Isingeniso

Kulendaba, inkulumo "Umthetho" ibhekisela kunoma imuphi umthetho obanzi oklanyelwe ukuhlela nokukhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo emphakathini ekubuseni. Nakuba amagama akhethekile ehluka ezweni `njenge-"Public Paratiation Act" e-South Africa, "Umthetho we-Opacialism" eUnited Kingdom, noma "Inkululeko Yolwazi Act" e-United States" ifeza injongo efanayo yokuhlanganisa amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi nohulumeni. Lemida yezindawo zisuka emahholo endawo kuya ezingqungqutheleni zomhlaba, nezinganiso ezingokomthetho ezilawulayo ezinqumayo ukuthi amaphi amazwi ezwiwa kahle, kwenziwa izinqumo, futhi kugcinwa ukulandisa. Ukuqonda indima yesenzo esinjalo ibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuphatha imingcele, futhi ububanzi bembulunga yonke. Le ngxenye yezindawo yokuhlola izihloko zezwe lonke, i-Cunigconfice yomthetho wesizwe, ibeke inse, futhi ibeke inselele inselele inselele phambili yezentengo yezezwe.

Ukuqonda Lesi Sinyathelo: Isisekelo Sokuhlanganyela

Umthetho ohlelwe kahle we-Cbic Guvision Guvision Act umisa isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuba izakhamuzi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo nohulumeni wazo. Ivame ukuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, ukunxusa izikhalo, ukunikeza ukwaziswa kukahulumeni, nokuhlanganyela ezinqumweni zomphakathi. UMthetho umisa izibopho zeziphathimandla zomphakathi: ukunyathelisa izimemezelo zezinqumo ezizayo, ukuphendula ukungenela kwesakhamuzi ngendlela efike ngesikhathi, nokwakha imishini ekwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo, ukuhlanganisa nabantu abakhubazekile, izikhulumi ezingezona, nabantu abaneziphazamiso. Ngaphandle kwalezi ziqinisekiso ezingokomthetho, izinhlangano zezezindawo zihlala zingekho emthethweni, zingekho ngokwethukela, futhi zingamukeleki ukuba zingana namuntu onegunya.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Esenzo Esiyisibonelo Sokuhlanganyela

Nakuba ingekho imithetho emibili efanayo, izenzo eziphumelela kakhulu zokuhlanganyela zihlanganisa ilungiselelo eliyinhloko. Okokuqala, zihlanganisa ukugunyazwa kokubona ngokucacile: amanxusa kahulumeni kumelwe akhiphe izinqumo zezinhlelo, imizuzu, uhlelo lokuhlela, izihlongozo zezimiso. Okwesibili, asungula izindlela ezihleliwe zomphakathi: ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, iziphetho ezibhaliwe, amakomiti ezakhamuzi, kanye nezinqumo zokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela. Okwesithathu, avikela ukuzibusa kwezinhlangano zomphakathi ngokuqinisekisa ilungelo lawo lokusebenza ngaphandle kwemithwalo yokubhalisa noma ukungenela kwezombangazwe. Okwesine, ahlanganisa izitejikijelo ezilungile zokwaziswa, azenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukucela nokuthola izincwadi zikahulumeni ezichazayo ngesikhathi. Ngo-95, ahlela izijelo zokungahambisa izikhulu ezizibondathayo.

Isici esibalulekile semisebenzi yanamuhla ukufakwa kwezindinganiso zokuhlanganyela kwemitapo. Njengoba izivumelwano zomphakathi ziqhubeka zingena kuyi - Internet, i-Act kumele ikhulume ngezindaba eziyimfihlo, ukuvikela kokwaziswa, kanye nokuvikela kwe-inthanethi ye-protocture. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi we-OECD ekuthatheni i-odic transfer transfer transfer [ iqokomisa isidingo semithetho efuna ukuba ohulumeni bathathe izinke izinketho zabo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho okhishwa yimingcele yezobuchwepheshe. I-APlatinting Act inikeza futhi imvume yokugcinwa kwemibhalo yezokuxhumana nokuvikelwa kwemininingwane yemininingwane yomuntu.

Isinyathelo Esisemibhoshongweni Yesizwe

Phakathi kwesizwe, loMthetho uguqula izimiso zentando yeningi ezingabonakali zibe yindlela eqinile. Ukwakha indawo engokomthetho yokuba izakhamuzi ziqoqe, ngamabomu, futhi zithonye. Isimiso somphakathi se-somtutuni ("Noma ihlelwe) ngokwendawo, imikhandlu yokuhlela, noma ukuqulwa kwemithetho yezwe ukuze isebenze ngokuphumelelayo. Ngaphandle kwawo, ukuthatha isinyathelo kuba indawo eqinile yokuqoqa, ukubambisana nokuncika emseni wezikhulu ngazinye.

