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Indima Ebucayi Yobulungisa Abakanye Nabo Ekusebenziseni Izindaba Eziyimfihlo

Indima yamajaji ahlangeneyo eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. idlulela ngalé kokuvota nje ezindabeni zomthetho. Laba abahluleli abangu-8 basebenza njengabaklami abahlakaniphile bencazelo yomthetho-mthetho, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisheshayo ezihlanganisa amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buqhubekela phambili ngendlela engakaze ibonwe, ukuchazwa kweNkantolo yeSiphendulo sesine kumelwe kuvumelane nokusingatha izinselele zokuthi oFata abatholakele bangaba nako ukuzicabangela. Ukubambisana nomthetho womthetho kumela phambili kule nguquko engokomthetho, ukuhlanganisa izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezizobusa indlela ukuphila kwamanani abantu base-Melika okuvikelwa ngayo izizukulwane ezizayo.

Ukubaluleka kobulungisa obuhlangene ezicini eziyimfihlo ze-electal akunakushiwo ngokweqile. Ngokungafani noMahluleli Oyinhloko, omithwalo yakhe yemfanelo yokuphatha ngokuvamile ilinganisela ikhono lawo lokugxila ekucabangeni okungokomthetho, amajaji ahlanganisa isikhathi esiqondile sokuhlola, ukuphikisana, nokubhala imibono ehlela inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo. Amafilosofi awo okwahlulela ngamanye, izizinda ezingokomthetho, kanye nezindlela zokuchaza inqubo ehlangene ukuze kwakhiwe umzimba owehlisa isimilo okumelwe ulinganisele izithakazelo eziphikisanayo: ukugcinwa komthetho kudinga ukugcinwa, ukukhathalela kwesizwe, ukusungula intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nenkululeko eyisisekelo.

Kulenkathi yezibalo, lapho ama-cell phone enokwaziswa okuningi komuntu siqu kunawo wonke amakhaya ayekhona, nalapho ukwaziswa kwendawo kungaveza khona imininingwane ejulile ngokuphila kwethu, izinqumo ezenziwa abahluleli abahambisana nayo ziqukethe imiphumela ejulile. Lab izigebengu kumelwe baxazulule imibuzo evivinya imingcele yolimi lweshumi nesishiyagalombili olusetshenziswa kwezobuchwepheshe obuphakathi kwekhulu lokuqala. Izincazelo zabo zinquma ukuthi amaMelika angalindela yini ukuba asese angazilindele yini ekuxhumaneni ngemishini, ukuthi umthetho udinga yini isiqinisekiso sokungena emininingwaneni yezindawo, nendlela iSichibiyelo seNguquko sesine esivimbela ngayo ukuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuqunjelwa kwemishini.

Ukuqonda Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Sezindaba Zomuntu Ongamelwe Siqanjwe

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States sinikeza isisekelo sesivikelo samalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu eMelika. Siqiniswa ngo-1791, sithi: “Ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini zabo, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ekufuneni okungacabangeli nasekudumazekeni, ngeke liphulwe, futhi akukho mikhosi yeMpi, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekile, isekelwe u-Oath noma ingqwembe, futhi ikakhulukazi ichaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, nabantu noma izinto okumelwe ziphathwe."

Lolulimi, luhlotshiswe ngokusabela ekusebenziseni kukaSihlalo-mthetho waseBrithani imvume kanye nezinsiza ezivumela ukuphehlwa okusha kwezindlu zamakoloni, manje lusebenza njengesivikelo esiyinhloko somthetho-sisekelo sokumelana nokuphazamisa kukahulumeni ekungeneni kobumfiliba. Hlanganisa abahluleli babhekana nenselele enkulu yokuchaza lombhalo weshumi elinesishiyagalombili owenziwe ngenkathi ephakathi ukunikeza ulwazi olungathi inganekwane yesayensi kumaFramers: amakhalekhukhwi alandela yonke iminyaka yethu, indawo yethu egciniwe yamafu agcina izingxoxo zethu eziseduze kakhulu, kanye nemishini yezobuchwepheshe ebhala imisebenzi yethu yansuku zonke emniningwane.

INkantolo isebenzise izimfundiso eziningi ngokwesiko ukuze inqume ukuthi iziphetho zeSichibiyelo sesine zisebenza nini. "Ukulindela okunengqondo kwezethulo", okusungulwe eKatz v. United States (1967), kubuza ukuthi umuntu uye wabonisa yini ukulindela okungokoqobo kobumfihlo nokuthi ingabe lelothemba lingumuntu ozimisele ukuqaphela izinto ezinengqondo. Imfundiso "yesithathu engxenyeni eyodwa," yavela ezimweni ezinjenge United States v. Miller (1976 ne Smith v. Maryland), yakholelwa ukuthi abantu abanalo ithemba elinengqondo lokwazi ngemfihlo ezindaweni ezintathu, njengezindawo zocingo.

Nokho, lezi zimfundiso, ezisungulwe enkathini ye-nalog, ziye zabonakala zinenkinga eyandayo enkathini yezibalo. Abahluleli abahlangene baye baqaphela ukuthi ukusebenzisa le nqubo engokwesiko ngobuchwepheshe banamuhla kungasiza iSichibiyelo sesine ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalokho, cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla zihilela ukuxoxa ngolwazi neqembu lesithathu le-imeyili nezinkampani zama-elektrom ezigcina izinkonzo ezigqizayo. Uma imfundiso yesithathu esetshenziswa ngaphandle kokunciphisa imingcele, ama-Melika abengeke abe nesivikelo semfihlo eyimfihlo ekuphileni kwawo.

Izimpawu Eziguqula Izindaba Eziyimfihlo

Izinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme eziye zaphoqeleka zibonisa indlela abahluleli abahlangene nabo abaye baguqula ngayo ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamalungelo emishini. Lamacala abonisa ukuqaphela okukhula kweNkantolo ukuthi ukwaziswa kwemishini kudinga isivikelo esikhethekile somthetho-sisekelo nokuthi izimfundiso zeSichibiyelo sesine ezingokwesiko kumelwe zishintshwe (noma ngezinye izikhathi) ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi sokuba wedwa esinengqondo ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwamanani.

United States v. Jones (202): I - GPS - robing neTrespas Doctrine

E-United States v. Jones, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabuza ukuthi umthetho ungabopha yini i-GPS emotweni esolwayo futhi ihlole ukunyakaza kwayo izinsuku ezingu-28 ngaphandle kwemvume. Icala lavela lapho amanxusa e-FBI namaphoyisa endawo efaka i-GPS ku-Antoine's Jeep futhi alandele i-Antoine Jones aqhubeke, ekugcineni esebenzisa ukwaziswa kwendawo ukuze axhumanise ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa.

INkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi i-GPS egunyaziwe yaphula iSichibiyelo sesine kodwa amajaji ayehlukene ngokucabanga kwawo. IJaji u-Antonin Scalia, libhalela iningi, lalithembele emfundisweni yesiphambeko esisekelwe ezintweni, likholelwa ukuthi ukufakwa kwe-GPS ngokoqobo emotweni kaJones kwakuwukuphenya ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. Lendlela yabuyela emuva ku-Katz impahla esekelwe ekuvikelweni kweSine seSiphendulo seNguqulo Yesine.

Nokho, abahluleli abaningana abavumelanayo babhala ngokuhlukahluka ukuze bagcizelele izinkathazo ezibanzi zasese. UMahluleli uSamuel Alito, ohlangene noMahluleli uRuth Bader Ginsburg, uStephen Breyer, noElena Kagan, bavumelana ekwahluleleni kodwa baphikisa ngokuthi icala kufanele linqunywe ngokusekelwe ekulindeleni okunengqondo kobumfihlo kunomthetho wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesishiyagalombili. UMahluleli u-Alito waqaphela ukuthi ukugada kwe-GPS kwenza ukuba umbhalo obanzi wezinhlangano zomuntu owembula imininingwane ejulile ephathelene nokuphila kwabo ne---jplyne ukuthi abantu balindele ukuba bangafihliwe.

UMahluleli uSonia Sotomayor wabhala imvume eyahlukene eyabonakala inethonya elikhulu kakhulu ezicaleni zeze-athom zesikhathi esizayo. Lapho ejoyina umbono woMahluleli uScalia, waveza ukuvumelana nombono omkhulu kaMahluleli u-Alito futhi waqhubekela phambili ekungaqiniseki kwemfundiso yesithathu eqhubekayo enkathini yezibalo. UMahluleli uSotomayor waphawula ukuthi le mfundiso ifanelekele ukubheka inkathi yonyaka, lapho abantu beveza khona ulwazi oluningi ngokuqondene nolwesithathu kubo ngokwabo ezigabeni zemisebenzi yansuku zonke."

