I-Fair Howar Act ifana nenye yemithetho yamalungelo abantu e-United States, ilungisa ngokuyisisekelo indlela yesizwe yokuthuthukisa izindlu nentuthuko yomphakathi. Yamiswa ngo-1968 phakathi nenkathi yesiyaluyalu esikhulu somphakathi, i-Act yaklanyelwa ukuqeda ubandlululo ezindaweni zokuhlala nokukhuthaza ukuhlangana kwemiphakathi ehlangeneyo. Indima yayo ekuthuthukiseni imithetho elungile yezindlu nokungalingani kwezakhamuzi ayinakumiswa, njengoba iye yanikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lokubekela inselele ukucwasa imingcele ezindaweni ezihlukene ngokwesiko eziye zahlukene ngokwesiko eziye zasusa amathuba emakhaya nentuthuko yezomnotho. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi engoko yomlando, isihluthulelo sayo, isithiyo esithinta imingcele emphakathini, izinselele zayo ziyaqhubeka ukubhekana, futhi iziqondiso ezidingekile zokuyigcwalisa isithembiso sayo.

Isizinda Esingokomlando Somthetho Wezindlu Ezinhle

Izimpande zeFair Honging Act zisezindleleni ezigxilile zokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga nezomnotho ezazichaza amadolobha aseMelika phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ngaphambi koMthetho, imikhuba yokukhipha ubandlululo njengesikhala, izivumelwano ezivimbelayo, nokuqondisa kwezinhlanga zazingezona nje ezivamile kodwa zazivunyelwe ngokomthetho. URedlin, owenziwa yi-Federal House Administration kanye nababolensi bobuzwe, benqabela ngokuhlelekile ukuboleka imali ezindaweni ezinamaqoqo ambalwa abantu abahlala khona, ngokufaka indlala leyo miphakathi yezivumelwano zokutshala imali. Izivumelwano zomthetho ezizimele ezibophelelisa izivumelwano zempahla, zenqabela ngokuqondile ukuthengiswa noma ukuqashwa kwezindlu zabantu bezinhlanga ezithile, ikakhulukazi abantu base-Afrika. Le mikhuba yasekelwa izinkantolo futhi yaqiniswa imithetho yendawo yokuhlukanisa kwezinhlanga.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Nempoqo Yomthetho Wezempi

Umzabalazo wezindlu ezifanele wavuleka kakhulu kanye nomzabalazo wamalungelo abantu. UDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. nabanye abaholi benza indlu elungile yaba yisidingo esiyinhloko, esafinyelela umvuthwandaba eSikhungweni senkululeko saseChicago ngo-1966, esadalula ubudlova bokuvuleka kwezindlu. Ukubulawa kukaDkt. NgoApril 1968 iNkosi yakha isimo sezombangazwe esashukumisa iSishaya uKhongolo ukuba sidlulise i-Fair Howario Act njengengxenye ye-Civil Rights Act ka-1968. UMongameli u-Lyton B.Johnson wayisayisa umthetho ngo-mnyaka ka-Eprelish 11, 1968, izinsuku eziyisikhombisa nje ngemva kokufa kweNkosi, waphawula isikhathi esinciphile ngokulwela ukulingana.

Izinqumo Nokwanda

Ekuqaleni, lo Mthetho wawuhlanganisa uhlanga, ibala, inkolo, nemvelaphi yesizwe. Ngo-1997, ubulili bafakwa ngo-1988. ISichibiyelo se-Fair House Act saqinisa ukugcinwa komthetho, sanezela ukukhubazeka kanye nesikhundla sombuso njengezifundo ezivikelweyo kanye nokumisa indlela yokulawula ngoMnyango we-U.S. we-House and Urban Development (HUD). Lokhu kwabonisa ukuqashelwa okwandayo kokuthi ubandlululo lwamaqembu amaningi futhi kudinga ukuphatha okukhulu.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Alesi Sinyathelo

I - Fair Honging Act iqukethe izinto eziningana eziyisisekelo eziklanyelwe ukuqeda ubandlululo nokuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwezindlu ngokulinganayo.

