Isimiso sokwahlulela somthetho siyisisekelo somphakathi wentando yeningi, oklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukulondeka komphakathi namalungelo omphakathi. Kubafundi, othisha, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo, uhambo lokuboshwa ukuya ekuqulweni icala luyindaba enzima. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okunegunya, okuthatha inyathelo elilandelanayo kwenqubo engokomthetho, kusukela ekubambeni umthetho ngokuphoqelela ngesinqumo sokugcina nangalé. Isigaba ngasinye sibuswa ngesivikelo somthetho, imithetho esekelwe emthethweni, nesimiso sokulawula inqubo efanele. Ngokuhlola lezi zigaba ngokujula, abafundi bayothola ukuqonda okucace ngendlela eqonde ngayo ukuthi izindaba zihamba ngayo ngesimiso somthetho ngesizathu ngasinye.

Ukuboshwa

Inqubo engokomthetho iqala ngokuboshwa, iphuzu lapho umuntu eboshwa khona ngokusolwa ngokuthi wenza ubugebengu. Nakuba ngokuvamile kuvezwa ngokuphawulekayo emithonjeni yezindaba, ukuboshwa kuyisenzakalo esingokomthetho esinezimfuneko eziqinile nemiphumela. Ukuqonda ukuhlukahluka kokuboshwa kubalulekile ngoba kubangela amalungelo nezinqubo eziningi ezilandelayo.

Yini Ebopha Ubufebe?

Ukuboshwa kwenzeka lapho isikhulu sezemthetho sibopha umuntu, ngaleyo ndlela sivimbela inkululeko yabo yokuhamba. Isikhulu kumelwe sibe nenhloso yokubopha, futhi umuntu kumelwe akholelwe ukuthi akakhululekile ukuba ahambe. Ukubuza okulula emgwaqweni, okubizwa ngokuthi i-Terry story, akuyona imvume yokuboshwa, kodwa noma isiphi isiboshwa esingokomthetho, ukuthuthelwa esiteshini, noma inkulumo yokuboshwa kufaneleka. ISichibiyelo Sesine esiya e-U.S. Umthetho - sisekelo uvikela ekuqubukeni okungenangqondo, okusho ukuthi ukuboshwa kumelwe kuthethelelwe.

Imbangela Enengqondo Iphikisana Nokuzinye Okunengqondo

Izinga lokuzithethelela elidingekayo ekuboshweni liphakeme kunento yokuma. Isizathu esiqinisekile [ sisho ukuthi isikhulu sinenkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni aziwayo, ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa nokuthi osolwayo uyenzile. Lendinganiso incane kakhulu kunobufakazi obungaphezu kokungabaza okunengqondo kodwa okungaphezu kwehlwithayo. Ngokuphambene, ukusola okunengqondo [[[FLT:]] ] isesilinganisweni esiphansi, ilula (ukuthiwa okufushane nokungabanjwa okuphelele. Uma isikhulu sintula imbangela elindelekileyo, noma yikuphi ukuboshwa okuvelayo kungase kungancishiswe ngaphansi kokubusa okungena umthetho.

Izindawo Zokulwa Nezaboshiwe

Nakuba ukuboshwa okuningi kwenzeka ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso (ngokwesibonelo, lapho isikhulu sibona ubugebengu), indlela ekhethekayo iwukuthola imvume yokubopha kumantshi ongathathi hlangothi. Imvume idinga imvume efungelwe emisa imbangela okungenzeka. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela okungahambisani nalokhu, kuhlanganise:

  • [[UMTL:0] Izimo ezithengiswe: Uma kudingeka isenzo esisheshayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala, ukuphunyuka, noma ukubhujiswa kobufakazi.
  • Ukulandela: Isikhulu esijaha umsoleki esingangena ngasese ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Indawo ebophayo:[ Ngisho nasemacaleni amancane, izikhulu zingabopha ngaphandle kwemvume uma kungenzeka ukuthi zinesizathu futhi ukuboshwa kwenzeka endaweni yomphakathi.