Isinqumo sikaJones, nakuba sasilinganiselwe ekubambeni kwaso, sabonisa ukuqaphela kweNkantolo ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha budinga ukuhlaziywa kweSichibiyelo sesine. Imibono eminingi yabonisa ukuthi amajaji ahlanganisa kanjani amafilosofi ahlukene okwahlulela nomphumela ofanayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola, kuyilapho futhi ebeka isisekelo sezomthetho wesikhathi esizayo ohilela ukuqapha kwemishini.

Riley v. California (2014: Ama - Smartphone Ne - Search Diffose of the Praff

Riley Riley v. California liyicala elibalulekile iNkantolo Ephakeme ekhuluma ngemingcele yokufihla imfihlo enkathini yokusebenza kwamanani, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuphenywa okungenasiqinisekiso komakhalekhukhwini. Icala lahlanganisa izenzakalo ezimbili ezihlukene: UDavid Leon Riley waboshwa eSan Diego ngenxa yokushayela ngezimpawu zokubhalisa eziphelelwe isikhathi, futhi phakathi nokuboshwa, amaphoyisa ahlola ucingo lwakhe ngaphandle kwemvume, athola ubufakazi obumxhumanisa nokudubula okuhlobene neqembu. Ecaleni lesibili, uBrima Waurie waboshwa eBoston ngenxa yezidakamizwa, futhi amaphoyisa afaka ucingo lwakhe olubonisa ukuthi ucingo lwakhe lukhona.

INkantolo yavumelana ngokunquma ukuthi ukuphenya okunjalo kuphula iSichibiyelo Sesine, esivikela ekuphenyisweni okungenangqondo nasekuqubukeni, ngaleyo ndlela simise ukuthi amaphoyisa kumelwe athole imvume ngaphambi kokuba adlulisele ukwaziswa komakhalekhukhwini.

Isinqumo seNkantolo esivumelanayo emacala ezindaba zomuntu siqu e-cellphone saletha iSichibiyelo sesine enkathini yezibalo, nombono osekelwe eqinisweni elilula: "Ucingo luhlukile kokubili kokunye okungalingani nakokungalingani okungagcinwa kuwedwa." Ijaji elikhulu uRoberts lagcizelela isimo esiyingqayizivele somakhalekhukhwini uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezivamile, liphikisa ngokuthi ukwaziswa okuqukethwe ezicingweni zamakhalekhukhwini kunezici ezithinta izindaba zomuntu siqu ezihluke kakhulu futhi ezibanzi kunezinto ezihlobene kakhulu nokuseshwa kwezinto zomuntu siqu, njengezikhwama noma izikhwama.

Isinqumo sikaRiley senqaba impikiswano kahulumeni yokuthi ukuphenywa kwe-information-to-arrest areast. okuvumela amaphoyisa ukuba afune umuntu oboshiwe kanye nendawo elawulwa yiwo ngaphandle kwemvume yokusebenza ```ifanele i-cell phone'. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi ukuthethelela okungokwesiko kwalokhu kukhishwa kwe-Pricer futhi ivimbele ukuqothulwa kobufakazi ("a) akukuthetheleli ukuphenywa okungenasizathu kokwaziswa kocingo. Ulwazi lwezinombolo alunakusetshenziswa njengesikhali, futhi ukusula okukude kungadingishwa yindlela efana nokucisha ucingo noma ukulibeka engxoweni kaFaradayday.

Umbono weNkantolo eRiley unikeza izimpawu zeNkantolo ezimisele kakhulu ukungenela izinselele zenkathi yezibalo ezandulelayo, ngesiphetho sokuthi ukwaziswa kuhlukile kuthinta hhayi amacala okuhlola amanani kuphela, kodwa nohlelo olugciniwe lwe-NSA, ukufinyelela emniningo esekelwe emafwini, kanye nemfundiso yesithathu ehambisana nesigaba secala eliqinile, iqaphela ukuthi uma umthamo ongakhothozwayo wokwaziswa okugcinwe kumasendekisi uwenza uhluke ngendlela efana nezincwadi ezingokoqobo, kungashiwo futhi nge-mathopy, izibheth, izibhebhe, nezingci, nezisebenzi.

Isinqumo sikaRiley sibaluleke kakhulu. Sabonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa ubulungisa bomphakathi wonke ohlukene kwemibono cishe kusukela kuMahluleli weSiphakamiso uClarence Thomas kuya kuMahluleli wenkululeko uSotomayor [1] waqonda izithakazelo ezijulile zomuntu siqu eziphazanyiswa ekuhloleni i-cellphone. Lokhu kuvumelana kwabonisa ukuqonda okukodwa okuvumela ukutholakala okungena ngokomthetho kokwaziswa komuntu siqu okuqukethwe ama-mfonomaters anamuhla kungalulaza kakhulu isivikelo seSiphendulo se-Gene.

Riley uye wadunyiswa kakhulu ngokuthi "ukunqoba okukhulu kwamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu" futhi izazi zomthetho zichaza isinqumo ngokuthi "isipho esiyimfihlo esiqhubeka sinika. Imiphumela yesinqumo idlulela ngalé kwendaba eqondile yokuhlola isenzakalo sokubopha, inikeza uhlelo lokuhlaziya ezinye izindaba zobumfihlo zobuchwepheshe nokumisa isimiso sokuthi iSichibiyelo sesine kumelwe sichazwe ukuze sinikeze isivikelo esinengqondo ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe.

Carpbate v. United States (208): I-Cell Site Location Information nemfundiso yesithathu yeParty

INkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo esikhulu mayelana nezindaba zomuntu siqu ze-appenter eCarpenter v. United States, ikhipha isinqumo sokuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sivikelwa "ukuphenya okungenangqondo" kusebenza kukwaziswa kwendawo yengqamuzana. Icala lavela lapho ama-FBI atholela uTimothy Carpater izinsuku ezingu 127 ukwaziswa ngendawo yesikhungo (CSI) kubaphathi bakhe bemishini yokuthungatha amaza ngaphandle kwemvume, esebenzisa le mininingwane ukumbeka eduze kwezindawo zokuphanga ezihlomile.

INkantolo Ephakeme yathola ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga imvume yokuthola ukwaziswa okusendaweni ye-cellphone enkampanini ehambayo, inqume ukuthi ukunika uhulumeni ithuba elilula lokuthola umlando oningiliziwe wokuhlala komuntu kuphikisana nokulindela okungokomthetho kwabantu ukuthi izinhlangano zabo zansuku zonke ngeke zivele ziqashelwe. IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Roberts wabhalela abantu aba-5-4, ekhuluma ngokwaziswa okubonisa ukuthi "ngokujulile okubonisa [indawo ka-cell], ukujula, ububanzi, ukufinyelela kwayo, nokufinyelela okubanzi, kanye nohlobo olungenakugwenywa nolwemvelo oluzenzekelayo lweqoqo layo," ngoMahlulel Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Brey, Soniator, Soniattoor, no-Elena Kagan uhlanganyela umbono.

Isinqumo sikaCarplater sasimele ukunciphisa okukhulu kwemfundiso yesithathu. Kuze kube icala le-Carpenter, izinkantolo zezicelo zikahulumeni zathi akudingekile ukuba kubekwe umthetho, ngenxa yesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yama-1970 ezimbili ezithi "Umuntu akalindele ngokomthetho ukuba amfihlo elwazini aphendukela ngokukhululekile eqenjini lesithathu." INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi le mfundiso, uma isetshenziswa ngobuchwepheshe banamuhla, yayiyoshiya amaMelika engenaso neze isivikelo esiyimfihlo sezindlela zemishini azenza ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

INkantolo yaphawula ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi ukuphatha i-cellphone kuyingxenye edingekile yokuphila okuvamile e-U.S., akunangqondo ukuthi wonke umuntu onocingo uvume ngokuzithandela ukwenza izinhlangano zakhe zibe indaba yomphakathi. Lokhu kuvuma ukuthi ukuhlanganyela ulwazi kwamaqembu amathathu kuveza isimo esihlukile uma ukuhlanganyela okunjalo kungagwemeki emphakathini wanamuhla.

Isinqumo sikaCarpenter sasihlukene kakhulu, namajaji amane ahlangene aphikisanayo. UJaji u-Anthony Kennedy, ohlangene noMahluleli uThomas no-Alito, waphikisa ngokuthi imfundiso yesithathu yengxenye kufanele isetshenziswe ngoba abasebenzisi bamakhalekhukhwini bahlanganyela ngokuzithandela ukwaziswa kwabo nendawo yabo nezokuphatha. UMahluleli uThomas wabhala ngokwehlukana ukuze aphikise ngokulahla ukulindela okunengqondo kovivinyo lwemfihlo ekusekeleni indlela yokuthatha impahla. UJaji Alito wabhala futhi uphikisana nokuphikisana nempahla ehlukile, ehlangene noMahluleli Thomas, egxeka iningi ngenxa yokuhluleka ukunikeza isiqondiso esicacile ngendlela engasebenza ngayo kwezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe. UMahluleli Gormoth wabhala ukungavumelani kwakhe siqu, ukungabaza izisekelo zeSimemezelo seSimemezelo se-Gene Sezi-Jurisprist Rendeccence futhi usikisela ukubuyela ezimpahla ezingeni ezisekwezingeni.