Amakilasi Avikelwe Nemikhuba Eyimicikilisho

I-Act yenza kube okungavumelekile ukuhlukanisa izindlu ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili (kuhlanganisa ubulili kanye nendlela yokuziveza), ukuzalwa kwesizwe, ukuma kwesizwe, noma ukukhubazeka. Imikhuba egunyaziwe ihlanganisa ukwenqaba ukuqasha noma ukuthengisa, ukubeka izimo ezihlukene, ukunikeza izinkonzo noma izakhiwo ezihlukene, ukuphika ukuthi indawo yokuhlala ikhona, futhi ukwenza idiski yomthetho wobulilikhazikhazikhazikhazi noma izikhangiso. I-Act ibuye imboze isikweleti semali, ivimbele ababolekisi ekubolekeni imali ebolekisini, emikhokhwani, emithethweni, noma emikhubeni. Ngokwesibonelo, umnini wendlu akanakwenqaba ukuqasha umkhaya nezingane, noma izimali zebhangenze inzuzo enkulu ngenxa yohlanga lwabo.

Ukuthenga Okufanelekile Nesenzo Sethuba Lokuthola Imali Elinganayo

Nakuba iFair Howard Act ikhuluma ngokuqondile ngokucwasa ngokukhetha ezikweletini zezindlu, iqiniswa yi- I-Curvation Opportunity Act , evimbela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubulili, inkathi yomshado, noma ukuthengwa kosizo lomphakathi. Iyonke lemithetho iye yasetshenziswa ekukhokheleni imikhuba eyingozi eyingozi yokukhokha ngokungezwa kwabantu abambalwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi nobunzima bemali yokukhokha izimali zamuva ngonyaka ka 2000. Inkinga yemali yembula indlela ucabhabhabha kagesi oweshekayo kodwa owenziwe ngemiphakathi yonke imiphakathi, ifaka i-Actsct kusetshenziswa ngokungeniswa kwemiphakathi kwezezimali.

Ukuthuthukiswa Komphakathi Nokukhula Okuhlanganisa Ukwanda

UMthetho futhi ugunyaza izinhlelo ezinjenge- Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) uhlelo, olunikeza izimali kuhulumeni bendawo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindlu nemisebenzi yomphakathi. Lezi ziphakamiso kumelwe zisetshenziswe ngezindlela zokuthuthukisa izindlu ezifanele, okusho ukuthi abamukelayo bayadingeka ukuhlaziya imiklamo yokuhlanganisa, ukubekela imigomo yokuhlanganisa, nokuthatha izinyathelo eziqinile zokunciphisa izakhiwo ezihlukene. Lelungiselelo liye laba ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuthuthukisa ukukhula okuphelele ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-adentier, nakuba ukukhiqizwa kwalo kungokohluka kakhulu kwemikhankampane.

Ithonya Ekwahlulekeni Kwezigaba

Umqondo wokuthi zonke izakhamuzi zinamathuba alinganayo okuhlanganyela futhi zizuze ekuphileni komphakathi, uye walolongwa kakhulu yi-Fair House Act. Ngokuphula izithiyo zokuhlala, lo Mthetho uye wenza kwaba lula ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo, ukuhlangana kwezomnotho, nokuhlangana kwezombangazwe.

Ukunciphisa Ubandlululo Nemingcele Yalo

Lo Mthetho uye wanezela ekuncipheni okungalawulekiyo ekuhlukanini kwezindawo ezithile. Kusukela ngo-1970, inani lezindawo eziningi ezihlala amadolobhana liye lehla, futhi ingxenye yemikhaya yasemadolobheni engamhlophe iye yanda. Nokho, ukuhlukanisa ihlala ngokungenangqondo ezindaweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi eNorthernern East nase Midwest. Ukucwaninga okuvela e eYunithiniban [[[] kubonisa ukuthi nakuba ukucwaswa okusobala kwezindiza, izindlela ezicashile zokushayela, ukungena ngokulinganayo, nokungena ekuboxekezeleni izimali kuyaqhubeka kukhuthaza ubuhlanga nokwehlukana kwezomnotho. Umthetho uye waphumelela kakhulu ekukhubazeni isijeziso seze ngokukhipha imvume ekwakhelweni kwezindawo.