Amalungelo Emiranda Nokungenela Kwabantu

Lapho uboshwa, noma ikuphi ukuphenywa okulandelayo kumelwe kuqale ngaphambi kwe iMiranda izixwayiso. Ithathwe embhalweni wengqopha - mlando ka 1966. I- imanda v. I-Arizona[, lamalungelo ahlanganisa ilungelo lokuhlala uthulile nelungelo kummeli. Ukuhluleka ukunikeza izixwayiso zeMiranda kunganikeza noma isiphi isixwayiso esingenakuvinjelwa lapho kuqulwa. Kuyanzima ukuphawula ukuthi iMirza isebenza kuphela [[FLT:] ukuphenya [uFLD]] [uhlu]] . Uma umuntu ebona ukuthi uvalelwe futhi ukucindezela. Uma ekhona ngaphandle kokugcunyuswa, futhi engenzi lutho.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Nemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

ISichibiyelo sesine sibusa nokusetshenziswa kwempoqo phakathi nokuboshwa. Indinganiso, ebekwe ku-Graham v.Connor (1998]), iwukucabangela okunenjongo: ingabe izenzo zesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu zanelisa isikhulu esinengqondo ngaphansi kwezimo? Amandla adlulele angaholela ekubekeni isibopho somphakathi noma amacala obugebengu kumphathi, futhi angaphumela ekuxoshweni kwecala elisemqoka uma liba yingozi. Le ndawo ihlala iphikisana kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezigijikeni eziphezulu ezihilela unya lwamaphoyisa.

Ukubhala Nokuzibopha Ekuqaleni

Inqubo yokuqondisa ngokuyinhloko iwumsebenzi okhonzayo, kodwa yenza kube nomlando ongokomthetho wokuboshwa futhi iqala ukuboshwa.

Inqubo Yokubhala

Ukubhala kuhlanganisa nalezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ulwazi lweyodwa: Igama, ikheli, usuku lokuzalwa, nezinye izikhombi ziqoshiwe.
  • Ukunyathelisa:[ iminwe yesandla ithathwa ukuze ikhonjwe futhi kuhlolwe umlando wobugebengu wangaphambili ngemitapo efana ne AFIS (Isimiso sokuveza umnwe owenziwe ngokuzenzekelayo).
  • I-Photograph: I-mugshot ithathwa ukuze ithole amarekhodi angokomthetho futhi ingasetshenziswa ekudwebeni noma ekukhululweni emphakathini.
  • Uhlu lwempahla yomuntu siqu: Izinhlamvu ezithwalwa umcabango zihlelwa futhi zigcinwe.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuhlola ukushisa: Ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo kwempilo elimalayo, ukukhathazeka ngengqondo, noma izifo ezithathelwanayo.

Ukuzibhala ngokwako akunqumi icala noma ubumsulwa; kumane nje kukwenza kube lula ukubopha. Nokho, amaphutha ekubhaleni − njengokubhala okuyiphutha — kungabangela imiphumela emibi kakhulu.

Izinketho Zokuzilibazisa Nokukhulula

Ngemva kokubhala incwadi, lowo muntu angase agcinwe ejele kuze kuvele inkantolo yokuqala.

  • [ I-palsure: Kumacala amancane, isikhulu singakhipha i-asix (i-pithi) ekhofini lokuwinwa kwejele, ifuna ukuba umuntu avele enkantolo kamuva.
  • Bail:[ Imali ebekwe inkantolo ukuze ithole ukukhululwa, ngokuqonda ukuthi ummangalelwa uzobuya ngenxa yemicimbi yesikhathi esizayo. I-bail ingakhokhwa ngemali, ngesibopho, noma ngesiqinisekiso.
  • GELTAUZE kukwamukelwa (ROR):[ Ummangalelwa ukhululwa ngaphandle kokukhokha ibheyili, ngokusekelwe esithembisweni sabo sokuvela kanye nengozi ephansi yokundiza noma ingozi.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sivimbela ibheyili ephakeme, futhi imibuso eminingi iye yashintsha izimiso zebheyili ukuze inciphise ukuthembela emalini nasekubhekaneni nokungalingani kobuhlanga nokwezomnotho.

