Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho iyinqubo abahluleli, izazi zomthetho, nezikhulu zikahulumeni abanquma ngayo incazelo nohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo wesizwe. Lomkhuba oyisisekelo uhlela indlela imithetho esungulwa ngayo, ephoqelelwa ngayo, futhi iphikiswa, ithonya ngokuqondile amalungelo nenkululeko izakhamuzi eziyijabulelayo ekuphileni kwazo kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho ngokomthetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ngokwengeziwe esimisweni sazo somthetho, uqaphele indlela izinqumo zokwahlulela ezithinta ngayo imiphakathi yazo, futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelela kakhulu eziminyeni zentando yeningi.

Umthetho - sisekelo usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe emazweni amaningi entando yeningi, umisa uhlelo lokubusa nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Nokho, imibhalo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile inezilimi nezimiso ezifuna ukuchazwa lapho kusetshenziswa ezimweni ezithile ezingokoqobo nakulezo ezikhona. Izindlela namafilosofi asetshenziswa ukuchaza le mibhalo yesisekelo inemiphumela ejulile kuwo wonke umuntu kusukela emalungelweni omphakathi kuya ekulinganiseni amandla phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni.

Uyini Umthetho - sisekelo Futhi Kungani Ubalulekile?

Umthetho - sisekelo uyisimiso sezimiso eziyisisekelo, imithetho, nezimiso ezimisiwe ezichaza isimo sikahulumeni futhi zinqume indlela izwe elibuswa ngayo. Lisebenza njengohlobo oluphakeme lomthetho phakathi kwesizwe, limisa izakhiwo nemibuso yezinhlangano zikahulumeni kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo lilinganisela lawomandla ukuze livikele amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye.

Imithetho-sisekelo inikeza uhulumeni incazelo ngokumisa indima nemithwalo yemfanelo yamagatsha ahlukene, njenge-province, isikhulu, ne-camper. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwakha isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekutholeni igunya elingaphezu kwegunya. Umthetho-sisekelo umisa ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni wesifunda noma wesifunda, ukunquma ukuthi amandla ahlukaniswa kanjani phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene okubusa.

Ngaphandle kwesimiso sikahulumeni, imithetho-sisekelo isebenza njengesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye nenkululeko. Ibala isivikelo esiqondile izakhamuzi ezinaso kunoma ubani ophathwe kabi, njengenkululeko yokuveza izimpawu, inkululeko engokwenkolo, amalungelo afanele okusebenza, nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lezi zimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zinikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho esingase siqinisekiswe lapho izenzo zikahulumeni ezisongela inkululeko yazo eyisisekelo zisongelwa uhulumeni.

Ukubaluleka komthetho-sisekelo kudlulela ngalé kwemisebenzi yawo engokomthetho. Kumelela isivumelwano sezenhlalo phakathi kukahulumeni nababuswayo, sihlanganisa izindinganiso ezihlanganyelweyo nezimiso ezihlanganisa isizwe. Amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo abonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando, izinto eziza kuqala, nokuhlehla kwezombangazwe okwaguqula ukusungulwa nokukhula kwezwe. Ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo kusho ukuqonda isisekelo kanye nezinhloso zesizwe.

Inselele Yolimi Lomthetho - sisekelo

Imibhalo yomthetho-sisekelo inikeza izinselele ezihlukile ngenxa yezici zayo ezihlukanisayo. Ngokungafani nomthetho ovamile okhuluma ngezimo ezithile ezinemiyalo eminingi, imithetho-mthetho isebenzisa ulimi olubanzi, oluvamile oluhloselwe ukubekezelela izizukulwane zonke futhi luvumelane nezimo ezishintshayo. Amagama afana "nenqubo yokuqala," "ukuphenya okungacabangeli," kanye "inkululeko yokukhuluma" imisa izimiso ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokuchaza imingcele eqondile noma izinhlelo zazo.

Lokhu kuhlanganisa kwangamabomu kufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile. Abahleli bomthetho-mthetho baqaphela ukuthi abanakukwazi ukubheka phambili yonke intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo noma yezobuchwepheshe engaphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokusebenzisa ulimi olubanzi, badala uhlelo oluvumelanayo olukwazi ukusingatha izinselele ezingalindelekile kodwa bagcine izimiso eziyisisekelo. Nokho, lokhu kuvumelana nemithetho kudinga ukuchazwa lapho kusetshenziswa amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho ezimweni ezithile.

Inkathi yomthetho-sisekelo omningi ehlanganisa izinkinga. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, wabunjwa ngo-1787, lapho izwe lizolima kakhulu, ukuxhumana kwahamba ngesivinini samahhashi, futhi ubuchwepheshe banamuhla obufana nezokuxhumana, izimoto, namacomputer babungacacisi. Ukusebenzisa imibhalo yeshumi elinesishiyagalombili yokuqala kumashumi amabili nanhlanu kudinga izisekelo ezichaza leligebe elisemqoka linezelele, kanti ngokuqondene negunya lomthetho-sisekelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulimi lomthetho-sisekelo luvame ukuveza ukuvumelana phakathi kwezithakazelo ezincintisanayo namafilosofi. Ngezinye izikhathi abahleli bakhetha ngamabomu amagama adidayo ukuze baqinise isivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu anemibono ehlukene ukuze aqondise. Lokhu kudida okucacile kwavumela ukubekwa komthetho-sisekelo kodwa kudluliselwe izimpikiswano ezichazayo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo okumelwe zinqume incazelo nobukhulu bemikhankaso ephikiswayo.

Izindlela Ezinkulu Zokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo

Izazi ezingokomthetho nabahluleli baye basungula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza umbhalo womthetho - sisekelo, ngalinye liveza amafilosofi ahlukahlukene ngesimo somthetho - sisekelo nendima efanele yezinkantolo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo zokuchaza kuye kwasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukucabanga okusekelwe ezinqumweni zokwahlulela nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukudalula Nokuhlosa Kwakuqala

UbuShona bumelela umkhaya wemibono echazayo egcizelela incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngesikhathi uthathwa. Abakholelwa ekudalweni baphikisa ngokuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kufanele aqondwe ngokwendlela abantu ababewafaka futhi bawagunyaze ngayo. Lendlela ifuna ukunqanda ukuqapha ngokuqonda ngokubaluleka komlando kunokuthatha incazelo yezindinganiso noma izinhlelo zanamuhla.

Phakathi kobukhomanisi bokuqala, izikole ezihlukahlukene zigxila ezicini ezihlukene zencazelo yokuqala. Inhloso yokuqala ifuna ukuqonda lokho abafaki be-flamers ababehloselwe khona ngokuqondile lapho benza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Abasekeli bahlola amarekhodi angokomlando anjengezimpikiswano zomhlangano, izivumelwano, nemibhalo yamanje ukuze balungise izinjongo zodwebo namathemba. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlukanisa inhloso eyodwa phakathi kwabadwebi abaningi abanemibono ehlukene ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka futhi ukugxila ezifinyeni zezihloko kunokuba kugxile ezicini zomphakathi kuyinkinga.