Ukuhlaselwa Kwezomnotho Nobanikazi Bamakhaya

Ikhaya liyimoto eyinhloko yokwakha ingcebo e-United States, futhi i-Fair Honging Act iye yaba yenkulu ekutholeni ithuba. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amazinga aphezulu emisebenzi yamakhaya abamnyama nawamaHispanic abanikazi abasekhaya aye anda kusukela lapho kuthatha i-Act, nakuba kusele izikhala ezinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izinga lobunikazi bezindlu zamakhaya abaNsundu liseyizindawo ezicishe zibe ngama-30 ngaphansi kweminyango yabamhlophe. Umthetho owe-Act'scell usiza ekunciphiseni ukuboleka imali ekhubazekayo kodwa awuzange ususe ngokuphelele imingcele ekuvumela izimali zemali yemali noma inzalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlekelele yezentengo eshayo yabambalwa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa, ukukhubazeka kwemali eyenziwa emashumini eminyaka adlule. Noma kunjalo, ukwenziwa komthetho wemithetho womthetho ulungiselela isisekelo esidala inselele ukuhlukana kwezindawo ezihlukene ezisenkantolo nasezinkantolo zezokuphatha abantu ababusayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kweqembu Nokubambisana Kwezenhlalo

Izindawo eziminyene ezihlangene zithambekele ekuthuthukiseni ukubambisana okukhulu kwezenhlalo kanye nezinhlangano ezibanzi zomphakathi, eziholela emazingeni aphakeme okuhlanganyela komphakathi. Uma abantu abanezizinda ezihlukene behlala eduze, bathambekele kakhulu ekusebenzelaneni ngezindaba zomphakathi, ukwakha ukwethembana, futhi bahileleke ekubuseni kwendawo. I-Fairhouse Act ivule lolu hlobo lokuhlanganisa ngokuzenza kube yizenzisa ngokweqile inqubo yokungalawuleki nokukhuthaza ukuzuza okuxubile kwezindawo zokuhlala. Ngokwesibonelo, iziqondiso zokuhlanganisa izakhiwo zomphakathi, ezifuna abathuthukisi bezindawo zezindawo ezilinganayo, ezivame ukuveza imfuneko ye-Actscrect ukuze iqhubeke ngokusemthethweni izindlu ezinhle. Nakuba intuthuko ingeyikho, ngokungathanda ukukhuthaza ukuphikisana ngezingxoxo zezingxoxo zezindawo zomphakathi.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa

Naphezu kwempumelelo yayo, i-Fair Hosley Act iye yabhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezinciphisa ukuphumelela kwayo. Lezi zithiyo zisukela ebuthakani bokugcinwa kwemithetho kuya ezincazelweni ezingokomthetho ezifinyelelwe yimithetho elinganiselwe, kanye namandla ajulile ezomnotho namasiko.

Amagebe Okuphoqelelwa

I-hostry of Fair Howard Act incike kakhulu ekumangalelweni kwabantu ngabanye nge-HUD noma ngokumangalelana ngasese. Nokho, izisulu eziningi zobandlululo azingeni phambili ngenxa yokungaqapheli, ukwesaba ukuziphindisela, noma ubunkimbi benqubo engokomthetho. I-Office of Fair Howard and Experiment Option ilinganiselwe, okuholela ekuhlolweni isikhathi eside nasemacaleni angaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthwalo wobufakazi ngokuvamile uwela kulowo okhonondayo, okwenza kube nzima ukubonakalisa ukucwaswa uma kuwubucalucalucalucalulo noma ungahlolwanga. I-Moral Holival Alliance ibhalile isho ukuthi ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuhlala iphansi futhi izimo eziningi zihamba ngaphandle kwemigqa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni nasemancane.