Lemibono ephikisanayo ibonisa indlela ukuhlanganisa amafilosofi okwahlulela ahlukene okungavumelani ngayo amafilosofi okwahlulela okuholela ekungeneni ngokushendeza ezindleleni zobuchwepheshe. Nakuba iningi lagcizelela isidingo sokuvumelanisa iziphetho zesine zeSichibiyelo ukuze kulondolozwe amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu abalulekile enkathini yobuchwepheshe, abaphikisi babekhathazekile ngokuphambana kokwahlulela nokuntula izimiso ezicacile ezicatshangelwe yi-athom.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme singesinye sesinqumo esiwumphumela esikhulu ngokuphathelene nokufihla imfihlo enkathini engokwezinombolo, sinikeza amabalazwe ezinkantolo eziphansi ukuze zivikele ezinye izinhlobo zemininingwane ezwelayo ekungeneni kukahulumeni okungenamvume, nomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo eziphansi zilalela ubizo lwenkantolo ephakeme futhi zidlulisele izifundo zeCarpent kwezinye izimo.

Ithonya Lefilosofi Yokwahlulela Ezinqumweni Zomuntu Ongamenzile

Ukuzwa lezi zinqubo zefilosofi kubalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela iNkantolo elawula ngayo izinto zomuntu siqu futhi ibikezela ukuthi amacala esikhathi esizayo anganqunywa kanjani.

Ukusungula Nokubhala Umbhalo Olotshiwe

Abanye abahluleli, ikakhulukazi labo abamiswe ngomongameli waseRepublican, bamukela izindlela zobuphiciphi bezincwadi nezincwadi ezichaza umthetho-sisekelo. Abaqondisi bezokuqala bafuna ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala yomphakathi ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa, kuyilapho abaqondisi bemibhalo begxila encazelweni ecacile yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo. Laba bamahluleli bavame ukugxeka izinqumo zokwahlulela ezibonakala zithuthukisa isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ngaphezu kwalokho okwakuhloswe amaFramers noma umbhalo onikezwa ngokucacile.

Ezimweni ze-mistry, amajaji akuqala abhekene nenselele ethile: indlela yokusebenzisa amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu e-technology ayengawacabanganga ngo-1791. Abanye abahluleli bokuqala, njengoMahluleli Scalia endabeni kaJones, baye basingatha lenselele ngokugxila ezivikelweni ezisekelwe kwimpahla abaFramers ababeyoziqaphela, njengokuphambuka okungokoqobo. Abanye, njengoJaji Thomas, baye babuza ukuthi imfundiso yesiHlanu seSine seSichibiyelo iphambukele iphambuke kakhulu yini kakhulu encazelweni yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo futhi baye babiza ukubuyela ezivisweni zempahla ezisekelwe ezisekelwe entweni.

Nokho, ukuqamba okungaholeli ekuvikeleni imfihlo okuncane. ERiley, uMahluleli Scalia wahlanganyela umbono ovumelanayo wokuvikela imfihlo yocingo, futhi ukucabanga kweNkantolo kwagcizelela ukuthi amaFramers alwa nomthetho olandelwayo futhi ayengeke amelane nomthetho olingana nohlelo lwenombolo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi inqubo yokuqala ingasekela isivikelo esiqinile sobumfihlo uma sisetshenziswa ngokufanelekile.

Ukuzinqumela Okuphilayo Nobushiqela

Abanye abahluleli abahlangene, ikakhulukazi labo abamiswe ngomongameli weDemocratic, bathambekele ekumukeleni ukuphila komthetho-sisekelo noma izindlela ezilula zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Laba bamahluleli babheka uMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi ephilayo encazelo yayo ivela ngezimo zezenhlalo ezishintshayo nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Bagcizelela isidingo sokuchaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo uma kucatshangelwa izimo zanamuhla ukuze kulondolozwe izindinganiso nezinjongo zabaFramers ezingaphansi.

Ezimweni zezethulo ze-mistry, abahluleli abamukela ukulawulwa komthetho-mthetho ngokuvamile bazimisele kakhulu ukuvumelanisa imfundiso yesi-Createment yesine ukuze baqonde ubuchwepheshe obusha. Umthetho kaSotomayor uvumelana noJones, ubuza imfundiso yesithathu eqhubekayo, iyisibonelo salendlela. Ngokufanayo, uMahluleli Breyer ugcizelele isidingo semfundiso yeSijikelezo sesine sokuziguqula ukuxoxa ngenkolelo ye-"yeSijikelezo-" yokuhlola [1] umqondo wokuthi ukuhlukanisa izingxenye eziningi zolwazi kungaveza ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi isici esisikiselayo.

Lezi zimiso zivame ukugxila ekuqondeni okuwusizo kwezinqumo zabo, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi izincazelo ezihlukene zingathinta kanjani imfihlo ezweni elingokoqobo. Baqaphela ukuthi ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe lungakushintsha kakhulu ukulinganisela phakathi komthetho wezindaba zomuntu siqu nezokugcinwa komthetho, lufuna ukulungiswa okuhambisanayo kwemfundiso yomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kulondolozwe umsebenzi weSichibiyelo Sesine ovikelayo.

Indima Yokukhohlisa Kwamaqaba Nezinkanyiso

Bonke abahluleli abahlangene, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bayifilosofi yabo ebanzi yokwahlulela, kumelwe balwe nemfundiso yokubuka idecis·] isimiso sokuthi izinkantolo ngokuvamile kufanele zilandele inqubo elandela inqubo. Ezicabeni zobuchwepheshe bemishini, lokhu kudala izinselele ezithile ngoba izenzakalo eziningi ezihlobene nenkathi yenqubo yezomthetho zanqunywa futhi zingase zingahunyusheli kahle ebucikweni bezobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe.

Isinqumo sikaCarplater sibonisa lokhu kucindezeleka. Abaningi benqaba ukuthatha imithetho yemfundiso yesithathu elandelanayo kusukela kuma-1970 kodwa baphikisa ngokuthi babengasebenzisi ku-CSLI. Abaphikisi bayigxeka lendlela njengephumelela kakhulu ngaphandle kokusho kanjalo. Lenkulumo mpikiswano ibonisa ukungavumelani okukhulu phakathi kokwahlulela okuthi kungalandelwa, kulungiswe, noma kubekwe umthetho oweqiwe.

Abanye abahluleli banikeza isilinganiso esikhulu futhi bayanqikaza ukugumbuqela imfundiso emisiwe, ngisho nalapho bekholelwa ukuthi inqunywe ngokungalungile. Abanye bazimisele kakhulu ukuphinde bathathe isiqalo lapho bekholelwa ukuthi siphikisana nencazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo noma beye babonakala ingasebenzi. Lezizindlela ezihlukene zokugqokwa u-decississ ngokuphawulekayo zithonya indlela i-Court esingatha izindaba zobumfihlo ze-imfihlo, ikakhulukazi lapho ibhekana nezenzakalo eziphelelwe yisikhathi zenkathi yangaphambi kwenkathi yobuPristi.

Izindaba Zokufihla Izindaba Zezomuntu Ngemishini Ezibhekene Nenkantolo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka bushintsha, abahluleli bayobhekana nezinselele ezintsha ezihilela izindaba zomuntu siqu ezivivinya imingcele yeSichibiyelo Sesine.

Abahlanzi Bemibhoshongo Nokuphenduphenduka Kokuhlola Indawo

INkantolo Ephakeme iyoba nethuba lokuhlola ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo wokuma komhlaba ukhona yini, okugunyaza iChartrie v. eUnited States, okuyokwakhela encazelweni yeNkantolo yendlela isivikelo esingakanani ekuqapheni kukahulumeni esinikezwa ngayo emininingwaneni yokuthatha indawo, eyachazwa ngokucacile esinqumweni sika - 2018 Carpater.

I-Geofence ifanelekela uhlobo olusha lokuhlola lwezinombolo oluphakamisa imibuzo yeSichibiyelo sesine. Kunokuba ifune ukwaziswa kwendawo ukuze isolwe ngokukhethekile, ukugcinwa komthetho kucela ukwaziswa ngazo zonke izisetshenziswa ezikhona endaweni ethile phakathi nesikhathi esithile. Lokhu "ukuhlola indawo" kuvumela amaphoyisa ukuba athole ukuthi ubani ongaba usolwayo ngokunquma ukuthi useduze nobugebengu, kodwa futhi aphenye ngokuthumela ukwaziswa ngabantu abaningi abangenacala abake baba khona kule ndawo.

Kukho ukushukuma phakathi kohlelo lwe-Google's Lobungako Umlando, uhlobo lwalo olukhethayo lwenza kube buthaka izimpikiswano ngesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kanye nezici zenetha elikhulu lokubekwa kwendawo. Ukuhlobana nomthetho womhlaba kuzodinga ukunquma ukuthi ukucabangisisa kukaCarpenter kudlulela kulokhu kuhlola okuphikisayo, noma ukuthi isimo sokuzithandela sezinhlelo zokulandelela izinhlelo kanye nekhono lokuthola ukuvunyelwa komthetho ukuhlukanisa imibandela ehlukanisa izimpawu ze-CSLI ekuphequlweni kwe-CPenter.