Ubusunguli bomphakathi bokuqala, obuye bavelela emashumini eminyaka amuva, kunalokho bugxila endleleni umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokudilizwa ayeqonda ngayo umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela igcizelela incazelo yokuthi amagama adluliselwa kubantu abagunyazayo kunokuba adluliselwe izinhloso eziyisisekelo zabadwebi abathile. Abasekeli baphikisa lendlela ngokuhlonipha ubugunya bentando yeningi ngoba umthetho-sisekelo uthola igunya lawo ekuhlonishweni abantu, hhayi emibonweni yabo siqu.

Abashisekeli bezinkolo zakuqala baphikisana nezindlela zabo zokuthuthukisa izindinganiso ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Kugcina ukwethembeka kumthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho obhaliwe, kuvimbela amajaji ukuba athathe indawo yezimiso zawo siqu ngemithetho engokomthetho. Kugcina ukulandisa kwentando yeningi ngokufuna izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zenzeke ngenqubo engokomthetho yenqubo yokulungisa kunokuchaza kabusha kokwahlulela. Kunikeza ukuzinza nokubikezela ngokuchaza ngokusekelwe ekuchazeni okusekelwe ekuqondweni komlando kunokuba kuguqule imibono yokwahlulela.

Abagxeki bemfundiso yokuqala baphakamisa izimpikiswano eziningana. Baphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi obungokomlando ngokuvamile abuphelele, buphikisana, noma bungachazwa ngokuncintisana, benza ukuzimisela okuqinisekile kwencazelo yokuqala kube nzima noma kungabikho. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukunamathela ngokuqinile ekuqondeni kweshumi nesishiyagalombili noma yeshumi elineshumi elinesine neshumi elinesine kuveza imiphumela engalungile emongweni wanamuhla futhi bahluleka ukuveza intuthuko yokuziphatha nezimo ezishintshile. Bayangabaza futhi ukuthi ubuShona babaqali buyinqabela ngempela yini iziqondiso, hhayi ukuthi abahluleli kumelwe bathathe izinqumo ezingokomlando lapho besebenzisa izincazelo zesikhathi samanje.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Isimiso somthetho - sisekelo esiphila ngezinye izikhathi sisondela, siphethe ukuthi incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo ishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze ibonise ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi, izimo, nokuqonda. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho-sisekelo kumelwe uchazwe njengencwadi enamandla ekwazi ukusingatha izinselele zamanje nokuhlanganisa intuthuko yokuziphatha kunokuba uhlale uqinile esikhathini esidlule.

Izazi zomthetho-mthetho ohleliyo zigcizelela ukuthi abahleli bomthetho-mthetho basebenzisa ngamabomu ulimi olubanzi, oluvamile ukuze bavumele izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo zivumelane nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimo ezintsha. Baphikisa ngokuthi imiqondo enjenge "inqubo esele," "isivikelo esilinganayo" nesijeziso esingavamile" yayihloselwe njengezindinganiso eziguquguqukayo kunokuba kube imithetho emisiwe ehlangene nemisebenzi ethile engokomlando. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba umthetho-sisekelo uhlale usebenza futhi usebenza ezimweni ezihlukene kakhulu.

Lendlela yokuchaza icabangela imithombo ehlukahlukene engekhona incazelo engokomlando, kuhlanganise nesibonelo, izindinganiso zezenhlalo zanamuhla, imiphumela ewusizo, nokucabanga ngokokuziphatha.

Abasekeli bobuProgramu obuphilayo baphikisa indlela yabo yokulungisa inzuzo engcono izinjongo zomthetho-sisekelo nezindinganiso zentando yeningi. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvumelanisa ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo nezimo ezishintshiwe kuvimbela ukuba umthetho-sisekelo ungabi ophelelwe isikhathi noma ocindezelayo. Bagcizelela ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo kunzima kakhulu ukuzifinyelela, okwenza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kudingeke ukuba kuxazululwe izinselele zanamuhla. Baphikisa futhi ukuthi ukuphila ngomthetho ngokomthetho kuvumela isimiso somthetho ukuba sihlanganise intuthuko yokuziphatha, njengokuqashelwa kwamalungelo abantu nokulingana.

Abagxeki bomthetho-sisekelo abaphilayo baphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngegunya lokwahlulela nokubekwa ngokomthetho kwentando yeningi. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvumela amajaji ukuba aguqule incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo esekelwe ezindinganisweni ezihlukene kunikeza abahluleli abangahleliwe amandla aphakeme okuphoqelela izintando zabo siqu zesimiso ngaphansi kokuchaza. Baphikisa lendlela yokuzimela ilulaza umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho-mgunyathi olawulwayo futhi unciphisa umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kunoma yimuphi umthetho okholelwa ukuthi umthetho. Baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukuphila ngomthetho-sisekelo akunikezi isiqondiso sokuchaza, kuholela ekungasoleki nakuguquguquki emthethweni womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Ukubhala ngokulotshiwe

I-textalism igxila ngokuyinhloko encazelweni evamile yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, igcizelela amagama asetshenziswayo ngempela kulencwadi kunangaphandle kwemithombo enjengezinhloso zabalawuli noma izindinganiso zamuva. Ababheki bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi igunya lomthetho-sisekelo lisuka ekuthatheni kwawo njengombhalo obhaliwe, okwenza lawomazwi abe umthombo oyinhloko wokuthola incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Le ndlela ichaza ulimi olungokomthetho ngokwendlela umuntu onengqondo angawaqonda ngayo amagama ngesikhathi sokutholwa, kucatshangelwa imihlangano yezilimi, indlela yokuhlelwa kolimi, kanye nomongo obanzi ongaphakathi kulencwadi.

I-textation ihlukile ku-ronaryism ekugxileni kwayo nasendleleni yayo yokusebenza, nakuba lezindlela ezimbili zivame ukufinyelela iziphetho ezifanayo. Nakuba izazi zokuqala zingabheka uchungechunge olubanzi lobufakazi obungokomlando ngezinhloso zabahleli noma izimpikiswano zokuhlanganisa imibhalo, abacwaningi bemibhalo bagxila kakhulu eziqondeni zolimi. Izazi zemibhalo ziphikisa lokhu ngokugxila kumbhalo ngokuqondene nomthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe futhi zigwema ubunzima bokuvuselela izinhloso zezihloko noma ukuqonda okuhlangene emibhalweni ephelele yomlando.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kukhuthaza umthetho wezindinganiso ngokwenza ukuba izakhamuzi ezivamile ezikwazi ukufunda umbhalo ufinyelele incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kunokuba zifune ulwazi olukhethekile olungokomlando. Bathi ivimbela ukuqapha ngolimi ngokuthatha incazelo ecacile yencazelo yolimi kunokuba ichaze izinqumo zezimiso ezisekelwe emibhalweni. Baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukugxila ekwazini kombhalo okuhloniphisa inqubo yentando yeningi ngokunikeza imiphumela ethathwa ngempela ngokusetshenziswa komthetho-pratisme noma ngokulungisa.

Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kubhekene nezinselele lapho umthetho-sisekelo uphikisana ngempela noma lapho kukhona izincazelo eziningi ezizwakalayo. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukunquma "incazelo evamile" ngokuvamile kudinga ukuba kwenziwe izahlulelo eziphikiswayo ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kolimi nokuthi abacwaningi bemibhalo kusamelwe benze ukukhetha phakathi kwezincazelo eziphikiswayo ezinengqondo. Baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukuchaza imibhalo ngokuqinile kungase kuveze imiphumela ewubuwula uma kusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokucabangela injongo noma umongo okhona ngaphandle kombhalo oseduze.

Ukwakha

Isimiso sokwakha sichaza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ngokuhlola inqubo nobudlelwane obuphelele obumiswe umthetho - sisekelo uwonke. Kunokuba sigxile kuphela ezilungiselelweni ezithile zombhalo ngokuhlukaniswa, izazi zokwakha zicabangela indlela izici zomthetho - sisekelo ezihlobene ngayo nezinye nalokho lokhu kuhlobana okukwembulayo ngencazelo nomthetho - sisekelo.

Lendlela igcizelela ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo wakha isimiso sikahulumeni esivumelanayo esinezici ezithile zokwakha ezinjengobuzwe, ukuhlukana kwemibuso, nokuhlola nokulinganisela. Izakhiwo ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuqonda lamalungiselelo okwakha kuyasiza ekuchazeni amalungiselelo akhethekile ngokwembula izimiso nezinjongo eziyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlaziya kokwakha kunganikeza incazelo yamandla aphethe ngokucabangela ukuthi lawomandla ahlobene kanjani nemithetho yemithetho kanye negunya lokwahlulela phakathi kwesimiso somthetho sisekelo somhlaba wonke.

I-transmistism iyaqaphela ukuthi ezinye izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zicacile ekwakheni izakhiwo kunokuba zichazwe ngokucacile emalungiselelweni athile. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya sivela ekuhlukaniseni kukahulumeni ngokwemithetho-sisekelo sibe ngamagatsha ahlukene kunakunoma yisiphi isigqebhezana esimemezela leyosimiso. Ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuveza futhi kusebenzise lezi zimiso ezicaciwe lapho kuxazululwa imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo wokwakha kuhlonipha umthetho - sisekelo njengophelele kunokuba kube iqoqo lamalungiselelo ahlukene.

Abagxeki bakhathazeka ngokuthi ukuchazwa kwezakhiwo kungase kube okungaqondakali kakhulu futhi kungabi nanjongo, kuvumele amajaji ukuba athole izimiso ezingasekelwe ngokucacile embhalweni womthetho - sisekelo.

Iqhinga Nestartic Deccis

Incazelo esekelwe ekuqhamile, eqondiswa imfundiso yokubheka, ithi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele izinqumo zokwahlulela zangaphambili lapho zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuvumelana kwezindinganiso, ukubikezela, nokuhlonipha amathemba alungisiwe, ngisho nalapho abahluleli bengase bachaze umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ngendlela ehlukile uma benquma umbuzo ngokokuqala ngqá.

IStarde decisis, yesiLatini esho "ukuma ngokwezinto ezinqunyiwe," iveza isimiso sokuthi ngaphambi kokuba izinqumo zokwahlulela zithathwe njengezincazelo ezinegunya zencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Uma izinkantolo beziye zachaza ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo, ngokulandelana kulandela leyo ncazelo ngaphandle kokuba kunezizathu eziphoqelelayo zokuyigumbuqela. Lokhu kudala ukuzinza komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi kuvumela izakhamuzi, izimemezelo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, nezinkantolo eziphansi ukuba zithembele ezincazelweni ezimisiwe lapho zenza izinqumo.

Amandla esibonelo ayahluka kuye ngezici eziningana. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezichaza umthetho-sisekelo zinesisindo esikhulu kunezinqumo eziphansi zenkantolo. Izimo eziye zaphinde zaphinde zaqinisekiswa futhi zathenjelwa kuzo isikhathi eside kunzima kakhulu ukuzilahla kunesinqumo samuva noma esiphikiswayo. Izinqumo eziye zabonakala zingasebenzi noma eziphikisana nezenzakalo ezilandelayo zomthetho-sisekelo zingase zibe sengozini kakhulu yokuphinde zihlolwe.

Izinkantolo zilinganisela inhlonipho ngesidingo sokulungisa amaphutha amakhulu ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ukufinyelela izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo, ukulungisa ukwahlulela kungaba ukuphela kwendlela ewusizo yokusingatha izincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo eziyiphutha. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziye zashintsha izenzakalo eziphika amalungelo ayisisekelo noma ezibonakala zingasebenzi, nakuba ngokuvamile zidinga ukuthethelelwa okuqinile kokuhlehla okunjalo emthethweni omisiwe.

Abasekeli bokunamathela ngokuqinile ekwakheni isisekelo baphikisa ukuthi ikhuthaza umthetho wezindinganiso zomthetho ngokwenza umthetho uzaziwe futhi uqine. baphikisa ngokuthi ukugumbuqelwa njalo kwezenzakalo kungaqeda ukuqiniseka komphakathi ezinkantolo futhi kubangele ukungaqiniseki ngamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo nezibopho. Babuye baphikise ngokuthi ngokuqondene nesimiso sokulawula iziqondiso ngokufuna ukuba abahluleli balandele izincazelo ezimisiwe kunokuba bafune ukufundwa kwabo abakuthandayo.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthobela ngokweqile imithetho kungaqhubekisela phambili amaphutha omthetho - sisekelo futhi kuvimbele ukuqondiswa kwezincazelo ezingalungile.

Ukuzitika Nokukholelwa KuNkulunkulu

Incazelo ewumthetho - sisekelo ewumthetho - sisekelo ewumthetho - sisekelo icabangela imiphumela engokoqobo yezinqumo ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza, iphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zamukele izincazelo eziveza imiphumela engcono kakhulu emphakathini.

Lendlela iyavuma ukuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile ayavuma izincazelo eziningi ezinengqondo nokuthi ukukhetha phakathi kwawo kudinga ukucabangela izici ezingaphandle kombhalo nomlando. Izazi zezemfundo ziphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zihlole ukuthi izincazelo ezihlukene zingawathinta kanjani amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukusebenza kukahulumeni, nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo kufanele iqondiswe ngokuhlakanipha okusebenzayo ngokuphathelene nalokho okuyoveza imiphumela elungile nesebenzayo kunokunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni ethile yezimiso.