Amalungelo Lapho Siwakhumbula

Banelungelo lokukhuluma nommeli, lokungajeziswa ngonya nangokuthola isijeziso esingavamile, ngisho nangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abantu ababoshiwe bayazivikela ngomthetho - sisekelo, futhi bakhululeke ekutholeni isijeziso esinonya nesingavamile.

Ukubonakala Kokuqala (Ukubekwa Icala)

Ukuvela kokuqala kwenkantolo, ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqubuka, kumelwe kwenzeke ngokushesha ngemva kokuboshwa (ngokujwayelekile phakathi namahora angu-24 kuya ku-48, izimpelasonto zikhishwe ngaphandle. Lokhu kuyingqopha - mlando ebucayi lapho lelicala lingena khona ngokomthetho esimisweni sokwahlulela.

Injongo Yokubonakala Okokuqala

Icala lifeza izinjongo eziningana: umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala, uqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba aqonde lokho kumangalelwa, unquma ukuthi ummangalelwa umelelwe ngokomthetho yini, futhi uthola ibheyili yekheli noma ukukhululwa kwecala. Futhi kuyisigaba lapho isikhalo singena khona.

Ukufunda Amakholera Ne - Plea

Umahluleli ufunda isikhalo sobugebengu noma ukumangalela futhi ubuza ummangalelwa ukuthi bamangalela kanjani.

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty:[ Ummangalelwa uyavuma emacaleni futhi wamukela icala. Emacaleni anecala, umahluleli kumelwe aqinisekise ukunxusa kwenziwa ngokuzithandela nangokuqonda imiphumela.
  • Akanacala: Ummangalelwa uphika amacala, futhi icala lizoqhubekela ecaleni (noma ukunxusa).
  • [ Akukho mncintiswano (nolo imantinere):[ Ummangalelwa akavumi icala kodwa wamukela isijeziso njengokungathi unecala. Lesisicelo asinakusetshenziswa njengobufakazi enkantolo yomphakathi.

Uma ummangalelwa engenamali yokukhokhela ummeli, inkantolo kumelwe imise omunye ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seSithandathu, ngecala lengqophamlando Gedeon v. Wainwright[ (1963).

Ukuzimisela Nokuzimela

Phakathi nokuvela kokuqala, umahluleli ubeka noma aphike ibheyili esekelwe ezicini ezinjengobukhulu bobugebengu, umlando wangaphambili wommangalelwa, izibopho zomphakathi, kanye nezingozi zokundiza. Izimo zokukhululwa kungase kuhlanganise:

  • Wayengaxhumani nesisulu noma nofakazi.
  • Imishini yokuhlola njalo ngezinkonzo zangaphambi kwenkantolo.
  • Ukuqondisa noma ukufika ngesikhathi ngemishini.
  • Imingcele yokuhamba.

Kwezinye izindawo, kungase kubhekwe njengokungalisebenzisi nhlobo ibheyili, kodwa kungase kubhekwe njengomkhuba osaphikiswana ngomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukumiswa Kweseluleko

Uma ummangalelwa efaneleka njengowenqaba, inkantolo iyomisa umlweli womphakathi noma iseluleko esabelwe.

Izindlela Zokuthatha Iminyaka Emide

Phakathi kokubukeka kokuqala nokuqulwa kwecala, kuvela inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Le nqubo yangaphambi kwezono iqala lapho isimiso sokuhlola i - adversaric simi khona, nhlangothi zombili zilungiselela amacala azo futhi zihlola amandla obufakazi.

Izindlebe Zangaphambi Kokuqala Nezimpepho Ezinkulu

Akuwona wonke amacala aqhubekela ngqo enkantolo. Ukuze kuqulwe icala, izimo eziningi zidinga ukuzwa kokukhanya [, lapho umahluleli enquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kufakwe isizathu sokubopha icala ngenxa yokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuquliswa kwecala kumelwe kunikeze ubufakazi obanele ukuqinisekisa umahluleli ukuthi ubugebengu buyenziwa futhi ummangalelwa uboshelwe. Ukuzivikela kunganqamule ofakazi be-examine futhi kuphikise ubufakazi.