Indaba yokugunyazwa kwesimiso somhlaba ihlanganisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngemfuneko ekhethekile yeSichibiyelo sesine, eyala ukuba kufuneke "i-describ[e] indawo okumelwe iphenyiswe kuyo, futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa." Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imvume yokuhlelwa komhlaba yizimpawu zezesayensi yezibalo, ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa ngabantu abaningi abangenacala ngethemba lokubona ukusolwa. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi bayithuluzi elinengqondo lokuhlola elivumela ukuqashelwa komthetho ukuba uqaphele uma izindlela zendabuko zihluleka.

Ukugcinwa Kwamafu Nokwaziswa Okukude

Ama-software namacomputer anamuhla agcina ulwazi olungagcini esisetshenziswani ngokwaso kodwa ku-"fu" `izisebenzi ezisetshenziswa izinkampani zesithathu eziphakelanayo. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngesivikelo seSichibiyelo sesithathu. Ingabe imfundiso yesithathu iyasebenza emniningweni ehlelelwe ifu, noma ingabe i-Carpenter idlulisela umqondo wokuvikela ukwaziswa okunjalo? Ikhona yini umthetho ongaqinisa ukwaziswa kwefu ngokuthola isiqinisekiso sensimbi engokoqobo engenisa ifu, noma kumelwe bathole imvume ehlukile yemininingwane yefu eliyifu?

Isinqumo sikaRiley sasikisela ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sifanelwe isivikelo sokugcinwa kwamafu, siphawula ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini banamuhla baqukethe "ukwaziswa okubanzi okungatholakali ekhaya nganoma yiluphi uhlobo" nokuthi okuningi kwalokhu kwaziswa kugcinwe kude. Nokho, iNkantolo ayibhekisi ngqo ukuthi imvume idingeka yini futhi nini ukuze kutholakale ukwaziswa okusekelwe emafwini, ishiye lombuzo ngenxa yamakhambi azayo.

Abahluleli abakanye nabo kuyodingeka bacabangele ukuthi indawo yokugcina ukwaziswa kufanele ithinte isivikelo sayo somthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho onikeza isivikelo esincane kukwaziswa okuqoshwe amafu kunasemininingwaneni egcinwe endaweni ungadala izisusa eziphambene, ukhuthaze abantu ukuba basebenzise izinkonzo zamafu ngisho nalapho benikeza ukulondeka okukhulu nokusebenza. Ngokuhlukile, ukunikeza iSichibiyelo sesine esigcwele kuyo yonke imininingwane encitshiswe amafu kungabangela ukuba ukuphenywa komthetho okungokomthetho kube nzima futhi kuphakamise imibuzo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kweSiphendulo sesine lapho ukwaziswa kugcinwa eziqondisi zezizwe.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nesilinganiso Semithetho

Intuthuko ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa kanye nokufundwa kwemishini yenza ukuba kube nezindlela ezintsha zokuqapha eziphakamisa izinkathazo ezintsha zemfihlo. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha bungaveza abantu ezindaweni zomphakathi, okungasiza ukuba kuqashelwe ngobuningi ngokwezinga elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili. Imithetho yokubikezela i-algorithms ihlaziya iziteshi ezinkulu zokuthola izinsolo noma amachashaza obugebengu. Amathuluzi okuhlola izenhlalo angalandelela izihlobo zabantu, izinkolelo, nemisebenzi.

Le mishini ibekela inselele izilungiselelo zeSichibiyelo sesine ngendlela eziningi. Ukuqashelwa komphakathi kuhlanganisa umthetho omude wokuthi abantu abanalo ukulindela ukuba kungabi namuntu ocashe, kodwa ukuqapha okunjalo kokuqapha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungaveza imininingwane ejulile ngokuphila komuntu. Imithetho yokubikezela ingathembela ekwazisweni okuthi abantu bano "ngenjongo" abahlanganyela namaqembu amathathu, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwabo ekubekezeleni imithetho kungadlula lokho abantu abalindele uma bexoxa ngakho.

Abahluleli abahlolwayo kuyodingeka banqume ukuthi iziphetho zesine zisebenza kanjani kulezizindlela zokuhlola ezigunyaziwe ze-Al. Uma inkolelo-mfakela yokuhlola, esikiselwa nguMahluleli u-Alito ngokuvumelana noJones, ilinganisela ikhono likahulumeni lokukhipha ukwaziswa emithonjeni eminingi? Ingabe ukusetshenziswa kwe-AIUSC ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa okukhona kuhlanganisa "ukuphenya" ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine? Lemibuzo izodinga ukuba iNkanto eqhubekayo i-Courtry ithuthukise i-ficulo yayo eyimfihlo ukuze iphendule ngokushesha ekuhloleni ulwazi olukhona.

Ukuhlola Imingcele Yemishini Yobuchwepheshe

Enkantolo kuvivinyelwe ukuphenywa okungenamvume kukahulumeni kwemishini yezobuchwepheshe emngceleni wase-U.S., uhulumeni ubelokhu ufaka umthetho odala ovumela amanxusa asemngceleni ukuba afune izimpahla zabahambi ngaphandle kokusola noma ukuphambanisa, ngezimpikiswano zokuthi imithetho yakudala yezwe ayinakuphoqelelwa ukuba ifune imiqulu engakholekiyo yemininingwane kumakhalekhukhwini nabantu nakuma-lapyphoap uma bebuya ohambweni oluvela kwamanye amazwe.

Umngcele uhlola ngokuphambene nendinganiso yeSichibiyelo sesine uvumela izikhulu zamasiko ukuba zihlole abantu nempahla engena e-United States ngaphandle kwemvume noma ngokunokwenzeka. Lokhu, ngokusuka egunyeni likahulumeni eliphethe ukuba kulawule ukuthi ubani ongena ezweni, ngokwesiko kuye kwasetshenziswa ekuhloleni imithwalo, izimoto, nabantu abasemngceleni.

Nokho, ukusebenzisa lokhu kuhlola ama-mamfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono kanye nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Ukuseshwa komngceleni kungaveza ukwaziswa okwengeziwe komuntu siqu kunokuphenywa kwempahla engokoqobo (kuhlanganise ama-imeyili, izithombe, amarekhodi emali, ulwazi lwezokwelapha, kanye nokuxhumana okuqondisisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini exhunywa ngamafu inganikeza ukufinyelela ukwaziswa okugcinwe kubaphathi abakude, okunganweba umngcele ongaphandle kakhulu komngcele ongokoqobo.

Izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ngomthetho - sisekelo wokuphenywa kwemishini ye - electronic okungenamibandela, ezinye zidinga ukusolwa ngokufanelekile ngokufuna imishini ewumngcele futhi ezinye zisebenzisa ukuphenya okungokwesiko komngcele ngaphandle kokuwulungisa.

Umthetho Wokuvikela I - video Nezinkonzo Zokusakaza Zanamuhla

KuSalazar v.Sobhuzal Global, iNkantolo Ephakeme izocacisa iVidiyo Finsion Protection Act, muva nje eyisijeziso esithandwayo sokumangalelwa kwekilasi ngokuthatha isinyathelo − umthetho omncane kodwa onethonya, owakhishwa ngo-1988 ngemva kokuba iphephandaba iNkantolo Ephakeme linyathelise uRobert Bork ngevideo eqashelwayo.

Nakuba kungesona isiHlanzi seSichibiyelo sesine ngokuqondile, i-VPPA libonisa indlela abahluleli okumelwe bahlanganise ngayo imithetho eyimfihlo ebekwe enkathini elandelanayo ukuze bakhulume ngezobuchwepheshe be-athom. INkantolo ivume ukuzwa icala layo lokuqala ngaphansi kwe-Vidiomfistal Protection Act ka-1988 ewuyithuluzi elinamandla kwabelapha abantu abasebenza ngemisebenzi yebanga eliyimfihlo eqenjini, ne-VPPA ephumayo eminyakeni yamuva, ihlasela amabhizinisi aphethe amavidiyo futhi kuthiwa ahambisana nokubuka ukwaziswa okuhlobene namapixesi amathathu, amajisi noma amanye amakhodi.

Umbuzo ongase uhlolwe ongase unqume ukuthi ubani ongamangalela ngaphansi komthetho: Ofaneleka njenge-"consumer" ngaphansi kwe-VPPA, ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kungaba nokwenzeka ukuvala i-VPPA noma ukuvulela umnyango ngisho nasezenzweni zesigaba ezimelene nezinkampani zezokuxhumana, ukugobhoza amapulatifomu nanoma yiliphi ibhizinisi elinikeza ividiyo njengengxenye ye-igeal yayo.