Abahumushi abadumile bangase bacabangele izici ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ukusebenza kwezincazelo ezihlukahlukene, imiphumela yabo ebuhlotsheni bezinhlangano, ithonya labo elungelweni lomuntu ngamunye nasebuntwini, kanye nokuvumelana kwabo nezindinganiso ezibanzi zomthetho-sisekelo. Baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kufanele iphendule izimo zezwe langempela nemiphumela kunokucabangela okucatshangelwayo noma okungokomlando.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthatha izinto ngendlela evumelana nemithetho kuvuma ukuba yiqiniso kokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo njengokusetshenziswa kokwahlulela okubheka njengemiphumela ngokungenakugwenywa. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchaza ngezindlela ezinengqondo kungaveza imiphumela enengqondo nelungile kunokusebenzisa imithetho eqinile echazayo enganaki imiphumela engokoqobo. Baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukucabangela imiphumela kuyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umthetho wemithetho ufeza izinjongo zawo eziyinhloko zokuvikela amalungelo nokuwenza uphumelele ekubuseni.

Abagxeki bakhathazekile ngokuthi incazelo ebanzi inikeza amajaji ukuhlakanipha okukhulu ukuze abeke inqubo yawo ngaphansi kwendlela yokufuna imiphumela emihle. Baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ilulaza umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo ocindezelayo futhi iguqule umthetho womthetho-sisekelo ube umthetho wokwahlulela. Baphikisa futhi ngokuthi abahluleli abanakho ukukwazi ukuhlela nokugunyaza kwentando yeningi ukwenza izinhlobo zezahlulelo zemithetho ezifunwa yincazelo elula.

Indima Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okuhlola imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni zokunquma ukuthi zivumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Leligunya livumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede umthetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, okwenza izinkantolo zibe izichaza ngokomthetho eziyinhloko zencazelo engokomthetho ezicacisini ezithile. Umkhuba wokuhlaziya ubalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho ngokomthetho ngoba unikeza ithonya elisebenzayo ekuvimbeleni komthetho-mthetho emandleni kahulumeni.

E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa isimiso sokubukeza kokwahlulela enkantolo ephawulweni lwecala laseMarbury v. Madison. uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wacabanga ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme, ukuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze umthetho lapho kuhlelwa amacala, futhi ngalokho izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi imithetho evamile iyangqubuzana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela yokucabanga yamisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela njengesici esiyisisekelo senkonzo yokwahlulela kunokuba kube amandla anikezwa ngokucacile.

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kufeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Kunikeza indlela yokumisa ukulinganiselwa komthetho-sisekelo emandleni kahulumeni, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokuphambana nabaphethe, nokugcina ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngokuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekudluleni kwegunya lalo elingokomthetho. Izinkantolo zingalwela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kungathandwa kwezombangazwe, kunikeze isivikelo kubantu abambalwa nezimbangela ezingathandeki ezingase zingene enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Isilinganiso nobukhulu bokubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyahluka kuye ngendaba yomthetho-sisekelo ehilelekile. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola lapho zihlola izenzo zikahulumeni, kusukela ezisekelweni ezinengqondo kuya ekubukezeni okuqinile okudinga uhulumeni ukuba abonise ukuthethelela okuphoqelelwe kwezenzo zakhe. Izinga lokuhlola ngokuvamile lixhomeke ekutheni isiphi isimo esiqondiswe kahle nohlobo lwesenzo sikahulumeni esibhekene nenselele, ngamalungelo ayisisekelo kanye nezici ezisolwayo ezibangela ukubukezwa okunzima.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngokubusa kwentando yeningi kanye nendima efanele yamajaji angakhethwanga embusweni wentando yeningi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuvumela amajaji angakhethwanga ukuba ahlulele izinqumo ezenziwa abashicileli bemithetho yedemokhrasi, okwenza lokho abanye abakubiza ngokuthi inkinga "yokubusa ngentando yeningi". Baphikisa ngokuthi ukubukezwa komthetho okunonya kungalulaza ukuzilawula ngentando yeningi ngokususa imibuzo ebalulekile yesimiso sezomthetho enqubweni futhi bawafake ezinkantolo.

Abavikeli bokwahlulela baphendula ngokuthi ukubusa ngentando yeningi komthetho - sisekelo kudinga ukubusa okuningi nokulinganiselwa komthetho - sisekelo ezimisweni ezinkulu. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nokugcina isimiso somthetho-sisekelo ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukuhlola iziqu ezinkulu zentando yeningi lapho zeqa imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuzimela kokwahlulela ezingcindezweni zezombangazwe kwenza izinkantolo zivikele amalungelo angathandeki futhi kuphoqelelwe izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezingase zincishiswe enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Amazwe ahlukene asebenzisa ukubukeza kokwahlulela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ebonisa amasiko ahlukene omthetho-sisekelo namasiko ezombangazwe. Amanye amazwe abheka umthetho-sisekelo ngokuhlola ezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezihlukene nezomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho amanye evumelana nencazelo engokomthetho nesimiso senkantolo esivamile. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo inikeza izinkantolo amandla acacile okuhlola kokwahlulela, kuyilapho eminye iwushiya ucacile noma ulinganisela ububanzi bawo. Lokhu kuveza izahlulelo ezihlukene ngokulingana okufanelekile phakathi kwegunya lokwahlulela negunya lentando yeningi.

Okwenza Ukuchaza Umthetho Kubaluleke Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho iwathinta ngokuqondile amalungelo, inkululeko, namathuba atholakala ezakhamuzi ekuphileni kwazo kwansuku zonke. Indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo inquma izinga lesivikelo sokukhuluma, imingcele ekuqapheni kukahulumeni, ukutholakala kwesivikelo esifanayo ekucwaseni, imingcele yenkululeko engokwenkolo, nezinye izici ezingenakubalwa zamalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi. Ukuchaza okuhlukahlukene kungaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene ephawulekayo ezimweni ezihilela amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Cabangela inkululeko yokukhuluma njengesibonelo. Ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho kunquma ukuthi lenkululeko ivikela inkulumo yezombangazwe kuphela noma idluliselwe ekukhangiseni kwezentengiselwano, ezentengiselwano, nokuziphatha okungokomfanekiso. Kunquma ukuthi uhulumeni angalawula iminikelo yomkhankaso, avimbele inkulumo yenzondo, noma aphoqe ukuba abantu baveze imiyalezo abayiphikisayo. Inquma ukuthi amalungelo okukhuluma akhululekile asebenza kanjani kubuchwepheshe obusha njenge-inthanethi ye-internet kanye ne-wedecial. Imibuzo ngayinye idinga ukuchaza umbhalo womthetho-mthetho, futhi ukuchaza okuhlukile kungaveza izimpendulo eziyimiphumela ewusizo.

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ihlela futhi isakhiwo kanye namandla kahulumeni, ithinta indlela imithetho enziwa futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo. Ukuchazwa kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kunquma ukuthi lingakanani igunya umongameli angalisebenzisa ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yinhlangano, ukuthi izinhlangano zokuqondisa ezihlakaniphile zinakho kangakanani, futhi lapho izinkantolo zingangenela ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe. Ukuchazwa kwemithetho kahulumeni kunquma ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezinqunywayo zezwe ngokwezinga lombuso nelendawo, ezithinta yonke into kusukela esimisweni semfundo kuya ekuqondiseni kwendawo kuya okwenziweni komthetho wezephula umthetho.

