Igatsha Lokwahlulela Njengomgadi Womthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela limi njengomchazi womthetho wokugcina noMthetho-sisekelo, liphethe igunya elihlola ngokuqondile amandla oMkhandlu nobumongameli. Nakuba isikhulu siphoqelela umthetho futhi siwadala, ijaji liqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elidlula imingcele yalo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Lo msebenzi wokuziphendulela awuyona nje incazelo; ubumba imiphumela yangempela yokubusa futhi uvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuhulumeni ogodlwa. Ukuqonda isilinganiso esigcwele sendlela izinkantolo ezibheka ngayo amanye amagatsha ukuba alahlulele ngayo kudinga ukuphenyiswa hhayi nje kuphela amandla esisekelo angokokwahlulela kodwa futhi nezimiso eziwusizo, imithetho engokomthetho, nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezichaza lobu buhlobo.

Izisekelo Zegunya Lokwahlulela

Imvelaphi Yomthetho - sisekelo Nokwakhiwa Kwawo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa igatsha lokwahlulela eSiphakamiso III, ukudala isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni esiholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngokungafani namagatsha emithetho nesikhulu, athola igunya laso ngokuqondile ngokhetho, ijaji lisebenza njengendikimba emisiwe elindele amajaji kahulumeni aphila ukuphila konke. Lokhu kukhululeka kwesakhiwo kwakuklanyelwe ngamabomu ukuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe izahlulelo ezingakhethi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kwezombangazwe. Abahleli baqonda ukuthi i-frames babeqonda ukuthi i-gadicaria ezimele ngempela ekusebenziseni imingcele yemithetho yezomthetho kahulumeni.

Amandla Okubukeza Ukwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuyisisekelo sokulandisa kokwahlulela. Lamandla enza ukuba izinkantolo zihlole imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolo nezenzo zegatsha eliphetheyo ukuze zinqume ukuthi zivumelana yini noMthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngokucacile ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa leligunya ecaleni lengqopha - mlando Mathbury v. [Madison (103) [1903] [FLT] [1], imisa ukuthi "ngesisekelo isifundazwe somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini"" ngokubukeza kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingawisa umthetho, iziyalezo zezikhulu zikahulumeni ezingekho semthethweni, futhi zikhiphe ikhambiso. La gunya liguqula ukuphikisana kwempisi ye-judiary ukusuka ekuhlolweni kwempinye igatsha.

Ukubusa Negunya Lenkantolo Yomphakathi

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sisebenza emazingeni amathathu: izinkantolo zezifunda, izinkantolo zesifunda zecala, neNkantolo Ephakeme. Izinkantolo zesigodi zisebenza njengezinkantolo zamacala lapho amacala eqala khona, ukuzwa ubufakazi futhi zenze nezinqumo zokuqala ngomthetho-mthetho. Izinkantolo zihlola izinqumo zenkantolo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zisebenza njalo. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa igunya lokugcina, ikhetha amacala aphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho we-mthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Lesi sakhiwo sezehluleli esiphethe sivumela abahluleli ukuba baphendule ngezindlela eziningi kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuchazwa komthetho kahulumeni okuhlangene.

Izindlela Zokulandisa

Ukuchaza Isimiso Njengekhambi

Izinkantolo zibheka igatsha lemithetho njengelinecala ngencazelo engokomthetho. Uma iziKhomishane zidlulisa imithetho engaqondakali, izinkantolo zinquma incazelo ehloselwe yona kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Le misebenzi yokuchaza ivimbela isishayamthetho ekusebenziseni imithetho edlula igunya lomthetho-mthetho noma ephula amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi iCentury Claus, ilinganisela ikhono loMkhandlu ukulawula imisebenzi yamazwe ahlukene kuphela. Ngezinqumo ezinjalo, ichaza imingcele yamandla omthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi i-Congress Congressment isebenza phakathi kwegunya layo eliphinda-phindene.

Ukubukeza Ngesenzo Esiqondile

Ijaji lihlola futhi izenzo zegatsha eliphethe, kuhlanganise neziyalezo zomongameli, iziyalezo zezinhlangano, kanye nezinqumo zokugcinwa kwamandla. Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi izikhulu eziphethe ziye zawedlula yini amandla azo okubusa noma zaphula izivikelo zomthetho. Intsha yentsha i-Stown Comment Commentap & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi uMongameli uTruman udlulise igunya lakhe ngokuthatha izinsimbi ngenkathi yempi yaseKorea, imisa ukuthi umongameli akanakwenza ngaphandle komthetho noma ukugunyazwa kwemithetho. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zivimbela kanjani ukuphatha kwesikhulu esiphethe ngisho nangesikhathi sezehlakalo.