Inkululeko Yomphakathi Ewusizo

Umphumela oshesha kakhulu we-Cbivic Guvention Act enamandla yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlola umphakathi. Amahholo edolobha awasafuni ukuzikhethela; izinhlangano kumelwe ziwagcine ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Izikhulu zezakhamuzi neziphetho zokuhlola izakhamuzi ziba amathuluzi avamile entuthuko yezimiso, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphikisanayo njengokusetshenziswa kwezwe, inguquko yemfundo, nokunakekela impilo. I-Act iqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zimpi zingezona nje ezingokomfanekiso kodwa zinethonya langempela. Ngokwesibonelo, ohulumeni abaningi bendawo manje basebenzisa izimali zokuhlela imali ngokwengxenye yemali ekhona, lapho izakhamuzi zinquma khona ngokuqondile ukusebenzisa ingxenye yemali esetshenziswayo ebhangemuva. Lokhu, ukuhlelwa komthetho e-Rolegralite, eBrazil, kusakazwe lonke ngenxa yezinqumo ezingokomthetho zokuhileleka kwezakhamuzi ezinqunyweni. [FProgimentation]

Ukuqinisa Ukulandisa Nokubona Ingaphandle

Lo Mthetho usebenza futhi njengesehlo emandleni kahulumeni. Ngokufuna ukuba izindikimba zomphakathi zinyathelise izinqumo zazo, izimali, kanye nokwaziswa komsebenzi, kunika izakhamuzi amandla okubeka icala abaholi bazo. Izintatheli ezikhokhelayo, i-og NGOs, futhi izakhamuzi ezivamile zingasebenzisa lokhu kwaziswa ukuze zibone ukonakala, ukungafezeki, noma ukungaphathi kahle. E-United States, i-Freedomment of Information Act (FOIA) iye yasetshenziswa ukudalula konke kusukela ekuphathweni kwendawo ezungezile kuya ekuqashweni ngokungafaneleki. Nakuba i-FOIA iwumthetho oqondile, iveza isimiso esibanzi: i-A Act kumelwe ihlanganise izimfuneko eziqinile zokuveza. Le ndawo e-U. Le ndawo ivula i-gradamediomergions.

Izinselele Ekugcwalisekeni Kwesizwe

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, ukufeza uMthetho we-Cbivic Guvention Act ohlwini lwesizwe kugcwele izinselele. Isithiyo esisodwa esikhulu sisebunzimeni obungokomthetho. Ngisho namaqembu angaphansi kwemithetho . "njengemiphakathi ethola imali ephansi, imiphakathi ephansi, izinhlanga ezincane, nabantu abakhubazekileyo" ngokuvamile ababhekene nemingcele yokuhlanganyela. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuntuleka kwezinto zokuhamba emihlanganweni engokoqobo, izithiyo zolimi, noma umlando wokungathembana nohulumeni. I-Act kumelwe ihambisane nezinhlelo zokuhumusha, izinkonzo ezifinyelelekayo ukuze kugcwaliseke isithembiso sayo. Enye inseleleko “yokukhathala” lapho izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi ukungenela kwazo kuqoqwe kodwa azinakali ngempela, zinganciphikiswa. Ekugcineni, izigaba ziyaqhubeka: zonke izinkonzo zokuhumusha, futhi azikho ukukhomba okungakho okunga okungakhonziwe kahle.

Isinyathelo Ezindaweni Zomphakathi

Indima yaloMthetho isuka ekubuseni izwe iye ekusebenzeni ukuhlanganisa amazwe ngamazwe. Izindawo zezizwe zomhlaba wonke zenza kube nokubambisana. − njengemihlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano yeNkathi yeNhlalo ne-World Social Forums, kanye nokunqamula i-partles (izimiso zomphakathi) ze-parline orgs ezisemthethweni eziqaphela amalungelo amaNGO, abashisekeli, nezakhamuzi zomhlaba wonke. Nakuba kungekho Mthetho womhlaba wonke, izimiso ezisekwenezezwe lonke zithonya kanjani amazwe ahlangene futhi nezinhlangano ezibusayo zembulunga yonke.