Ithonya elingokoqobo lencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo lidlulela nakumalungelo ezomnotho nezimiso. Ukuchazwa kwamalungiselelo omthetho ngokomthetho ngokuphathelene namalungelo empahla, izivumelwano, nezentengiselwano kuthinta imithetho yezebhizinisi, imithetho yezisebenzi, isivikelo sabathengi, nesimiso sezomnotho. Izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza zingasekela ukungenela kukahulumeni ezindabeni zezomnotho, okunemiphumela emikhulu ezimakethe, izisebenzi nabathengi.

Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo enkulumweni yentando yeningi nokuhlanganyela emphakathini. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda izimpikiswano ezichaza izinqumo zokwahlulela, zingazihlaziya kangcono lezo zinqumo, zihlanganyele ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngabahluleli nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ezithonya ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi umthetho womthetho - sisekelo uhilela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nencazelo nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ecacile kunokusebenzisa imithetho ecacile.

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho futhi ibalulekile ngoba ibonisa futhi ihlela izindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Izimpikiswano eziphathelene nendlela yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile ziyizimpikiswano ngokuthi sifuna ukuba uhlobo olunjani lomphakathi, ukuthi yiziphi izindinganiso esizibeka kuqala, nokuthi silinganisela kanjani izithakazelo ezincintisanayo nezimiso. Ukuhlanganyela kulezimpikiswano kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zicacise izindinganiso zazo futhi zihlanganyele emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzilawula komthetho-mthetho.

Amalungelo Abalulekile Avikelwa Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo inquma izinga nokusetshenziswa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo avikela inkululeko yomuntu nokulingana. Nakuba amalungelo athile ehlukahluka ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo ezihlukene, isivikelo esithile esiyisisekelo sivela emithethweni eminingi futhi siye saba indaba yokuthuthukiswa okukhulu.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokuveza imizwa ivikela ikhono labantu lokukhuluma ngemibono, imibono, nokwaziswa ngaphandle kokucubungula kukahulumeni noma isijeziso. Ukuchaza umthetho-mthetho kuye kwandisa lesisivikelo ngalé kokukhulunywa namazwi abhaliwe ukuze kuhlanganise inkulumo engokomfanekiso, izimpawu zobuciko, kanye nokuziphatha okukhululekile. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza amalungiselelo okukhuluma okukhululekile okungavikeli inkulumo ethandwayo noma evumayo kuphela kodwa futhi okucasulayo, okucasulayo, nokungathandeki, ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuvikela ukumelana nentando yeningi kudingekile ekuzilawuleni kobukhonzisi.

Izimpikiswano zokuchaza ziyaqhubeka ngemingcele yenkululeko yokukhuluma. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi kunini lapho inkulumo ingavinjelwa khona ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala, njengokugqugquzela ubudlova, ukuhlambalaza, noma ukukhohlisa. Kumelwe zilinganisele inkulumo ekhululekile kwezinye izinto ezibalulekile njengezindaba zomuntu siqu, idumela, nokuphepha komphakathi. Kumelwe futhi bakhulume ngendlela izimiso ezikhululekile zokukhuluma ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni ezintsha njengezindawo zomphakathi zokuxhumana, izikhungo zezezimali, nokuphoqelela inkulumo, idinga ukuchaza izimiso ezingokwesiko ezisebenza ezimweni ezintsha.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nonembeza

Amalungiselelo enkululeko engokwenkolo avame ukuvikela kokubili ilungelo lokukholelwa nokuqhuba inkolo nesimiso sokuthi uhulumeni akufanele amise noma athande izinkolo ezithile.

Imibuzo yokuchaza ihlanganisa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ivikela izinkolelo ezingokwesiko ezingokwenkolo kuphela noma idlulela ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo ezingezona ezenkolo, indlela yokulinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo nemithetho emelene nokungavumelani, nalapho uhulumeni ungena enkolweni ewungenele. Lemibuzo idinga ukuchaza umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ngokucabangela ubuningi obuhlukahlukene obungokwenkolo nezindinganiso eziphikisanayo zenkululeko, ukulingana, kanye nokubusa kwezwe.

Ukuba Wedwa Nokuzitika Komuntu Siqu

Imithetho-mithetho eminingi ivikela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, nakuba izinga nemithombo yalezisivikelo kuhluka. Ukuchaza umthetho-mthetho kuye kwaqaphela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu emongweni ohlukene kuhlanganise nesivikelo sokuseshwa okungacabangeli nokuquleka, imfihlo yokwaziswa ngokuphathelene nemininingwane yomuntu siqu, kanye nelungelo lomuntu siqu lokuzikhethela okuyimfihlo. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo okuvikela izindaba zomuntu siqu ngisho nalapho igama elithi "imfundo" lingaveli ngokucacile embhalweni womthetho-mthetho, lithola isivikelo esiyimfihlo ezimisweni ezibanzi zenkululeko nesithunzi.

Izinselele zokuchaza zihlanganisa ukunquma ukuthi amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu asebenza kanjani kwezobuchwepheshe obusha obusiza ekuqapheni nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili, ukulinganisela izinto zomuntu siqu ngokumelene nezinzuzo zokulondeka, nokuchaza imingcele yokuzinqumela komuntu siqu ngokuphathelene nezinqumo zomkhaya, zokuzalana nobuhlobo bomuntu siqu. Le mibuzo idinga ukuchaza izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezisetshenziswa ngaphambi kobuchwepheshe banamuhla ngezindlela ezivikela ukuba umuntu abe wedwa ezimweni zanamuhla.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nokungavumelani

Amalungiselelo esivikelo esifanayo avimbela ubandlululo lukahulumeni futhi afuna ukuba abantu abasendaweni efanayo baphathwe ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kuye kwasungula izici eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlaziya ukulingana, umehluko phakathi kokuhlelwa okuvumelekile nokungakholeki. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza isivikelo esifanayo sokwenqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ezicini ezinjengezinhlanga, ubulili, inkolo, nemvelaphi yesizwe, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nalokho okunye ukuhlukanisa okugunyaza isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Imibuzo echazayo ihlanganisa ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo sidinga ukulingana okungokomthetho kuphela noma futhi idinga ukunakekelwa kokungalingani okungalingani okungokomlando, ukuthi izinhlelo zokuthatha isinyathelo ziyaphula noma zigcwalisa izimiso ezifanayo zokuvikela, nokuthi ungalubona kanjani ubandlululo olungaqondakali emithethweni engathathi hlangothi ebusweni ehlukene. izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza ziveza izimpendulo ezihlukene kulemibuzo, ezinemiphumela ephawulekayo yezimiso zomphakathi nezenhlalo.