Amandla Ezindlela Zokwelapha

Ngaphandle kokumemezela izenzo ezingekho emthethweni, izinkantolo zingakhipha imiyalo evimbela ngokuqondile izenzo zikahulumeni. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi umthetho wenhlangano uphule umthetho we-athority, ingamisa ukuphoqelelwa komthetho ozokwenziwa ngokuqhubekayo. Lamandla okulungisa anikeza ukulandisa okusheshayo, aphoqelele igatsha eliphethe ukuba lithethelele izenzo zalo noma liguqule indlela elizibheka ngayo. Amajaji aphethe amazwe amaningi avame ukukhipha iziyalezo ezisebenza kulo lonke izwe, ngezinye izikhathi ezivimbela izinyathelo ezinkulu ezithathwayo ezisemithethweni eminingi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Indima yejaji ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola eyisisekelo embusweni kahulumeni. Izinkantolo ziphoqelela isivikelo esiqinisekiswe yiSiphendu Samalungelo Abantu kanye nezinye iziphendu zomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo efanelekile, nesivikelo esifanayo. Uma uMkhandlu unikeza imithetho evimbela ukukhuluma noma umphathi ongenela inqubo yokulahla amalungelo abantu, izinkantolo zisebenza njengesivikelo sokugcina kubantu abasengozini namaqembu amancane. Le mithetho yokugcinwa kwamalungelo mhlawumbe iyisici esibonakalayo kakhulu sokulandisa kokwahlulela, njengoba imacala ahilela inkululeko yomphakathi ngokuvamile ebangela ukunakaliswa okuphawulekayo.

Amacala Aphawula Amandla Okwahlulela

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Umbono kaMahluleli omkhulu John Marshall kuMarbury v. Madison wamisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela njengesimiso sesisekelo. Icala lavela lapho uWilliam Marbury, umlawuli wokwahlulela wokugcina kaMongameli Adams, esuswe kuNobhala weSizwe uJames Madison ngenxa yokwenqaba ukudlulisela ukuthunywa kwakhe. Isinqumo samemezela ukuthi nakuba uMarbury efanelwe ukuthunywa kwakhe, umthetho onika igunya leNkanto ePhakeme ukuba likhiphe imithetho enjalo wawungavumelani nemithetho engokomthetho. Lokhu kwaqinisekisa amandla eNkantolo ukuba ilahle imithetho ephikisana noMthetho-Mpathisimende u-Romsson Jefferson. Isinqumo saguqula i-judiary yaba yigatsha elikwaziyo ukuhlola i-ccomparent nesenzo sesikhulu.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Lesi sinqumo somphakathi samemezela ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngokungekhona kwesivumelwano, sagumbuqela imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwa ePelly v. Ferguson. IJaji eliyinhloko u-Earl Warren wabhala ukuthi izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene zazingalingani neze" futhi zaphula i-Ecumial Protection Clause yeSigqibo se-14. Isinqumo sabonisa amandla omthetho wokuphoqelela amalungelo omthetho ngokumelene nesenzo sombuso, ngisho nalapho lawo mazwe ayenemicikilisho ende nemithetho esekela i-translate. Brown v. Board of Educatalyz yawation yawayisekela izinhlangano zeze amalungelo esizwe futhi yabonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zingaqhube ushintsho oluyisisekelo lwezenhlalakahle uma amanye amagatsha ehluleka ukwenza isenzo.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Phakathi nehlazo laseWatergate, uMongameli Nixon wabiza ilungelo lokuvala amakhasethi kanye namaphepha abhalwe umshushisi okhethekile. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngazwi linye yalahla ukusho kukaNixon ukuthi umongameli akangaphezu komthetho nokuthi ilungelo lokuphatha alinakusetshenziswa ekufihleni ubufakazi ekuhlolweni kwecala. Isinqumo saphoqelela uNixon ukuba avule amakhasethi, ayenobufakazi bokuhileleka kwakhe ekusithebeni, okwaholela ngokuqondile ekuwisweni kwakhe. Leli cala laveza ukuthi ngisho nesikhulu esiphethe esiphakeme akumelwe sigcine iziyalezo zokwahlulela nenqubo engokomthetho.