Umsebenzi Wokubambisana Kwezizwe Zonke

Ngokuvamile lo Mthetho uhlanganisa amalungiselelo asiza ukubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ungaqaphela ukuma kwe-NGOS yangaphandle ukuba isebenze phakathi kwemingcele yayo, noma unike izinhlangano zezizwe amandla okubambisana nezinhlangano zezizwe ngezizwe ezindabeni ezifana namalungelo abantu nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Izenzo eziningi zezizwe zivumela ukuba izakhamuzi zihlanganyele ngokuphandle ezivumelwaneni zezivumelwano zesivumelwano zezizwe zonke, njengangokuhlola umphakathi ngezivumelwano zezohwebo noma izivumelwano zesimo sezulu. United Nations amalungelo abantu athembele emibhalweni yezizwe, eyenziwa ukuba ikwazi ukuvikela ilungelo lokusekela izimpikiswano zezizwe ngezindaba zomhlaba.

Ukusekela Umphakathi Wabezakhamuzi Emhlabeni Wonke

I-International forums ixhomeke emphakathini wembulunga yonke ogcwele injabulo. I-Act isekela lokhu ngokuvikela amalungelo abashisekeli bokuhamba, ukuxhumana, nokwakha imifelandawonye ehlukene. Emazweni anemithetho eqinile yokuhlanganyela, i-NGO ingasebenzelana ngokukhululekile nomphakathi wezizwe zonke, ihlanganyele imininingwane, futhi isekele izindinganiso zembulunga yonke. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezindabeni ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, lapho izimiso zesizwe kumelwe zihambisane nezifiso zomhlaba wonke. I-Act ingafuna futhi ohulumeni bafaka imibiko yemikhakha yezizwe ngemisebenzi yabo yembulunga yonke, ikhuthaza ukuvumelana nemithetho yembulunga yonke. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT:] iBHANS] isibopho somphakathi wezwe lonke ihlangene nezimiso zezwe lonke [FLD] [FLD] [F:1] [e]] iqondwe ngokuqamba okungokomthetho emazweni angokwayo. Ngaphandle kwesisekelo somphakathi, isisekelo sembulunga sembulunga sembulunga sembulunga sembulunga.

Izivumelwano Zezizwe Zonke

Lo Mthetho futhi uvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zomthetho wasekhaya, obuye umise imithetho yesizwe. Izwe eliye laqinisekisa iSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo esizwe e-Political Covil and Political (ICCPR) kumelwe liqinisekise imithetho yalo yasekhaya ehambisana nezimfuneko zesivumelwano zomhlangano, inhlangano, nokuhlanganyela. Isivumelwano ngokuvamile sisebenza njengomthetho wokusebenzisa izivumelwano ezinjalo, ukuguqula izindinganiso zembulunga yonke zibe imithetho yesizwe ephoqelelwayo. Lokhu kwakha indiva indiva: imigaqo yezizwe zonke ephakamisa imingcele yengxenye yesizwe, futhi ukumiswa kwezizwe kuqinisa umphakathi wembulunga yonke. Isibonelo, [[FLT:] ICPCP] iqinisekisa ilungelo lezizwe zonke lokuthatha ingxenye yezezindaba zezezindaba zezizwe. Izenzo zezesizwe ezinikeza ukuhlanganisa lokhu ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa impumelelo kwezezenhlalakahle zezizwe ngezindawo zezizwe ngezindawo zezizwe ngezindawo zezizwe ngezindawo zezizwe ezisekela imibuso zezizwe ezisembuluko.

Ukulinganisa Imiphumela Nezinselele

Ukuhlolwa kwangempela kwanoma yimuphi uMthetho we-CBIC Guvision Guvention umphumela wawo ekuncipheni kwezinga ledemokrasi ne-athority. Ukulinganisela kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa kunezikhombo eziningi ezivame ukusetshenziswa: umvoti, inani lokuhlola komphakathi, amaphesenti ezihlongozo zezakhamuzi eziqashweyo, ukuncishiswa kwenkohlakalo, nokuthuthukiswa kokuthemba umphakathi. Ukuhlolwa kuye kwabonisa ukuthi amazwe anemithetho eqinile yokuhlanganyela athambekele ekwanelisekeni okukhulu nohulumeni nezimiso ezisabela ngokwengeziwe. Nokho, ithonya alikho elizenzekelayo. I-Act kumelwe ukuba ihambisane nempucuko efuna ukuhlanganyela futhi izinhlangano ezizimisele ukuhlanganyela. Izinselele eziningi eziphikelelayokutshelwa ukuveza ukuphumelela koMthetho.