Indaba ye-VPPA ibonisa indlela ukuchaza okungokomthetho okungaba nemiphumela ephawulekayo yemfihlo ngisho nangaphandle komongo womthetho-sisekelo. Abahluleli abahlangeneyo kumelwe banqume ukuthi uMkhandlu uhlose ukuba i-VPPA isebenzise izinkonzo ze-vPA ezibanzi nasemawebhusayithi anamuhla agcwele amavidiyo, noma ukuthi umthetho kufanele uchazwe kancane kakhulu ukuze ugweme ukudlulisa icala elingaphezu kwalokho okuhlongozwa uMkhandlu ngo- 1988.

Inqubo Yokubhala Nombono Ongenaluzwela

Ukuqonda ukuthi amajaji ahlanganisa kanjani umthetho weze-mphyutha we-octal kudinga ukuhlola inqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme efuna inkululeko nendima yokubhala imibono. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo eziphansi, lapho abahluleli ngokuvamile besebenza bezimele, iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengendikimba ehlangene lapho amajaji kumelwe anxuse ozakwabo ukuba bahlanganyele emibonweni yabo.

Ngemva kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, amajaji ahlangana engqungqutheleni ukuze axoxe ngecala futhi athathe ukhetho lokuqala. Uma uMahluleli oPhakeme ekuningi, unikeza umbono; kungenjalo, ukwahlulela okukhulu okungumngane omkhulu kwabaningi kwenza isabelo. Izahlulelo ezibekiwe zihlela umbono, odlulela kwabanye abahluleli ngenxa yezimpendulo namacebiso. Lenqubo ihilela ukuxoxisana okukhulu, ngokufaka izinguquko ekuqinisekiseni amavoti engeziwe noma ukusongela ukubhala ngokuhlukile uma imibandela yabo ingabhekiswa.

Ezimweni zezindaba zomuntu siqu zemishini, lenqubo evimbelayo ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba abahluleli ngokuvamile banemibono ehlukene mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela izithakazelo zomuntu siqu nokugcinwa komthetho, indlela yokuchaza izenzakalo zezobuchwepheshe, nendlela yokuhlela imithetho ezosetshenziswa ebuchwephesheni besikhathi esizayo. Umbono wokugcina ngokuvamile ubonisa ukuhlehla phakathi kobulungisa obunombono ohlukile, ophumela ekubenimba okungase kube kuncane noma kudlulele kunanoma yibuphi ubulungisa obuthandwa kuqala.

Imibono ephikiswayo nephikisanayo ifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho weze-minic special. Izimo zivumela amajaji ukuba achaze ukucabanga kwawo lapho evumelana nomphumela kodwa hhayi indlela yokucabanga yeningi, okungabeka isisekelo sentuthuko yezimfundiso zesikhathi esizayo. UJaji uSotomayor uvumelana noJones, ubuza imfundiso yesithathu, wathonya ukucabanga kweNkantolo kamuva eCarpenter. Ukuvumela ukuthatha izindlela ezicacile ezingase ziqondiswe ekuqondiseni ekugcineni okungase kuqondise iningi njengezinguquko zeNkantolo noma umahluleli zihlola izikhundla zabo.

Indlela yokubhala nokucabanga esetshenziswa embonweni futhi ibalulekile. Imibono ebanzi inikeza isiqondiso esengeziwe ezinkantolo eziphansi nasekuqinisweni komthetho kodwa ingabonakala kunzima ukusebenzisa ezimweni ezingalindelekile. Imibono eqondene necala inikeza isiqondiso esincane kodwa ivumela umthetho ukuba ukhule ngokuphazima kweso uma kuphakama izindaba ezintsha. Abahluleli abahlangeneyo kumelwe balinganisele lokhu kucabangela lapho kuhlelwa imibono, bacabangele hhayi nje kuphela icala elikhona kodwa futhi nethonya elingokokuqala ezimpikiswaneni zezindaba zangasese zesikhathi esizayo.

Ithonya Lenkantolo Lokunquma Amalungelo Okufihla Izindaba

Ukwakhiwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuthonya kakhulu ukulawulwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu ngokwezinombolo. Njengoba abaphathi bemisa amajaji amasha, ukulinganisela kwemibono yeNkantolo, okungathinta indlela amacala anqunywa ngayo esikhathini esizayo. Ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile ekubikezeleni ukuthi umthetho wezobuchwepheshe uyoba khona kanjani.

INkantolo yamanje ihlanganisa amajaji ayisithupha amiswe ngumongameli baseRepublicans kanye namathathu amiswe ngomongameli weDemocratic. Nokho, lokhu kuwohloka kwemibono akubhekiseli imiphumela njalo ezicabeni zomuntu siqu. URiley wanqunywa ngazwi linye, futhi uCarpenter wabona uMahluleli omkhulu, ehlangene nabahluleli abakhululekile beNkantolo ukuze bahlanganise izinqumo zezindaba zomuntu siqu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi izindaba zomshoshaphansi zidlulele ukuhlukana okungokwesiko, kanti abahluleli abaqaphela ukubaluleka kokuvikela imfihlo enkathini yobuchwepheshe.

Noma kunjalo, ukuqamba kweNkantolo izindaba. Ukuthathelwa indawo kweJaji uScalia noMahluleli Gormoth, ngokwesibonelo, kwaletha ubulungisa obuhlukile ngemfundiso yeSichibiyelo sesine nemfundiso yesithathu. UMahluleli Gor's amontront eCarpent wasikisela ukuzimisela ukuphinde uhlole izici eziyisisekelo zeSichibiyelo sesine seHluliso, okungabonisa indlela ehlukile yokusingatha izindaba zomshoshaphansi zezokuxhumana.

Ngokufanayo, ukumiswa kwamaJaji uKavanaugh noBarrett kuye kwaguqula ukulinganisela kwemibono yeNkantolo, okungathinta izinqumo zezokuzifihla ngemishini esikhathini esizayo. Nakuba kungekho bulungisa obubhaliwe kakhulu ngezindaba zemfihlo ze-athom eMbusweni oPhakeme, imibhalo yabo yangaphambili nemibono ephansi yenkantolo kunikeza isibonakaliso esithile sokusondela kwabo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMahluleli uBarrett, ubhale ngencazelo engokomthetho nangendima yamajaji esimisweni samandla ahlukene, esikisela ukuthi angathatha indlela yokusingatha imibhalo yemithetho eyimfihlo yemithetho eyimfihlo njenge VPPA.

Ukwakhiwa kweNkantolo nakho kuthinta amacala amajaji avumelanayo ukuzwa. Kudinga amavoti amane ukunikeza i-certiorari, okusho ukuthi abahluleli abambalwa bangaletha amacala eNkantolo ngisho noma iningi lingase lizithathele umthetho omelene nabo. Lokhu kungaholela eNkantolo ukuthatha amacala aphinde abuye angene noma anciphe kakhulu enqubeni yezindaba zangasese, ikakhulukazi uma amajaji amasha engawabazanga alezo zenzakalo.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwezikhungo Zemfihlo Ze - Federal Nezinombolo ZoMbuso

Nakuba incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yeSichibiyelo sesine ibeka isisekelo somthetho-mthetho ukuze kuvikelwe izinto eziyimfihlo, izifundazwe zihlala zikhululekile ukunikeza isivikelo esikhudlwana ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zazo. Lesi sakhiwo sikahulumeni sidala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu angahluka kakhulu kuye ngegunya.

Izinkantolo eziningi eziphakeme zichaze imithetho-mthetho yezwe yazo ukuze inikeze isivikelo seze-athom esiqinile kakhulu kuneSiphendulo sesine seNkantolo yase-U.S. iqaphele iSichibiyelo seSine. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zidinga imvume yokuhlola ucingo phambi kukaRiley, futhi ezinye izimvume ezidingekayo zeCSLI phambi kukaCarpenter. Lezi zinqumo zenkantolo zingathonya ukucabanga kweNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zamisa imithetho enikeza izivikelo zeze-athom ezidlula lokho okufunwa yiSichibiyelo sesine. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Electronic Communications Privacy Act yase California idinga imvume yokugunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho ekudluliseleni izokuxhumana kogesi nemishini, ngaphandle kwe-octal methone. Ezinye izizwe ziye zamisa umthetho ofanayo, zakha umsebenzi owengeziwe wesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esinezelwe izimfuneko zomthetho.

Lomsebenzi wezinga eliphakathi kahulumeni ungasebenza njengendawo yokuhlola inqubo ye-octal mental system, ivumela izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuba zihlolwe futhi zihlolwe. Uma izivikelo zikahulumeni zibonakala ziphumelela, zingathonya inkambiso kahulumeni noma iNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma isivikelo sikahulumeni sibonakala singasebenzi noma sidala izinkinga ezinkulu zokugcinwa komthetho, lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kungazisa ukuhlaziya kweNkantolo ukuthi isivikelo esithile semfihlo sinengqondo yini ngaphansi kweSiphendulo Sesine.