I - INS v. Chanha (1983)

INkantolo Ephakeme yawisa i-veto yemithetho, inqubo evumela uMkhandlu ukuba ugumbuqele izenzo zegatsha eziphethe ngaphandle kokushaya umthetho ogcwele. INkantolo yathi ama-veto anjalo ayephula umthetho ka Claus, odinga kokubili ukuvunyelwa kwendlu nosayinwa umongameli ukuze kubekwe umthetho. Lesi sinqumo saqinisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngokuvimbela inqubo yomthetho-mthetho. Sisalokhu siyinhlolo - kuhlolwa okunzima emizamweni yezemithetho ukulawula izenzo zezikhulu ngokwethukela.

Trump v. Hawaii (2018)

Lelicala lalihilela umthetho kaMongameli Trump wokulawula ovimbela ukuhamba emazweni amaningana amaSulumane. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni yasekela igunya lomthetho wokulawula ukufuduka, inqubo yokuzinqumela ngokwayo yabonisa indima yejaji ekuhloleni isenzo sokuphatha. Izinkantolo ezisezansi zaziyale ukuba kumiswe izinqubo zokuvinjelwa kokuhamba, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yafaka isandla ekuhlaziyweni ngokucophelela kwegunya lomthetho nemingcele yemithetho-mthetho. Icala laqokomisa ukuxabana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezokuvikela kwesizwe nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye.

X Izithoba

Izimiso Zesimiso Sezokuqondisa Negunya Lenhlangano

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, abaphathi bazo zombili izigaba baye basebenzisa iziyalezo zokuqondisa ukuze bafinyelele izinqubo ngaphandle kweSishaya-Mkhandlu. Lo mkhuba uye wabangela ukubekwa kwemithetho okuphawulekayo lapho izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi amongameli badlula igunya labo yini. Ijaji liye lakhipha imithetho ehlukene, ngezinye izikhathi isekela izenzo zezikhulu nezinye izikhathi ezizishaya phansi. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo ziye zavala izingxenye ezithile zohlelo lwango-2012 lwe-Defered Action for Parents of America, zithola ukuthi umongameli akanagunya lokunikeza imvume yomsebenzi kwabafuduki abagunyaziwe. Lamacala abonisa indlela izinkantolo ezihlala zibalulekile ngayo ekuchazeni izinga lamandla kamongameli.

Izingxabano Ezikhona Zokuqondisa

Izimpi phakathi koKhongolo-karth negatsha eliphethe izicelo zezokwaziswa zivame ukufika ezinkantolo. Lapho amongameli benqaba ukuvumelana nama-communionpoena, ijaji kumelwe linqume izinga legunya lobuphathi bemithetho. Committee kuyiJudiary v. McGahn (2029), inkantolo yesifunda yanquma ukuthi owayenguMlungu we House Courage Don McGahn kwadingeka ukuba afakazele phambi kweKhosi, enqaba ukuthi icebo lokuvikela umongameli omkhulu ophethe. Izinqumo ezinjalo ziqinisekisa ukuthi nalelo legatsha alikwazi ukwenqaba ukulandisa ngokuphikwayo ukuboshelwa kwezinye izimfuneko.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Izinkantolo zibhekene nezinselele ezithile lapho zihlola isenzo sokuqondisa esithathwa ngesikhathi esiphuthumayo. Omongameli baye baveza igunya elikhulu lokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokucela uvalo phakathi nezimpi, ukusongela kwamaphekula, noma izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi. Ijaji ngokuvamile lithatha indiva ezobuchwepheshe ezindabeni zokhuseleko kodwa lilondoloza amandla okuqeda izenzo eziphula amalungelo omthetho. Icala elihilela ukuboshwa kobuphekula lisolwa, ukuqashelwa ngaphandle komthetho, nemingcele ephuthumayo konke kudinga ukulinganisela ngokucophelela kwezenhlalakahle yomphakathi ngamunye.