Okanye, isimiso sikahulumeni nezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa ububanzi bejaji, iqembu lezakhamuzi ezizwa ubufakazi ngasese futhi ezinquma ukuthi zingakhipha icala yini. Indinganiso enkulu yamajaji ingenzeka futhi kungenzeka iyisizathu, kodwa lenqubo inye esekelwe ku-(ukuqulwa komthetho) inikeza ubufakazi, futhi isivikelo ngokuvamile asihlanganyeli. I-Grand jubey iyindawo yokukhomba esemthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile futhi ivame ukugxekwa njengesitembulo senjoloba yabashushi.

Inqubo Yokuthola

Ukuthola ubufakazi phakathi komshushisi nokuzivikela. Zombili izinhlangothi zinelungelo lokwazi ubufakazi ezimelene nabo nokulungiselela izimpendulo. Ukutholakala kwezincwadi ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa:

  • Uhlu nophawu loFakazi.
  • Imibiko yamaphoyisa nobufakazi obuphikisayo.
  • Imibiko nokuhlolwa kwezesayensi.
  • Ubufakazi bokukhipha (othile oyamukelekile kukuzivikela, njengoba kufunwa [[QUL: 0] Brady v. Maryland)).

Umshushisi unesibopho sokuveza ubufakazi bokukhipha icala ngisho noma engacelwanga ukuba enze kanjalo kungaphumela ephutheni elingalungiseki. Iseluleko sokuvikela singase futhi sihlole bona, siqashe ochwepheshe futhi sixoxise ofakazi.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abameli bathatha ama-hide becela inkantolo ukuba ilawule ezindabeni ezithile zomthetho. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi kokwahlulela zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqunga ubufakazi: Ama-Argues athi ubufakazi butholakele ngokungemthetho, ngokwesibonelo, ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni noma ngokungabikho izixwayiso ezifanelekile ze Miranda. Uma kuvunywa, lobo bufakazi abunakusetshenziswa ecaleni, okungase kwenze icala lomshushisi libe buthaka.
  • Umjovo wokulahla: isho iphutha elibulalayo emacaleni, njengokungagunyazi, ubufakazi obunganele, noma ukwephulwa komthetho wokulinganiselwa.
  • Ukuguqula indawo: kufuna ukuyisa ukuqulwa kwecala endaweni ehlukile ngenxa yokudayiswa kwangaphambi komthetho noma ubandlululo lomphakathi.
  • [ Ukuhlobanisa ukuthola: izicelo eziqondile zobufakazi obukhankanyiwe umshushisi angakabunikezi.

Imithetho elawula lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo ingalolonga ngokuphawulekayo icala, ngokuvamile lilenze libe necala noma liphulwe.

Ukudla I - “lea ”

Iningi lamacala obugebengu — angaphezulu kuka-90% ezindaweni eziningi − axazululwa ngezicelo ezithengwayo kunokuba zicatshangelwe. I-Plea yenelana ihlanganisa ukuxoxa phakathi komshushisi nolwelwelo: ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela icala (ngokuvamile enkantolo ephansi) ukuze athole isigwebo esincishisiwe, ukuxoshwa kwezici ezithile, noma ukutuswa kokuboshelwa.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi isicelo sokufaka isicelo somthetho silondoloza imithombo yokwahlulela futhi sigwema ukungaqiniseki kwecala. Abagxeki baphikisa abamangalelwa abangenacala ukuba bamangalele abanecala ukuba bagweme izigwebo ezilukhuni, nokuthi kululaza ilungelo lokuqulwa icala ngabahluleli. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukunxusa okugunyazwayo njengomthetho - sisekelo, kodwa abamangalelwa kumelwe bafake izikhalo ngokuzithandela nangosizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko.