Nokho, ukuhlobana phakathi komthetho wezemfihlo kahulumeni nowesizwe womthetho we-athom kungadala futhi izinkinga. Uma umthetho kahulumeni unikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, ukugcinwa komthetho kumele kuvumelane nendinganiso evikelayo. Lokhu kungadala ukudideka nokuguquguquka, ikakhulukazi ezinhlanganweni zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ezisebenza ezizweni eziningi. Amaqembu ahlanganisa abaphathi-mthetho kumelwe bacabangele lezizinto lapho kusungulwa imfundiso yeSine seSichibiyelo, kulinganiswa isidingo sokuhlangana kwesizwe nezinzuzo zomthetho kanye nendima engokwesiko ekuchazeni inqubo yobugebengu.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Nomthetho Oqhathanisa Umthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme ngokuyinhloko ichaza umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., imibono yomhlaba wonke neyokulinganisa ingahlanganisa ukuqonda kobulungisa ngezindaba zobumfihlo zobuchwepheshe. Ezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iye yalwa nezinselele ezifanayo ekuvumelaninini nezindlela zokuzivikela eziyimfihlo nobuchwepheshe obusha, futhi izindlela zayo zinganikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-European Union iye yathatha indlela yokuvikela kakhulu ekusithekeni kwemishini kune-United States, imisa i-General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) futhi iqaphela "ilungelo lokulibaleka" ezimweni ezithile. INkantolo yobulungisa yaseYurophu iye yakhipha izinqumo eziningi ezithinta izindaba zomuntu siqu zobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nezinqumo zokugcinwa kwemininingwane, ukudluliswa kokwaziswa okungena emaceleni, kanye nelungelo lokufihla izindaba zomthetho we-electal.

INkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada iye yakhuluma nangezindaba zobumfihlo ze-inthanethi, ngokuvamile ifinyelela iziphetho ezifana nezeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. kodwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingokwesayensi. Izinkantolo zaseCanada ziye zafuna imvume yokuhlola imiyalezo, ukwaziswa komkhokheli we-inthanethi, kanye neminye imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, icabanga ukuthi abantu balindele ukuba izinto ezithile zibe zezomuntu siqu.

Nakuba umthetho wezizwe nowezizwe ungabophi iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. inganikeza imibono ewusizo. Abanye abahluleli, ikakhulukazi labo abanamafilosofi okwahlulela ahlukene kakhulu, baye bacaphuna umthetho wakwamanye amazwe emibonweni yabo ukuze babonise indlela ezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi eziye zasingatha ngayo izindaba ezifanayo. Okunye ukulunga akuqiniseki kakhulu ukuthembela emthethweni wangaphandle, kuphikisa ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho-sisekelo kwaseMelika kufanele kusekelwe embhalweni waseMelika, emlandweni, nasesikweni.

Impikiswano ngokubaluleka komthetho wezwe iveza ukungavumelani okukhulu ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Labo abakhetha ukubheka umthetho wangaphandle baphikisa ngokuthi unganikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngendlela ezinye izindinganiso zedemokrasi eziphikisanayo nokuthi i-United States ingafunda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamanye amazwe. Labo abamelene nomthetho wamazwe baphikisa ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika kufanele isekelwe emithonjeni yaseMelika nokuthi izimiso zomthetho wangaphandle zisebenza ezindaweni ezihlukene ezingokomthetho nempucuko ezingase zingaguquleli e-United States.

Indima Yochwepheshe Bobuchwepheshe Ne - Amicus

Amacala ezindaba zobuchwepheshe ahlanganisa izimpikiswano zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingase zingajwayelekile kumajaji. Ukuqonda indlela amacingo asebenza ngayo, indlela ukwaziswa kwendawo okuqoqwa futhi kugcinwe ngayo, indlela yokufihla nokusebenza kwe-openthical, nendlela ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obusebenza ngayo bubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi ngemiphumela yawo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlanganisa abahluleli kuxhomeke emithonjeni eminingana ukuze kuthuthukise lokhu kuqondana kobuchwepheshe.

I-Amicus curiae (umngane wenkantolo) ifeza indima ebalulekile ekufundiseni amajaji ngezindaba zobuchwepheshe nezimiso. Ezindabeni ezinkulu zezindaba zobuchwepheshe, iNkantolo ithola iziphazamiso eziningi zezindaba zobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi, amaqembu agunyaza imithetho, izazi ezingokomthetho, kanye neminye imikhakha ethazekile. Le mininingwane emifushane inikeza izincazelo eziningi zendlela ubuchwepheshe obusebenza ngayo, izinzuzo nezingozi, kanye nezici zazo zokugcinwa komthetho wemfihlo.

Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zivame ukubhala izingcingo ezichaza indlela izinkonzo zazo ezisebenza ngayo nokuthi zingaba naliphi ithonya emisebenzini yazo. Ngokwesibonelo, eCarpeter, abathuthi abakhulu bathumela i-meter bechaza indlela i-CSLI ekhiqizwa futhi egcinwa ngayo. ERiley, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe nezinhlangano zomuntu siqu zachaza inani elikhulu lokwaziswa komuntu siqu okugcinwe kuma-mfonomafoni anamuhla kanye nemiphumela eyimfihlo yokupheca ngokuhlola okungenasiqinisekiso.

Izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi njenge-American Civil Liberties Union ne-Electronic Privacy Information Center zivame ukubhala izikhawu ze-amics ezicansiwe, ziphikisa iziphetho zeSichibiyelo sesine esiqinile. Lezizinhlangano zivame ukunikeza ukucubungula okuningiliziwe kwendlela ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola ubuchwepheshe obungasetshenziswa ngayo, ukukwazi kwazo ukuxhaphaza, kanye nokuveza imiphumela yenkululeko yomphakathi. Ziqokomisa futhi okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu abasese baye bahlaselwa ukuqashelwa uhulumeni, ziveza ubuso babantu ngemibuzo esekelwe emthethweni womthetho.

Lezi zifushaniso zigcizelela ukubaluleka kwamasu athile okuhlola ukuxazulula ubugebengu nokuvikela ukuphepha komphakathi, ziveza ukuthi imithetho evimbela ngokweqile evimbela ukugcinwa komthetho.

Izazi ezingokomthetho zihlaziya izindaba ezingokwezimfundiso, imibuzo engokomlando, kanye nezincazelo zemithetho ehlukahlukene. Lezi zifushaniso ngokuvamile zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwesibonelo, umlando womthetho - sisekelo, nomthetho oqhathanisayo, zisiza abahluleli ukuba baqonde ukuthi izindlela ezihlukene zaziyofanelana kanjani nemithetho ekhona.

Abahluleli bafunda nangobuchwepheshe ngempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, lapho bengabuza khona abameli ngezindaba zobuchwepheshe. Eminyakeni yamuva, amajaji ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, bebuza imibuzo eminingi mayelana nokuthi iziphi iziteshi ezihlukahlukene zisebenza kanjani kanye nemiphumela yazo eyimfihlo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe lwezinqumo zezemishini zeNkantolo, kuvumela abahluleli ukuba benze izahlulelo ezinolwazi olunzulu ngezindaba zomthetho-mthetho mayelana nezindaba zomthetho-mthethweni ezisengxenye.

Ukulinganisela Isikhathi Sokuba Wedwa Nokulondeka Enkathini Yokusebenza Kwamanani

Esinye sezici eziyinselele kakhulu sokuzinqumela izinto zomuntu siqu ngamanani siwukulinganisela amalungelo omuntu siqu ngokumelene nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho nakwokulondeka kwesizwe.

Izinhlangano ezimisa umthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bemishini buye benza imisebenzi yazo yaba nzima kakhulu ngokwenza izigebengu zikwazi ukuxhumana ngokuphephile, zigcine ubufakazi obuyimfihlo futhi zisebenze ngaphesheya kwemingcele yamazwe. Ziphikisa ngokuthi izivikelo eziqinile zomuntu siqu ziphazamisa ikhono lazo lokuhlola ubugebengu, ukusola, nokuvimbela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula. Kulombono, kudinga izimvume zezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola imishini ezifaka izinhlupheli zomthetho ezingase zivumele izigebengu ukuba zigweme ubulungisa.

Abasekeli bezindaba zomuntu siqu baphendula ngokuthi lokhu kukhathazeka kukhulu kakhulu nokuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kunamathuluzi amaningi akhona okuhlola ubugebengu ngisho nangesivikelo esiqinile sobuso bomuntu siqu. Baveza ukuthi imfuneko yemvume ayisona isithiyo esiphelele sokuqapha kodwa kunalokho imfuneko yokuba ukugcinwa komthetho kubonise ukuthi kungenzeka kubangele umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi ngaphambi kokusesha. Baphikisa ngokuthi lemfuneko, ivimbela ukuthunyelwa kokudoba futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uqaphe abantu abahlobene ngempela nezenzo zobugebengu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasekeli bezindaba zomuntu siqu bathi isivikelo esinamandla sasese sifeza izithakazelo ezibalulekile zokulondeka kuhulumeni ngokuvikela ekuphathweni kabi.Umlando unikeza izibonelo eziningi zokuqapha okusetshenziswa uhulumeni ekuhlaseleni abaphikisi bezombangazwe, abashisekeli bamalungelo abantu nabanye abahileleke emisebenzini evikelwe umthetho.