Ithonya Lenkantolo Eliphansi Nezingxabano Zesizwe Eziningi

Abahluleli bezenkantolo ye-Federal baye bakhipha imiyalo eyandayo ezweni lonke evimbela izinqubo zegatsha eliphetheyo kulo lonke izwe. Lokhu kuvumela umahluleli oyedwa ukuba amise izinyathelo ezinkulu zenqubo, abangele ukushukuma okukhulu negatsha eliphethe. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho yezwe lonke inikeza usizo oluphumelelayo lapho izimiso zikahulumeni eziyinselele, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi bavumela "ukuthenga izinto zokwahlulela" futhi balulaze isimiso sokulawula. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza ukukhathazeka ngalokhu kuthambekela kodwa ayiwunqabelanga ngokuphelele lomkhuba, ishiya ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngezimiso zikahulumeni ezifanelekile.

Izinselele Zokuzibusa Nokwehluleka Kokwahlulela

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokubonakala Komphakathi

Ikhono lejaji lokuvikela amanye amagatsha lixhomeke ekuthembekeni komphakathi nasekuzimeleni kwezinhlangano. Lapho abahluleli bebhekwa njengabadlali abavunayo abathatha uhlangothi kunokuba banikeze izigwebo ezingombangathanga, ukubusa kwabo kubhekene nokugxekwa okukhushuliwe nokumelana nokumelana. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa zamuva ziye zandisa ukuhlaliswa kwezombangazwe ezibophaniswe amakomiti okwahlulela, njengoba abacuphi bebhekene nokuphikiswa okunzima ngemibono yabo ezindabeni eziphikisanayo. Ukuthembela komphakathi eNkantolo Ephakeme kuye kwehla, ngokuhlola okubonisa ukuthi isilinganiso esikhulu samaMelika abheka iNkantolo njengeshukunyiswa yizombangazwe kunokuba umthetho. Lokhu kuncithamela ukubekwa kwecala kusongela igunya lejajidicanary lapho kukhishwa izinqumo ezivimbela umongameli noma izishayamthetho ezithandwayo.

Izimiso Zokulawula Imithombo Yezinto Nokuhlelwa Kwezinkinga

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha amacala angaphezu kuka-400 000 ngonyaka, zibangela ukucindezela okukhulu kubahluleli nabaphathi. INkantolo Ephakeme ithola izicelo ezingaba ngu-7 000 unyaka ngamunye kodwa izwa kuphela amacala angu-60-80. Lokhu kukhetha kusho ukuthi imibuzo eminingi ebalulekile engokomthetho ayitholi nanini isinqumo esiqinisekile, ishiya izinkantolo eziphansi zikwazi ukuveza izindlela eziguquguqukayo. Imithombo elinganiselwe futhi ithinta ikhono lejaji lokuphoqelela iziyalezo zayo, ikakhulukazi uma izikhulu zamagatsha zingafuni ukuthobela. Nakuba ukumelana ngokuqondile nezindlela ezicashisekayo ezicashisiwe njengokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ethatha kancane noma ukuchaza kabusha incazelo ingalulaza icala lokwahlulela.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwenhlangano Nokulawula Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

UKhongolo lunegunya ekusebenziseni imali ehleliwe futhi lungasebenzisa izinqumo zezimali ukuze luthonye inqubo yokwahlulela. Nakuba ukuziphindiselela ngokuqondile ezinqumweni ezithile kuyivelakancane, iSishaya-mthetho ngezinye izikhathi siye sasongela ukuqeda zonke izinkantolo noma ukubeka imingcele yezimiso ezizolawula izindaba ezithile. ISiphakamiso III sinikeza abahluleli isivikelo esithile kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, kodwa inkantolo ihlala incike egatsheni lezeminyango ukuze ithole imithombo yezimali. I-Congress ilawula futhi inani lamajaji, ivumele ukuba landise noma libophe ikhono lejaji lokusingatha izimpikiswano. Le komiti ikhumbuza izinkantolo ukuthi ukuzibusa kwazo akuzona ezimele izimali.

Ukungavumelani Nesinqumo Senkantolo

Nakuba kungavamile, izenzakalo zokungavumelani kwegatsha nemithetho yenkantolo zisongela kakhulu iziphathimandla zokwahlulela. UMongameli uLincoln ngokudume kakhulu akawunaki umyalo kaMahluleli Omkhulu Taney wokukhulula abalaleli abazwelanayo phakathi neMpi Yombango. Muva nje, ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni nohulumeni baye bakungabaza obala ukufaneleka kwemithetho yenkantolo abaziphikisayo. Ijaji alinawo amandla alo siqu okuqinisekisa ukuthi i-gascript futhi lixhomeke egatsheni eliphethe ukuba lisebenzise iziyalezo zalo. Lokhu buthakathaka busho ukuthi ekugcineni izinkantolo zithembele ezimisweni zezombangazwe nasekusekeleni umphakathi ukuze ziqinisekise ukugcinwa kwazo.