Inqubo Efanele Nezindlela Ezifanele Zokwenza Okufanele

Izimiso ezifanele zokuvikela ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke unciphe abantu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezilungile nokulunga okwanele. Ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuye kwahlukanisa phakathi kwenqubo efanele yenqubo edinga izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncishwa kwenqubo, kanye nenqubo edingayo, evikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswa inqubo.

Izimpikiswano ezichazayo zigxile ekutheni yiziphi izinqubo ezidingekayo emongweni ohlukene, ukuthi iziphi izithakazelo ezifanele njengenkululeko noma impahla efanelwe isivikelo, nokuthi yimaphi amalungelo angaphansi komthetho-sisekelo ayisisekelo ngokwanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Lemibuzo idinga ukuchaza ulimi oluvamile olufanele ukuze kunikezwe isiqondiso esiqondile ngezimfuneko zemvelo kanye nokulinganiselwa okuncane kakhulu emandleni kahulumeni.

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Isivikelo soMthetho-sisekelo samalungelo okuvota nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe siqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekuzivoteleni ngentando yeningi. Ukuchaza umthetho-sisekelo kunquma ukuthi ubani onelungelo lokuvota, ukuthi yimiphi imingcele evumelekile, ukuthi izifunda ezikhethiwe kumelwe zigwenywe kanjani, nokuthi iziphi isivikelo esikhona ekukhetheni ekuvoteni. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza amalungiselelo angokomthetho okuvimbela ukucwaswa kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvota futhi zifune ukuba amavoti aqiniswe ngokulinganayo, nakuba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngomkhakha wezinga lalezi sivikelo.

Imibuzo echazayo ihlanganisa indlela yokulinganisela ukuthembeka kokhetho ngokumelene nokuvota, ukuthi yimiphi imingcele engokomthetho emalini yezezimali zomkhankaso, nokuthi ungazixazulula kanjani izinselele ezintsha zokukhetha ngokulunga njengokulawula nokucindezela abavoti. Lemibuzo idinga ukuchaza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kuvikelwe ukungenela kwentando yeningi kuyilapho kuvunyelwa ukuqondisa kokhetho okusebenzayo.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Noshintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo

Ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kunikeza indlela engokomthetho yokushintsha umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, inikeza enye indlela yokuchaza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi imisa izinqubo eziqondile zokulungisa ezifuna okukhulu kunomthetho ovamile, ezibonisa isikhundla esikhethekile somthetho-mthetho. Lezi zinqubo zidinga ukusekelwa okukhulu kakhulu kumthetho wesishaya-mthetho, ukuvunyelwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi, noma ukuhlawuliswa nge-endrum ethandwayo.

Ubunzima bokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo bunemiphumela ebalulekile ekuchazeni. Uma izinguquko kunzima kakhulu ukufinyelela, ukuvumelana nemibono kungase kudingeke ukuze kuvinjelwe umthetho-sisekelo ukuba ungaphelelwa isikhathi noma ucindezele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ukuchaza kungashintsha ngokuphumelelayo incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, inqubo engokomthetho yokulungisa ingagwenywa, iphakamise imibuzo ephathelene nokufaneleka kwentando yeningi kanye nokunikezwa igunya okufanele ukuze kushintshe umthetho oyisisekelo.

Izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlukene zishaya izilinganiso ezihlukene phakathi kobunzima bokulungisa nokuvumelana nezimo. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo ilula ukuyilungisa futhi iye yalungiswa kaningi, kanti eminye inezinqubo ezifuna kakhulu futhi ayikaguquki ngokusemthethweni. Lokhu kungafani kuthinta ukuthi ushintsho olungakanani lomthetho-sisekelo olwenzeka ngokuchaza ngokuguqula nokuguqula okungokomthetho nezimpikiswano ezifanelekile zokuchaza.

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ngokwazo zidinga ukuchazwa, ngezinye izikhathi zidala izimpikiswano ezifana nalezo zinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo ezizungezile. Izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze ulimi olulungisayo, zinqume indlela ukulungisa okusebenza ngayo namanye amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, futhi zisebenzise nezinguquko ezisezicini ezithile. Izinqubo zokuchaza ezisetshenziswayo embhalweni wokuqala womthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile zisebenza nasekulungiseni futhi, nakuba izinguquko zingabonisa izindinganiso neziqondano zamuva kakhulu kunezimiso zakudala zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Oqhathaniswayo

Ukuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni nezimiso zomthetho ezihlukahlukene, kuveza amasiko ahlukahlukene omthetho - sisekelo, amasiko ezombangazwe namalungiselelo ezikhungo. Ukuhlola lezi zinguquko kunikeza umbono obalulekile ezimpikiswaneni ezichazayo futhi kwembula ukuthi imibuzo eminingi echazayo iyavuma izindlela eziningi ezinengqondo zokusingatha.

Amazwe avamile omthetho njenge-United States, United Kingdom, Canada, nase-Australia ahlanganyela amasiko athile achazayo asekelwe ekwahlulelweni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho ngecala. Nokho, ayahluka ngezindlela ezibalulekile, njenganokuthi abhalile yini imithetho-mthetho, ukuthi abulinganisa kanjani ubukhosi basephalamende ngokumelene nokuvinjelwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kanye nendima abayabelayo kumalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ekuchazeni umthetho ngokomthetho.

Amazwe omthetho wombango eYurophu naseLatin America avame ukubheka incazelo ehlukile yomthetho - sisekelo, egcizelela kakhulu ukucabanga okuhleliwe okungokomthetho, inkolelo - sisekelo, nomsebenzi wezazi zomthetho. Amazwe amaningi omthetho - sisekelo agxile kuphela emibuzweni engokomthetho - sisekelo, ngokungafani nezimiso ezivamile lapho ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kuhlanganiswa khona nesimiso senkantolo esivamile.

Ezinye izimiso zomthetho sisekelo zihlanganisa ngokuqondile umthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke nokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, zifuna ukuba izinkantolo zicabangele izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinqumo zezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe lapho zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Lokhu kubonisa umbono wezizwe ngezizwe wamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo njengengxenye yamalungelo abantu ezwe lonke. Ezinye izimiso zigcina imingcele eqinile phakathi komthetho wezwe nomthetho wezizwe zonke, zigcizelela ubukhosi bomhlaba kanye nokuzinqumela ngentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuhlaziywa komthetho-mthetho okuqhathanisa kunganikeza incazelo yasekhaya ngokwembula indlela amanye amazwe aye aphendula ngayo imibuzo efanayo yomthetho-sisekelo, nakuba izinkantolo zihlukene ekuzimiseleni kwawo ukucabangela umthetho wangaphandle. Abanye abahluleli babheka ukuhlaziywa ngokuqhathaniswa njengomthombo obalulekile wokuqonda negunya lokuthonya, kuyilapho abanye benqaba umthetho wangaphandle njengongabalulekile ekuchazeni imithetho-sisekelo yasekhaya. Lezimpikiswano ziveza imibuzo ebanzi mayelana nokuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokuthi incazelo yomthetho ngokomthetho inqunywa yimithombo yasekhaya kuphela noma ingatshelwa yizimiso zendawo yonke kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezizwe ngezizwe.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo yanamuhla ibhekene nezinselele eziningi ezibangelwa ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, nezindlela ezintsha zokusebenza kukahulumeni ezazingalindelekile.