Abahluleli abakanye nabo kumelwe basebenzise lezi zinkinga ezincintisanayo lapho benquma izikhalo zeze-athom. Isinqumo seRiley savuma ukuthi ukufuna imvume yokusesha i-cell phone kuyoba "nethonya ekhonweni lokugcinwa komthetho lokulwa nobugebengu" kodwa kwaphetha ngokuthi "ukungalawuleki kudlalelwa izindleko" lokhu kubonisa ukuqaphela kweNkantolo ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine ngezinye izikhathi sidinga ukwamukela ukuphumelela okuthile kokugcinwa komthetho ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Nokho, iNkantolo iye yaqaphela nokuthi iSichibiyelo Sesine asiphelele nokuthi ezinye izithakazelo zikahulumeni zingase zithethelele ukuphenywa okungenasisekelo ezimweni ezilinganiselwe.

Ikusasa Lokungafihli Izinto Ngemishini

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka bushintsha ngokushesha, abahluleli bayobhekana nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi ezithinta imishini eyimfihlo.

Okokuqala, ukwanda kwe-Internet of Things (IoT) kuyokwenza kube nezinselele ezintsha eziyimfihlo. Imishini yasekhaya ehlakaniphile, abathuthi abanobungqabavu, izimoto ezixhumanisayo, nezinye imishini ze-IOT iqoqa ukwaziswa okuningi kakhulu ngemisebenzi yansuku zonke. Lo kwaziswa kungaveza imininingwane ejulile ngokuphila kwabantu, kusukela ezindleleni zabo zokulala kuya ezimweni zabo zempilo kuya ezimisweni zabo zansuku zonke. Ukubambisana nabaqondisi-mthetho kudinga ukuthola ukuthi izivikelo zeSijikishi sesine esisebenza kuphi imniningo nokuthi umthetho udinga yini imfuneko yokuyithola.

Okwesibili, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe besayensi yobuchwepheshe bomzimba izophakamisa ukukhathazeka okusha okuphathelene nokuyimfihlo. Ukuqaphela i - iris, ukuhlola i - scan, ukuhlaziya iminwe, nokuhlola i - DNA kungaveza abantu ngokunemba okukhulu, okwenza kube nezindlela ezintsha zokuhlola nokuhlola. INkantolo kuzodingeka ihlole ukuthi ukuqoqa nokuhlaziya ukwaziswa okuphathelene nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kuhlanganisa ukuphenywa kweSichibiyelo Sesine nokuthi isilinganiso esingakanani sokusolwa okudingekayo ukuze kuqoqwe lokho kuqoqwa.

Okwesithathu, ukusetshenziswa kombhalo obhalwe phansi kungenza ukuphikisana phakathi kwezindaba zomuntu siqu ne-application. Ukukhomba okunamandla kungavikela ukuxhumana nemininingwane ekungeneni okungekho semthethweni, kodwa kungavimbela nokugcinwa komthetho ekutholeni ubufakazi bobugebengu. Impikiswano yokuthi izinkampani zobuchwepheshe kufanele zidingeke yini ukuba zinikeze "iminyango" ukuze zikwazi ukunikeza ukwaziswa okufihliwe ekugcineni kungafinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme, ifuna ukuba abahluleli balinganisele, ukulondeka, nokuqamba izikhalo.

Okwesine, ukuqapha komuntu siqu kuyophakamisa imibuzo ngezinga leSichibiyelo sesine. Isichibiyelo sesine sisebenza kuphela esinyathelweni sikahulumeni, hhayi ekuziphatheni komuntu siqu. Nokho, njengoba izinkampani ezizimele ziqoqa ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngabantu ngabanye nanjengoba ukugcinwa komthetho kuncika ngokuqhubekayo kule mininingwane eqoqiwe ngasese, umngcele phakathi kokuqapha komphakathi nokuqapha komuntu siqu ungafiphaza. Izikhulu zikahulumeni kungase kudingeke ziphinde zihlole imfundiso yesenzo sombuso ngokuhlola imishini.

Okwesihlanu, ukusungulwa kwenqubo ye-quantam kanye nezinye izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezithuthukile kungase kubangele ukuba izindlela zokubhala ngokukopisha ziphelelwe isikhathi, zikwazi ukwenza izindlela ezintsha zokuqapha kuyilapho zidala izindlela ezintsha zokuvikela imfihlo. INkantolo kuzodingeka ivumelane nenqubo yayo yokulawula izimfihlo ukuze ibhekane nalezi zinguquko zobuchwepheshe, iqinisekisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sihlala sinenjongo njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintshashintsha.

Okokugcina, ukuhwebelana okukhulayo kwezokuxhumana kwemishini nemininingwane kuyodala izinselele. Uma ukwaziswa kugcinwa kubaqondisi emazweni amaningi, lapho izokuxhumana kunqamule imingcele yomhlaba wonke, nalapho ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola bungasebenza emhlabeni wonke, imingcele engokwesiko yezindawo emandla kahulumeni ingabonakala ingenamali.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nabantu

Izinqumo ze-athom zeNkantolo Ephakeme zeze-inthanethi zinezici eziwusizo kakhulu ezinhlanganweni eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nabantu ngabanye. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlobana kuyasiza ekuboniseni ithonya langempela lecala leNkantolo nokubaluleka kwesinqumo esihlobene nezomthetho.

Kumthetho oqashelwayo, izinqumo ezinjengoRiley noCarplate ziye zadinga izinguquko ezinkulu ezinhlelweni zophengululweni. Iminyango yamaphoyisa kuye kwadingeka ukuba iveze imithetho emisha yokuthola imvume ngaphambi kokufuna ama-cellphone noma ukufinyelela indawo. Lokhu kuye kwadinga izikhulu eziqeqesha izimfuneko ezintsha ezingokomthetho, zimise izinqubo zokuthola imvume ngokushesha uma kudingeka, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zamukela ubufakazi obungase bube khona ngaphansi komthetho wangaphambili manje buvikelwe yiSichibiyelo sesine.

Nokho, lezinguquko azizange zivimbele ukugcinwa komthetho ekuhloleni amacala ngokuphumelelayo. Amaphoyisa angathola imvume yokuhlola ngemishini lapho kungenzeka ukuthi ibangelwa yizo, futhi izinkantolo ngokuvamile bezizimisele ukunikeza izimvume ezinjalo uma kufaneleka. Imfuneko imane iqinisekisa ukuqapha komthetho ngokuhlola ngemishini, ivimbela ukuthatha uhambo lokudoba kuyilapho zivumela ukuphenywa kobugebengu okusolwayo.

Kubantu ngabanye, izivikelo zemishini ezinamandla zinikeza isivikelo esibalulekile kuhulumeni ophakele. Ukwazi ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile awakwazi ukuphenya amakhalekhukhwini awo ngaphandle kwemvume yokwahlulela, kwenza abantu baqiniseke kakhulu ukuthi ukwaziswa kwabo okuyimfihlo kuhlala kuyimfihlo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abasengozini, kuhlanganise nabashisekeli bezombangazwe, izintatheli namalungu emiphakathini emincane, abangase bahloselwe ngokungenakuzihlola.

Izivikelo zobuchwepheshe zobuchwepheshe zithinta futhi izomnotho. Ukuvikelwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu okuqinile kungakhuthaza ukuqashelwa ngokunikeza izinkampani zobuchwepheshe nabasebenzisi isiqinisekiso sokuthi ukwaziswa kwazo kuzovikelwa ekutholeni inqubo efanelekile engokomthetho engekho kuhulumeni. Lokhu kungathuthukisa ukusungulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha nezinkonzo ezingase zingasebenzi endaweni engokomthetho evikelekile.

Ngokuphambene, isivikelo esibuthakathaka sezindaba zomuntu siqu singathulisa inkulumo nobudlelwane ngokwenza abantu bangababaze ukuxoxa ngokukhululekile noma ukuhlangana namaqembu aphikisanayo uma besaba ukuqashelwa uhulumeni. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma nokuhlangana sixhomeke ngokwengxenye ezivikelweni zezindaba zomuntu siqu zeSichibiyelo sesine ezivimbela uhulumeni ukuba ubheke ukuxhumana kwabantu nemisebenzi yabo ngaphandle kokuthethelela.

Indima Yenhlangano Ekuvikelweni Kwabantu Ngezinombolo

Nakuba abahluleli befeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho wezobuchwepheshe oyimfihlo ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo, iziKhomishane zinendima ebalulekile okumelwe ziyenze ngomthetho.