Ukusondelana Nokumelela

Enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-computer amelela ngempela ukuhlukahluka komphakathi. Ngokuvamile, abahlanganyeli ekuhloleni komphakathi bacebile ngokungenakulinganiswa, bafundile, futhi badala. Lo Mthetho ungagunyaza ukufinyelela amaqembu azimeleyo, kodwa ukusungula ngokuvamile kuyafinyeza. Ngokwesibonelo, izibalo zentsha, abesifazane, noma amaqoqo amancane esizwe asekomitini ezokuhlola umphakathi zingashaywa indiva ngaphandle kokuba izimiso zokuphoqelelwa ziqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imingcele enjengemithetho ye-ondidi ye-othoric noma intela yokubhalisa ingavimbela ukuthatha iqhaza phakathi kwemiphakathi yabantu abakwele. I-actal Actal iyasebenza ngempela ihlanganisa iziteshi ezisebenzayo .

Ukushintsha Izinombolo Zokuhlanganyela Kwesigqi

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha indlela esetshenziswa ngayo izinhlangano zomphakathi. Izicelo ze-Online, i-eûconsuct, namahholo asedolobheni, kunciphisa isithiyo sokuhlanganyela kodwa futhi kwandise izingozi ezintsha. UMthetho kumelwe ukhulume ngokhuseleko lwezinombolo, ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile, kanye nendawo yomuntu yezobuchwepheshe. Abanye ohulumeni baye basebenzisa amapulatifomu angokwezinombolo ukuze baqoqe ukwaziswa kwezakhamuzi ngokuzifihla ukuthi bathembisene, baphakamise amalungelo abantu. Ngakho - ke, lo Mthetho kufanele uhlanganise amalungiselelo aqinile okuvikela ukwaziswa okungasetshenziswa ngawo. Kufanele futhi kudinge ukuba i-webrom ye-interlinegial ilinganiswe ngendlela ekhanyayo, nemithetho ecacile emelene nokuhlukunyezwa umphakathi. Intuthuko yokuhlakanipha engoko kuhlola izinkulumo zezinkulungwane ze----creresstyrea area areal ukuze kuqinise ukugcinwa futhi kuvinjelwe imithetho. Imithetho elandelana iyakuchaza ukuthi ukuphatha imithetho elandela.

Ukulinganisela Inkulumo Nezingxabano

Akukho-Act engasebenza ngaphandle kwemingcele ecacile. Ama-CBIC forum ahloselwe ukuba izithuba zokuxoxa ngokuthula, kodwa futhi angaphazanyiswa yinkulumo yenzondo, ukuthululwa, noma ukugqugquzelwa kobudlova. I-Act kumelwe ithathe ukulinganisela okucophelelayo: ivikela impikiswano eqinile kuyilapho inqabela inkulumo esongela ukuphepha noma amalungelo abanye. Lokhu kubekelwe inselele kakhulu endaweni ezungezile yezokuxhumana. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi umthetho kumelwe ube sobala, ngokwesilinganiso, futhi ulwele, ngokwesibonelo, uzama ukulawula okulimaza ngaphandle kokuthatha iqhaza izivumelwano zezeluleko. Izenzo zesizwe ezifanayo kufanele zihlanganise izimiso ezifanayo: ukubeka isibopho emapulatifomuni ngenxa yokuhluleka ukunikeza okungakhokhwazwa okungokomthetho. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi umthetho kumelwe ube ngokomthetho, ububanzi, ububanzi, isigaba, futhi ukuphathwa kwe-jajile, i-owedede kuhulumeni.

Isiphetho: Indima Ehlala Njalo Yalesi Sinyathelo

I-Civic Guvention Act ihlala iyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, kokubili emazweni nakuyo yonke imingcele yomhlaba. Inikeza ukuqiniseka okungokomthetho ukuthi izakhamuzi nomphakathi kudingeka bahileleke ngokunenjongo, futhi ibeka ohulumeni icala lokulalela abantu abakhonzayo. Nokho, i-Act ayiyona incwadi eqinile. Kumelwe ishintshele ukuxazulula izinselele ezintsha. , ithonya lezembubhiso zezenhlalo, izinhlekelele zembulunga yonke ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, futhi igcine izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokukhanya, ukuthatheka nokweshendelwa phambili kwezwe. Imithetho enamandla iyodwa ayinele; kumelwe isetshenziswe ngentando yezombangazwe, iphoqelelwe ngemithetho engokomthetho, futhi ihambisane nempucuko yezenhlalakahle. Uma kwenzeka, i-Act igcwalisa isithembiso sayo: ukuzuza izakhamuzi ezingeni labo lesikhathi esizayo, esiphakathi esikhungweni somphakathini esibanzi somphakathi somphakathi somphakathi.