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Ezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe bezemishini buletha izinselele ezinkulu ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esisetshenziswa kanjani esikhathini sezincwadi ezingokoqobo kanye nokuxhumana ngokubhekene nobuso, kuyi-imeyili, i-computer, i-media efihliwe, kanye nendawo yokugcina amafu. Kumelwe zichaze ukuseshwa kanye nokuthatheka okuhlelelwa ukuhlola okungokoqobo kobucukubhede bemishini, izimayini, nokulandelela indawo. Kumelwe zisebenzise izimiso zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kumapulatifomu, okuqukethe ukulinganisela, nokusebenza kwe-algolithractic.

Le zinselele zidinga ukuchaza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela ezivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo kuyilapho kuqashelwa amasu obuchwepheshe aguqula indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo, abagcina ngayo ukwaziswa, futhi basebenzelana ngayo nohulumeni. Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza zingagcizelela ukuqonda okungokomlando kokungafihliwe nokukhuluma noma zigxile ekuhleleni izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kuvikelwe izithakazelo ezifanayo ezisezimweni ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Namandla Aphuthumayo

Izinkinga zenhlalayenza kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo zihlola imingcele engokomthetho egunyazweni likahulumeni. Izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo okunquma ukuthi imiphi imibuso engavamile engenziwa phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo, ukuthi zingaqhubeka isikhathi esingakanani, nokuthi iziphi izivikelo ezikhona phakathi nezinhlekelele. Kumelwe zilinganisele ukulondeka okudingwayo kumalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, zinqume ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwezokuphepha kuthethelela nini imingcele yenkululeko nalapho isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kumelwe sigcinwe ngisho naphakathi kwezimo eziphuthumayo.

Le mibuzo echazayo iye yaphuthuma ngokwengeziwe ngenxa yobuphekula, imiqedazwe nezinye izinsongo zesimanje ezingase ziqhubeke zikhona. incazelo yoMthetho - sisekelo kumelwe ikhulume ngokuthi ingabe amandla aphuthumayo aklanyelwe izinhlekelele zesikhashana anganwetshwa noma nini nokuthi angavimbela kanjani ukuba izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zingancishiswa ngokuphelele amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Umbuso Oqondisayo Namandla Okuqondisa

Ukukhula kwezinhlangano eziqondisayo ezisebenzisa igunya eliphawulekayo elilawulayo kuphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo ngokuphathelene nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukulandisa ngentando yeningi, namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ukuze zinqume ukuthi zingaba namandla angakanani ezinhlanganweni, ukuthi izivikelo ezisekelwe emithethweni zisebenza kanjani ekulawuleni, nokuthi kungagcinwa kanjani ukuvinjelwa komthetho - sisekelo emandleni okulawula.

Lezi zinselele ezichazayo zibonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwezakhiwo zomthetho - sisekelo eziklanyelwe uhulumeni olinganiselwe kanye nobuqiniso bemithetho yesimanje esingatha izinkinga zezenhlalo nezezomnotho ngokuthatha isinyathelo esibanzi sokuqondisa.

Izinkinga Zokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezezizwe

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kudala izinselele ezichaza ukuthi izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zibhekene nezimpikiswano ezinqamula imingcele yomhlaba wonke futhi zihilela ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ngokuphathelene namandla esivumelwano, izivumelwano zezizwe zonke, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi komthetho - sisekelo wasekhaya nomthetho wezizwe. Kumelwe zikhulume ngendlela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo asebenza ngayo ngokungaguquguquki nendlela yokulinganisela ubukhosi besizwe ezibophweni zezizwe zonke nokubambisana.

Lemibuzo idinga ukuchaza imithetho - sisekelo eyamukelwa enkathini yokuzibusa kwesizwe okukhulu enkathini yanamuhla yokuncintisana kwezomnotho, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, nezinselele zezizwe zonke njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukufuduka, nempilo yembulunga yonke okungenakusingathwa yizizwe ngazinye kuphela.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda izindlela eziyisisekelo zokuchaza izincazelo nokulandela izimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yentando yeningi ephathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo futhi kubangele ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zibone ukuthi zihlonipha izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Izincwadi zemibono yokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme emacaleni abalulekile omthetho-sisekelo, zinikeza ithuba eliqondile lokuchaza izinkulumo nezimpikiswano. Izinkantolo eziningi zisakaza imibono ngolimi olufinyelekayo futhi zinikeza ukufushaniswa kwezinqumo ezinkulu. Ngemva kokuhlaziya okungokomthetho kanye nokuhlaziya ngemibono ehlukene kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde imibono ehlukene ngemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo futhi ziqaphele ukuthi ukuchaza kuhilela ukungavumelani okunengqondo kunokunikeza izimpendulo ezisobala.

Ukuhlanganyela ezifundweni zomphakathi nasezingxoxweni zomphakathi eziphathelene nezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zithuthukise imibono eqondile ngokuphathelene nencazelo nomthetho-sisekelo. Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza ingcebo yemfundo ngomthetho-mthetho, nemitapo yomphakathi, amayunivesithi, namaqembu omphakathi ngokuvamile angenisa izingxoxo ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlanganyela nale mithombo nezingxoxo kwenza izakhamuzi ziqonde izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo futhi zifake izizimo zazo.

Izakhamuzi zingathonya ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo ngenqubo yezombangazwe ngokucabangela imibono yabazohlolwa ezindabeni zomthetho-mthetho lapho kukhethwa izikhulu ezikhethelwe ukumisa amajaji noma ezingase zihlongoze ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho. Nakuba amajaji kufanele azimele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ukukhethwa kwamajaji kuveza amafilosofi omthetho-sisekelo, futhi izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nalokho abahluleli abachazayo okufanele bakusebenzise.

Izinhlangano ezisekela izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo noma ezisekela ukuchazwa kwencazelo ethile zinikeza enye indlela yokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi. Izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi, izinkampani zezenhlalakahle zomthetho-mthetho, namaqembu okuphatha amaqembu angenisa izikhangiso zomthetho-mthetho aletha amacala futhi ahlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni zokuchaza, futhi ukusekela kwezakhamuzi kwenza lo msebenzi uphumelele. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuqondile ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela eziwuvumela amaqembu anesithakazelo ukuba adlulisele imibono yazo ezinkantolo.

Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele lapho amalungelo azo engase athonywe izenzo zikahulumeni nalapho izinselele zomthetho - sisekelo zingase zifaneleke.