Isivumelwano sikaMahluleli u-Alito eRiley sasikisela ukuthi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingadinga ukusungula imithetho emisha ebhekisa ekusesheni ucingo, iphawula ukuthi izinkantolo zisebenzisa "ithuluzi elibukhali leSichibiyelo Sesine" zingahluleka ukudweba ukuhlukanisa okungaqondakali okudingekayo ukuze kubekwe umthetho wemfihlo ophumelelayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuphikisana okukhulu ngezindima ezifanele zezinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho ekusingatheni izindaba zangasese zamanani zisingatha izindaba zomuntu siqu.

Umthetho othile weze-athom we-octronic Communications Act (ECPA), olawula ukugcinwa komthetho wokuxhumana ngemishini nokwaziswa okugciniwe. Nokho, i-ECPA yamiswa ngo-1986 futhi ayizange ihlelwe kahle ukuze ikhulume ngobuchwepheshe banamuhla. Abasekeli abaningi bezindaba zomuntu siqu baphikisa ngokuthi i-ECPA idinga ngokuphuthumayo ukunikeza imithetho ecacile yokuxhumana ngemishini kule nkathi yanamuhla.

Amanye amalungu eSishaya - mthetho aye asungula umthetho wezobuchwepheshe ocacile ozomisa imithetho ecacile yokuthola ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini kahulumeni, udinga iziqondiso zokuhlola ngemishini ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, futhi unikeza abantu amandla amakhulu okulawula ukwaziswa kwabo siqu.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo nezivikelo zomthetho buyinkimbinkimbi. ISishaya-mthetho singanikeza izivikelo zomuntu siqu ezinkulu kunesidingo seSichibiyelo sesine, kodwa asinakugunyaza ukuphenya okuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyawunqabela. Lapho iSishaya-mthetho simisa umthetho wemfihlo, izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze lemithetho, futhi izinqumo zencazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme zingathinta kakhulu izinga lesivikelo sasese.

Ngakho, izindlela zokwahlulela ezihambelana nencazelo engokomthetho zithinta imfihlo yamanani ngisho nasezimweni ezingahileli ngokuqondile imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho. Abahluleli abakhetha ukuchazwa okukhulu kwemithetho eyimfihlo bayothanda ukunikeza isivikelo esiqinile, kuyilapho labo abakhetha ukuchaza incazelo elinganiselwe bathambekele ekulinganiseleni isivikelo somthetho kulezo ezinikezwa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu ngokuqondile.

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Okuqhubekayo Kwamalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Indima yabahluleli abahlanganisa amalungelo e-octal alawula amalungelo e-octal imelela esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu neziyinselele zomthetho-mthetho wanamuhla. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buguquka, laba abahluleli kumelwe bachaze amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo angamashumi ayishumi nanhlanu aphindwe kathathu ukusingatha izinselele zamashumi amabili nanhlanu, ukulinganisa amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu ngokumelene nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni ezigcinwa umthetho nakulondeka kwesizwe.

Izinqumo eziphawulekayo kuJones, Riley, noCarpenter zibonisa ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme iqaphela isidingo sokuvumelanisa imfundiso yesine Isichibiyeli ukuze ilondoloze isivikelo esinengqondo somuntu siqu enkathini engokwezinombolo. Lezi zimo zimisa izimiso ezibalulekile: ukuthi ukwaziswa kwemishini kudinga isivikelo esikhethekile somthetho-sisekelo, ukuthi izimfundiso ezingokweSine zeSichibiyelo kumelwe ziphinde zithathwe lapho zifuna ukuba yimfihlo ngokwezinombolo, nokuthi injongo eyinhloko yeSichibiyelo Sesine yokuvimbela ukuseshwa kwezethule iyaqhubeka ibalulekile enkathini yanamuhla.

Nokho, imibuzo eminingi ayiphenduli. Izinga lemfundiso yesithathu enkathini ye-apply, isimo somthetho-mthetho sobuchwepheshe bokuhlola obuvelayo, ukusebenza kweSichibiyelo sesine sesivikelo semininingwane ehlotshiswe ngamafu, nezinye izimpikiswano eziningi zilindele isinqumo esiqinisekile. Njengoba lamacala efika eNkantolo Ephakeme, abahluleli abavumelanayo bayoqhubeka behlela umthetho weze-mgamu ngenqubo yabo yokuvota, imibono, nokuthatha isinyathelo enqubweni yeNkanto yeNkantolo efuna igebelo.

Izinhlobonhlobo zamafilosofi okwahlulela amelelwe eNkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuphikisana okukhulu ngalezizindaba. Abaqondisi bezomthetho-sisekelo, abaqondisi bemithetho-mthetho, abaqondisi bezimiso, nabanye baletha imibono ehlukene emibuzweni yezindaba zomuntu siqu, futhi ukusebenzelana kwalemibono kuveza imibono eminingi nokukhathazeka. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kungaholela ezinqumweni ezilinganiselwe noma ezihlukene, kuqinisekisa futhi ukuthi ukucatshangelwa okukhulu akunakwa nokuthi izinqumo zeNkantolo kubonakalisa ukucukuthwa ngokucophelela.

Uma sibheka phambili, izinselele ezibhekene nobulungisa obuhlangeneyo ziyoqhubeka ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukuhlelwa kwe-quantam, ukuhlola i-biographic, kanye nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe ezisavelayo ziyophakamisa imibuzo ebuzayo edinga ukuhlaziywa nokucaciswa kokuhlakanipha. Amajaji kuzodingeka ahlale ezazile ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, acabangele imiphumela yawo yokugcinwa kwezinto zomuntu siqu nokugcinwa komthetho, kanye nemfundiso yomthetho wezobuchwepheshe enikeza isivikelo esinengqondo kuyilapho isasebenza.

Izinqumo ezenziwa abaqondisi bezindaba eziyimfihlo ezithinta imishini zizonquma ukuthi amaMelika ahlala eyimfihlo yini ezindaweni ezisebenza ngemishini noma ukuthi ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kuqeda iSichibiyelo sesine kuze kube seqophelweni lokungasabeli. Lezi zinqumo ngeke zithinte ukucwaninga kobugebengu kuphela kodwa futhi nenkulumo yezombangazwe, ukuxoxa, ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu nezinye izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke ezixhomeke ekuzinzeni kwabo siqu ukuze bachume.

Ekugcineni, indima yamajaji ahlangene ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo e-minuctures ibonisa inselele enkulu yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo ezweni elishintshayo. Izimiso ezihlala njalo zoMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe zisetshenziswe ezimweni abaFramers abangeke bazicabange, zifune ukuba abahluleli basebenzise ukuhlakanipha, ukuzibamba, nobuchule bokusungula ngesilinganiso esifanayo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buguqula umphakathi, umsebenzi womahluleli abahlangene ekuvikeleni amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu obuntu uhlala ubalulekile ekulondolozeni izindinganiso zomthetho ngokomthetho zenkululeko nohulumeni olinganiselwe oye wachaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo.

Kubantu, abenzi bemithetho, abahleli bemithetho, nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe, ukuqonda indlela izigebengu ezihlanganisa ngayo izindaba zomuntu siqu ze-athom kubalulekile ukuze kuqondiswe ukuqashwa kwezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho ezilawula ukuqashelwa kwemishini nesivikelo semininingwane. Ngokulandela izinqumo zeNkantolo, ngokufunda ngokucophelela, nokuqonda amafilosofi ahlukene okwahlulela emdlalweni, abagcini bezokugada bangabikezela kangcono ukuthi izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo ziyonqunywa futhi zilwe ngokuphumelelayo yini ngemiphumela yazo ethandekayo.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu ngaphansi kwesiqondiso seNkantolo Ephakeme ehlanganisa amajaji amelela isiqephu esibalulekile somthetho-mthetho we-computer waseMelika. Njengoba siqhubekela phambili enkathini yezibalo, ukuhlakanipha nokwahlulela kwalabhinga kuzosiza ekutholeni ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine siseyisivikelo esibalulekile yini kumuntu ngamunye noma siba ukuphazamiseka kokungakwazi ukunqanda amandla kahulumeni lapho kushintsha ubuchwepheshe. Izinqumo abazenzayo namuhla ziyohlela indawo eyimfihlo amashumi amaningi eminyaka ezakuza, zithinte ukuphila kwezigidi zamaMelika nezimiso eziyo eziyo ezizoqondisa izinhlangano eziphansi, izinhlangano eziqondisa umthetho, kanye nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe njengoba bedlula ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zobuchwepheshe zobuchwepheshe.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngeSichibiyelo sesine seSiphendulo kanye nemfihlo yezenombolo, vakashela i- American Civil Liberties Union unions & itechnology ikhasi. Ukuhlola izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme nokuhlaziya, bheka [ STUSUSlog[[[[FLT:]]]. Izimo zemfundo ngomthetho wamanani, hlola [[[FLT:] uMthetho we-octive Refected Refect [. Imithombo engaphezulu yeze-okhasithekito nomthetho ingatholakala ku-[FLT:][FLT] [FLT]][FLT]]