Ikusasa Lokwahlulela

Ukuqalisa Imibuzo Yasemthethweni Nobuchwepheshe

Izinkantolo zibhekana ngokuqhubekayo nemibuzo ephakanyiswa ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nokushintsha kwemininingwane yezindaba, imithetho yezenhlalakahle, ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, nokufihlwa kwezindaba. Lezizindaba zivame ukuvela emongweni lapho uMkhandlu ungawumiseli khona umthetho obanzi, uphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise izimiso zomthetho ezimweni ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili. Indima yejaji ekulolongeni amalungelo emfihlo, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezimisweni zezemishini, negunya likahulumeni lokuhlola izinto ngokunokwenzeka liyokhula njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buziguqula.

Izinguquko Ezikhona

Iziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene ziye zavela ukuze kulungiswe isimo sejaji nezimiso zokulandisa. Abanye abagxeki basekela imingcele yegama kumajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, bephikisa ngokuthi ukuphila konke kwakha izisusa zokuthatha umhlala-phantsi futhi kunciphise ukulandisa. Abanye basikisela ukwandisa ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze balinganisele ukuhlelwa kwemibono noma ukumiswa kwemithetho ebophayo yokuziphatha komthetho. Izicelo zeNkantolo, nakuba ziphikisana, ziveza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuthi isakhiwo samanje sifeza umsebenzi waso wokulandisa. Noma iziphi izinguquko ezinkulu zesakhiwo zingadinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela kokubili imiphumela ehloselweyo nemiphumela engenakulungiseka.

Ukuqhathaniswa Nezifundo Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Kuhlolwa indlela ezinye izinhlelo zokwahlulela ngentando yeningi ezinikeza ngayo umbono owusizo. Amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo ngemithetho ekhethekile efuna imibuzo engokomthetho, kuyilapho amanye esebenzisa iminyaka ebophelele yomhlalaphansi noma imibandela emisiwe kubahluleli benkantolo ephakeme. Amanye amazwe anikeza izinkantolo zawo igunya elicacile lokuhlola umthetho ngaphambi kokuba usebenze, kuyilapho amanye alondoloza amasiko aqinile okuthi ubukhosi bemithetho bukhulu. Ukuqhathanisa lezi zinqubo kuqokomisa izici ezivelele zesimiso sase-U.S. kuyilapho esikisela izinguquko ezingase ziqinise ukulandisa kokwahlulela ngaphandle kokuncintisana nokuzimela.

Isiphetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela linegunya lokugcina amagatsha aphethe nemithetho esemthethweni ahlala ebalulekile e-Unican communistry. Ngokuhlola umthetho-mthetho, ukuchaza, nokuqiniswa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye, izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abadlali bakahulumeni basebenza ngemingcele engokomthetho-mthetho futhi bahlonipha umthetho. Amacala okuhamba nge-Marbury v. Madison kuya eUnited States v. Nixon abonisa indlela ukulinganisela kombuso phakathi komlando waseMelika. Nakuba le komiti isebenza ngayo izingcindezelo zibhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo zezezombangazwe, izikhali zemali, nezakhiwo ezizimele. Ukuphumelela kokwahlulelwa kwezelulekwa kwamacala kuxhomeke ngayo ekuthembekeni komphakathi, ukuzibusa, ukukhululeka, kanye nokuzimisela kwamanye amagatsha ukuhlobana nezingcipheko ezintsha ezingokomthetho, ukubhekana nezingcindezelo zezombangazwe, indima ye-Genedicaracism ihlala i-Pi ehleli embusweni yezempini engcono kanye neyaluyaluyaluya embusweni yomthetho, izikhulu ezingokomthetho, ifuna ukuqandayo, futhi izikhulu, futhi

Ukuhlolwa okujulile, i-Oyez Project inikeza ukuhlaziywa okukhulu kwecala, i- Constitution Center yesizwe[ inikeza imithombo yemfundo emandleni okwahlulela, kanye newebhusayithi ye-'FLT' esemthethweni yeNkantolo [[[FLT:]] esemthethweni ye-'INkanto] iveza imibono nemiyalezo.