Indinganiso Ehlukile

Impikiswano ebucayi engokomthetho ihlangene nomqondo "wokungavumelani"" izinqubo ezinemiphumela emibi ngokungenakulinganiswa emaqenjini avikelwe zingawuphula uMthetho ngisho nangaphandle kobufakazi bokucwaswa ngenhloso. INkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yasekela izinga lokuhlukanisa imingcele ecalani lika-2015 [[FL:0]] i-Texas Department of Home and Community Affation v. Isekela ukuthi i-Dictive Project [[FLLL:1], ifaka inselele ukuthi abachazi abachazi bemithetho ebonakala ingathathiwe yimiphumela engekho hlangothi kodwa ikhiphe imiphumela engekho emthethweni. Nokho, isinqumo esibeka imingcele eqinile, sivumela abamangalelwa ukuba bathethelele imithetho enjalo ngokubonisa isithakazelo somthetho we-crist" nedinga ukuhlukanisa i-disparn. Le mithetho enciphide kakhulu iyaqhubeka isebenza ngokulula iziqondiso, kanti i-Bruded, i-evision iyaqhubeka iveza ihlelwe, iveza ihlelwe ngokulungisa izingozi.

Imikhuba Yokubhula Nokuqeda

Enye yezithiyo ezingapheli zokuhlalisa izindlu ngokufanele yindawo yendawo elinganisela ukukhiqizwa kwezindlu ezithelekayo. Izindawo zokuhlala ezilinganayo zenza kube nezimfuneko ezinkulu zemikhaya eyodwa, izimvume ezisesilinganisweni ezilinganayo, kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezindlu eziningi zemikhaya. Imali eshibhile ephansi kakhulu ehholweni lezindlu kanye nokungahlanga nokungahlangani kwezomnotho. I-Fairholufat Act iye yasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele ezinye zalezi mithetho, kodwa izinkantolo zivame ukudebekele isibopho sokusebenzisa igunya lendawo. Icala lezindawo zokuhlala libalelwa emadolobheni amaningi. Imali engcono kakhulu] e-ARonton Heightsting v. I-premitaldatection Corp.[FLD][5][9][9])

Ukushintsha Isayensi Yezibalo Nezinhlobo Ezintsha Zobandlululo

Njengoba izwe lihluka kakhulu, kuphakama izinselele ezintsha. Ukucwaswa okusekelwe ekuziphatheni kobulili nasocaleni kwabesifazane manje kuhlanganiswa ngaphansi komthetho we-Act ngenxa yesinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme ka-2020 Bostock v. Clayton County nesiqondiso se-HUD esilandelanayo, kodwa ukugcinwa kwalendawo kuhlala kungenalutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunyuka kwesinqumo somthetho wemithetho esemthethweni ekuhlolweni kweminqumo eqinile kanye nokuboletwa kwemali yenkonti kusungule amathuba amasha amasuba anzima awe ngokomthetho omthetho womthetho wesiko omthetho womthetho wokwenza inqubo engokwesiko enzima ukuqaphela inqubo yobandlululo ngaphandle kokuhlola okucupheka.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iFair House Act igcwalisa isithembiso sayo sokuthuthukisa izimiso zokuhlalisana nokungalingani komphakathi, kudingeka izinguquko eziningana nezinyathelo ezithathwayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqiniswa kokuqiniswa kwemithetho, ukuqashwa kabusha, ubuchwepheshe bokulungisa, nokuqaphela umphakathi.

Ukuqinisa Ukusebenza Nokuxhasa

Imithombo eyandayo yezinhlangano zezindawo zokuhlala ezilungile ne-HID ibalulekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuxhasa ngemali abahloli abengeziwe, ukusekela okungokomthetho kwabakhonondi, nezinhlelo zokuhlola lapho abaqashwa bebanga amaphutha beveza khona njengabaqandi be-Afliting Fair House (AFFH) umthetho owenziwe ngokulandelana nomthetho. UKhomishane kufanele futhi bacabangele ukudlulisa i-Actal ukuze behlise umthwalo wobufakazi ezimweni ezithile nokucacisa ukuthi ithonya elihlukanisayo lisebenza ngokugcwele ekubekeni nasekubolekeni imisebenzi eqinile. I-Biden's Surring Extifiding Failing Fairvation (AFFH) umthetho odinga ukuba kuncishiswe izindawo zokuhlola i-msting futhi kunciphe izinyathelo zokuyinciphisa, kodwa ukusebenza kumelwe kuvinjelwe futhi kuvinjelwe ngezenzo eziqinile ze-obhuculderns.

