected se-veto njengokwephula umthetho wokuhlukanisa amagunya, ibusa ukuthi uMkhandlu awunakukwazi ukuthatha izenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle kokudlulisa umthetho.
  • [FLT][1] Clinton v. City of New York isuse umugqa-uhlamvuveto, iphethe ukuthi iphule u-Claus weSiphakamiso I.
  • [FLT]Boumediene v. Bush (2008): I-Ultbeas corpus malungelo ababambeli eGuantamo Bay, ilinganisela amandla ezikhulu ne-coration.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zanamuhla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesimiso semibuso akuyona into ehlala ndawonye; ibhekana nezinselele eziqhubekayo.

Ukuhleleka Kweqembu Eliphethe Nesenzo Esingekho

Abaholi baye basebenzisa kakhulu iziyalezo zezikhulu zokudlulisa iziKhongolo lapho umthetho uvinjelwa. Abagxeki baphikisa lokhu bethi kuwukusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kwamandla okulawula ukuphoqelela imithetho ekhona. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezikhulu kuye kwakhula futhi kwathatha indawo kuwo wonke umlando, namongameli abanjengoFranklin D. Roosevelt, uGeorge W. Bush, noBarack Obama bebhekene nokugxekwa yiSishaya-mthetho.

Umbuso Ophethe Nemfundiso Yokungathembekile

Izihambeli ze-Congress zivame ukuphatha izinhlangano eziphethe njenge-EPA, i-OSHA, ne-FC. Ezinye izazi nabahluleli baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuphula ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangano zisebenzisa umthetho, iziphathi, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela zihlangene. Imfundiso engagunyazi, ethi uKhongolo lungakwazi ukumisa amandla ayo okulawula, iye yaphelelwa amandla kakhulu emashumini eminyaka kodwa yabona ukuvuselelwa emacaleni amuva eNkantolo Ephakeme Goundy v. United States (20:9) kanye ne[FLT] ye-Virginia. [FLT] i-EPA Virginia.[2][2][2][2][2]

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Izimpikiswano ngendima efanele yejaji ngokuvamile zigxile ekutheni izinkantolo kufanele zilalele amagatsha ezombangazwe. Abagxeki bezenzo zokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele achaze uMthetho-sisekelo njengoba ulotshiwe, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zivumelanise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimo zanamuhla. Izimpi zokugunyazwa ezinkantolo eziPhakeme ziveza ukuhlukana okujulile kulendaba.

Ijubane Lesisekelo Sesigebengu

Imfuneko yokuqinisekiswa kweSigele sokumisa abaqondisi nokwahlulela iye yaholela ekuvuselelweni kwezimpi zokulwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-filbuster kanye "ukuqinisekisa ama-minee" ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokumisa i-compul kushintshe amandla. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lesi simiso sesiye sazinza kakhulu, kulimaza ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo kwamagatsha aphethe nahluleli.

Amandla Empi Nokusetshenziswa Kwamabutho Empi

I-War Powers Resolution ka-1973 yamiswa ukuze ihlole igunya lomongameli lokuthatha amabutho e-U.S. ukuba alwe ngaphandle kwemvume yoku-organisa. Nokho, amongameli bazo zombili izigaba baye baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho uphazamisa indima yabo engokomthetho njengoMkhuzi we-Chief. Umphumela uye waba ukungenela okuphikelelayo kwempi, kusukela eVietnam kuya e-Libya kuya e-Siriya.

Okwenza Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke Namuhla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubalulekile ekulondolozeni idemokrasi nasekuvikeleni amalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awagxili egatsheni elilodwa, kukhuthaza ukulandisa nokubona. Nazi izizathu eziyinhloko ezenza lesi simiso sihlale sibalulekile:

  • ucindezela uhulumeni: ngokusakaza amandla, akukho muntu oyedwa noma iqembu elingabusa uhulumeni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Icebo lokucabanga:[ Amagatsha ahlukene kumelwe asebenze ndawonye, anciphise isenzo sokuxhamazela nengxoxo ekhuthazayo.
  • Ivikela amalungelo amancane: Ijaji lingahlola ukweqisa kwenkululeko eyisisekelo.
  • Ukulandisa ukulandisa: Igatsha ngalinye lingahlola futhi lidalule ububi kwamanye amagatsha.
  • igcina umthetho:[ Akukho gatsha elingaphezulu komthetho; lonke kumelwe lisebenze phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuqonda ukwahlukana kwemibuso kubalulekile ekuqapheleni indlela uhulumeni wase-U.S. osebenza ngayo. Liyitshe eliyinhloko lentando yeningi yaseMelika, eliklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko yezakhamuzi zayo kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi akukho gatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu. Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, ukuhlola imithombo yezomthetho wesizwe eMnyango we-, , [FLT]] Chonet.v, kanye newebhusayithi yeNkathi yeNkantolo yeze-Curt [[FLT:]]

Isiphetho

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona nje inkolelo-lwazi engekho ngokomthetho-sisekelo; kuyisimiso esiphilayo esilawula zonke izinqumo ezinkulu zezombangazwe nezezomthetho e-United States. Kusukela kumahholo eSishayamthetho ukuya eWhite House ukuya eNkantolo Ephakeme, ukudlala phakathi kwamagatsha kuchaza indlela isizwe esizibusa ngayo. Njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lesimiso kusinika amandla okugcina uhulumeni wethu ulandisa futhi siqaphele ukulinganisela okungazenzisi esizinika inkululeko yethu. AmaFrames axwayisa ngokuthi "ukuhlanganiswa kwawo wonke amandla, izikhulu, izikhulu zesizwe, nejajiji," kuyincazelo efanayo yobushiqela. Ukungagodli ngalokhu kusenza umsebenzi ohlala njalo.