Ikusasa Lokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukuchazwa koMthetho - sisekelo kuyoqhubeka kuguquka njengoba imiphakathi ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha futhi kuvela ukuqonda amalungelo, ukubusa, nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe izoqhubeka iveza izinselele zobuhlakani bokuzenzela, i-biotechnology, nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe ezisavelayo ziphakamisa imibuzo eqanjiwe yomthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zidinga ukuchaza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze zixazulule izindaba ezinjengokwenza izinqumo zomthetho-mthetho, ukuzifihla kwezakhi zofuzo, izimiso zokuzimela, kanye nokuzichaza kobuchwepheshe okungakholeki. Lezi zinselele ziyovivinya ukuguquguquka kwencazelo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi zingathonya izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nokuchaza indlela yokusebenza.

Izinguquko zezenhlalo nezenhlalo ziyophakamisa imibuzo emisha yokuchaza njengoba imiphakathi ihlukahluka ngokwengeziwe futhi njengoba ukuqondwa kwemininingwane yobuntu, umkhaya, nomphakathi kushintshashintsha. Ukuchazwa koMthetho - sisekelo kuyodinga ukudingida indlela izimiso ezilingana ngayo ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zobandlululo, indlela yokuvikela amalungelo amancane emiphakathini ephikisanayo eyandayo, nendlela yokulinganisela izindinganiso eziphikisanayo ezimweni zokungavumelani okujulile ngezindaba eziyisisekelo.

Izinselele zendawo ezungezile nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungase kubangele imibuzo emisha mayelana nezibopho zikahulumeni zokuvikela imithombo yendawo ezungezile, amalungelo aphakathi kwemvelo, nokulinganisela phakathi kokuthuthuka kwezomnotho nokuvikela indawo ezungezile. Izinkantolo kungase kudingeke zichaze amalungiselelo angokomthetho ukuze kucatshangelwe ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile kuyilungelo noma ukubaluleka komthetho - sisekelo nokuthi yikuphi ukulinganiselwa okuphathelene nendawo ezungezile okusendaweni kahulumeni nesenzo somuntu siqu.

Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho - sisekelo wesizwe nomthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke cishe buyohlala buphikiswana, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuthi izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke kufanele zitshele yini ukuthi umthetho wezwe kufanele uchazwe kanjani nokuthi iziphi iziphi izinselele zembulunga yonke zidinga ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke futhi njengoba izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu ziqhubeka zivela emhlabeni wonke, izinkantolo ziyobhekana nemibuzo ngokubaluleka komthetho wezizwe zonke ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo.

Kuzoqhubeka izimpikiswano mayelana nokuchaza indlela yokusebenza, nokungavumelani okuqhubekayo ngokulinganisela okufanelekile phakathi kokwethembeka encazelweni yokuqala nokujwayela izimo ezishintshiwe, phakathi kokunqanda ukwahlulela nesivikelo samalungelo asebenzayo, naphakathi kokuchaza imibhalo kanye nokucabangela izimiso ezibanzi nemiphumela. Lezimpikiswano ziveza imibuzo eyisisekelo ngomthetho womthetho-mthetho, amandla okwahlulela, kanye nokubusa kwentando yeningi okungavumi izimpendulo ezilula.

Ukuqonda lezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo kanye nezici zazo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo akuyona inqubo ezenzekelayo kodwa ukuxoxa ngokuyisisekelo nezimiso. Lokhu kusiza ukuba ukwazi ukuthatha izakhamuzi futhi kufake isibopho sokuba zibe isakhamuzi futhi kusize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kufeza injongo yakho eyinhloko yokuvikela amalungelo nokuwenza ulawule.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwazo incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo zingathola imithombo eminingi yemfundo. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeNkantolo inikeza imibono, izimpikiswano zomlomo, nokwaziswa ngomsebenzi weNkantolo. Izikole eziningi zomthetho zinikeza izifundo zesihle ze-inthanethi nezifundo ezingomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ngamapulatifomu anjenge-Cora, i-edX, ne-Youtube.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Constitution Center inikeza imithombo yemfundo, imiboniso, nezinhlelo ezihlola izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo ngemibono eminingi. Inkululeko yomphakathi yaseMelika Union[ nezinhlangano zenkululeko efanayo zesizwe zinikeza ukwaziswa mayelana namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nezimpikiswano zamanje zomthetho-sisekelo.

Izincwadi ezitholakalayo eziphathelene nomthetho-mthetho kanye nokuchazwa kwencazelo zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokudinga ukuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho. Izazi eziningi zomthetho nezindaba zibhalela izilaleli ezivamile, zichaza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimpikiswano ngolimi olucacile. Kulandela izingosi zomthetho kanye nezinkulumo ezidingidayo ezidingida izindaba zomthetho-mthetho kunikeza imfundo eqhubekayo ngemibuzo yamanje echazayo nezinqumo zokwahlulela.

Izinhlangano zendawo, imitapo yezincwadi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngokuvamile zinikeza izinhlelo zomphakathi ngezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo, zinikeza izakhamuzi amathuba okufunda nokuxoxa ngezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo nochwepheshe bezomthetho kanye nezakhamuzi ezikanye nazo.

Ngokuhlanganyela kulemithombo nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni engokomthetho, izakhamuzi zingathuthukisa ukuqonda okudingekile ukuze zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo futhi zigcine uhulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo.

Isiphetho

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ebalulekile elawula amalungelo, inkululeko, kanye nezakhiwo ezilawulayo ezithinta ukuphila kwesakhamuzi ngasinye. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho-sisekelo echazwa ngayo, izindlela ezihlukene ezisetshenziswa abahluleli, nezimpikiswano ezihlobene nokuchaza zinika izakhamuzi amandla anamandla okuhileleka ngokunenjongo kakhulu ezimisweni zazo zomthetho nezezombangazwe.

Nakuba izimpikiswano ezichazayo zingabonakala zingenangqondo noma ziyinkimbinkimbi, zinemiphumela eqinisekile yemibuzo eyisisekelo ephathelene nenkululeko, ukulingana, ubulungisa, nokubusa kwentando yeningi. izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza ziveza izindinganiso ezihlukene nezinto eziza kuqala, futhi abantu abanengqondo bangaphikisana ngokuthi yiziphi ezifinyelela izinjongo ezingcono kakhulu zomthetho - sisekelo. Ukuqaphela lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi umthetho womthetho - sisekelo uhilela ukuxoxa ngokuqhubekayo kunokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ecacile.

Ngokuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, izakhamuzi zingahlaziya kangcono izinqumo zokwahlulela, zihlanganyele enkulumweni yomphakathi, futhi zisebenzise amalungelo azo ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kuqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuzimisela ukuthi izakhamuzi zihlala zihlangene nomthetho oyisisekelo wokuthi uhulumeni wazo useke futhi uvikela inkululeko yazo. Ngokuyisisekelo incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ayiyona nje eyabahluleli nabameli kuphela kodwa nayo yonke izakhamuzi eziphila ngaphansi kokubusa komthetho-mthetho futhi ezihlanganyela kwazo kunikeza izimiso zomthetho ngokomthetho eziwugunyaza ngokwasemthethweni nenzuzo.