Ukushintsha Ushintsho

Ohulumeni bendawo, umbuso, nohulumeni kumelwe basebenze ndawonye ekususeni izakhiwo. Imibuso enjenge-Oregon ne California iye yamisa imithetho evumela ama-duplexe nama-trix ezifundeni ezinhlalo ezikanye, ezingandisa ukutholakala kwezindlu nokuhlukahlukahluka. Uhulumeni wezwe ungahlanganisa izinguquko ezinjalo ngokuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa umphakathi kunikeza izinguquko ezithuthukisa izindlu ezithengwayo. Izinhlangano eziningi zemithetho zitusa ukuba i-Fairbation Act ikhutshwe ukuba ifune ukuba izimali zikahulumeni zifune ukuba imibandela yokwamukela izimali ezivimbela ukukhiqiniswa kwezindlu ezithelekayo. Nakuba inselelekile ngokwezombangazwe, izinguquko ezinjalo zibalulekile ekudaleni izakhiwo ezihlukene ngempela.

Ukwaziswa Okuntengantenga Nobuchwepheshe

Imininingwane yanamuhla isiza ekuboneni izindlela zokuhlukanisa izigebengu ezingase zingaqapheleki. Ngokwesibonelo, i-HUD ingasebenzisa umshini ukufunda ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa kohlelo lokusebenza ngesibambiso ngenxa yezimpawu zokuqondisa kohlanga noma zokungaphathi kahle. Ukufinyelela komphakathi okungaqondakali ngaphansi kwe-Home Mortgage Displaise Act Act (HMDA) kakade kwenza abacwaningi bakwazi ukuhlola ukuhlukanisa. Ukunweba i-HDDA ukuze ihlanganise ukuqashiswa kwezindawo zokuqashisa izindlu kungaveza ubandlululo emakethekini okuqashisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Accountings of active systems tenatialmsting stific stimulationsss kumele iqinisekise ukuthi abakhiqiniswe imiphumela yediski yomthetho womthetho. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zikhuthaza ukuthuthuka kwe "irfairhoverstry" ngezimiso ze-software zezimiso ze-sof ezisetshenziswa ezindl.

Ukwandisa Imfundo Yomphakathi Nokufinyelela

Abantu abaningi abawazi amalungelo abo ngaphansi koMthetho weFair Hosley Act. Izinhlangano zesizwe nezombuso kufanele zifake imali emikhankasweni yokuqaphelisa umphakathi ngezilimi eziningi ezihlasela kokubili abaqashi nabathengisi bamakhaya, kanye nabanikazi kanye nababolekisi. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza indima ebalulekile kulomzamo, zinikeza iseluleko nosizo olungokomthetho. Ukwanda kokubonakala kwemithetho elungile yezindlu kunganika abantu amandla okubika ukuphulwa nokunqanda abakhi bomthetho wobugebengu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zemfundo ezikoleni naseyunivesithi zingathuthukisa isiko lokufaka isici esihambelanayo nezimiso ze-Act.

Isiphetho

IFair Howation Act ibilokhu iyisisekelo somthetho wamalungelo abantu waseMelika iminyaka engaphezu kwengamashumi amahlanu, idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izimiso zokucwasa zezindlu ezilungile nokulingana kwezakhamuzi. Iye yavala imingcele esobala yobandlululo, yavulela izigidi zemikhaya, futhi yanikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lokubekela inselele ukungalingani inselele. Kodwa umsebenzi wayo awuphelele. Ukuphikelela, ukufinyelela ngokulingana ekubolekeni, ukuhlukanisa, ukuhlukanisa, nokuphoqelela imingcele ekhokhani kuyaqhubeka kululaza imigomo ye-Act. Ukuqaphela umbono wayo wesizwe lapho wonke umuntu enethuba lokuphila ngokuphepha, okungalawuleki, nangokungagqekeki, abenzi bemithetho, izakhamuzi, kumelwe ziphinde ziqinise umthetho, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yayo, nokubekwa kwemithetho yayo. I-Fairbour Hay Act ayiqeding ayiqekeliswanga isithembiso sokusebenza ngokulingana nesithembiso sokufeza isithembiso salo lonke ithuba.