Ukulungiselela Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululwa, zombili izinhlangothi ziqinisa ukulungiselela kwazo ukuqulwa kwecala ngokwalo. Le ngxenye ihlanganisa ukuphetha ubufakazi, ukukhetha ijaji, nokuhlanganisa izingqungquthela zangaphambi kwecala ukuze kulandelwe izenzakalo.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Emacaleni ahlulelwayo, kubizwa iqembu labamele ukuqulwa kwejaji. Phakathi novoir brain [IsiFulentshi se-“kukhuluma iqiniso”), ijaji nabameli ababuza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba ijaji livulwe i-jaring noma ihlulele ukungakhethi. Izinga ngalinye lingasebenzisa inani elingenamkhawulo le [[FLT:] inselele ngenxa yembangela [[FLT: 3] (umk.g., ummeli uyavuma ukuthi abanakuba bangakhethi) futhi inani elilinganiselwe [[FLT:] [FLT]] [5] inselele izinselele ezidingekayo, ngaphandle kokuba inselele ehlangani noma ubulili obunye [brobolini] [bbbb] [bbb] [b] [b6]).[7] Umgomo ongagwegwegwegwegwegwegwe) futhi ugwegwegwegwegwe.

Imihlangano Yangaphambi Kwezenzakalo

Inkantolo ingaba nengqungquthela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kwenkantolo ukuze ixoxe ngezindaba: isimiso, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokukhipha ubufakazi obuqondile noma izikhombo, ukutholakala kobufakazi, neziyalezo zokwahlulela. Le ngqungquthela isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuqulwa kwecala kuhambe kahle futhi zombili izinhlangothi ziyazi ukuthi yini okumelwe ziyilindele.

Amalungiselelo Obufakazi Okugcina

Ama-attorney azokuhlangana nofakazi bawo, ubufakazi bokubukeza, futhi alungise izinkulumo zokuvula nezimpikiswano zokuphetha. Abuye afake imibukiso: imibhalo, izithombe, imibiko yezentengiselwano, nobufakazi obungokoqobo. Incazelo evumelanayo yalelicala ibalulekile, “‘ noma ibuphi ubufakazi nobufakazi kufanele busekele ukulandisa okuyinhloko.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Icala liyisiphetho somphakathi senqubo engokomthetho, lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi futhi umfinyeleli weqiniso (umehluleli noma ukwahlulela) enquma icala noma ubumsulwa. Icala libuswa imithetho eqinile yobufakazi nenqubo, eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuzimisela okulungile.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ukushushisela (okuthwesa umthwalo wobufakazi) kunikeza amazwi okuqala, achaza lokho ubufakazi obuzokubonisa. Ukuzivikela kunganikeza amazwi akho okuvula noma kuwagcinele kamuva. Izinkulumo zokuvula azibona ubufakazi", azibona. Ama-attorney kumelwe agweme ukuphikisana ngendaba yawo kulesigaba; amane avele amise iqophelo ukuze ubufakazi bufike.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ngemva kwezinkulumo zokuqala, abashushisi babiza ofakazi futhi bafakaza imibukiso.

  • Ukuhlola okuthathekile: Uhlangothi olubiza ufakazi lubuza imibuzo evulwayo ukuze kuvulwe ubufakazi obusekela icala labo.
  • [ Cross ukuhlola:[ Izici eziphikisayo zibuza imibuzo eholela ekungaqinisekini ukwethenjelwa kofakazi, ukuphenya ukungavumelani, noma ukuthola amaqiniso avumayo.
  • Ukuqondisa nokubuyisela: Imizungezo eyengeziwe ingavunyelwa ukucacisa izindaba eziphakanyisiwe.

Ubufakazi obungokomzimba − njengesikhali, isampula lemilaliso, noma isivumelwano − kumele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba kuvunywe. Ofakazi abakhokhelayo banganikeza ulwazi olukhethekile emkhakheni wabo, kodwa ubufakazi babo kumelwe buthembeke ngaphansi kwe- Daubert indinganiso engokomthetho ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Isivikelo singaveza icala laso siqu ngemva kokuboshwa, kodwa akudingeki ukuba senze kanjalo, uma kunikezwa umbono wokuthi simsulwa.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Nokungabaza Okunengqondo

Kumacala obugebengu, umshushisi kumelwe abonise zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi emthetho waseMelika ($] ngokungaphezulu kakhulu kuno- “ubufakazi” obusetshenziswa ezinkantolo zomphakathi. Ukungabaza okunengqondo akusho ukuqiniseka okuphelele, kodwa kudinga ukuba kungabikho umuntu onengqondo ongangabaza icala lommangalelwa. Uma ijaji linokungabaza okunengqondo, kumelwe libatshele.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lukhipha impikiswano yokuphetha efingqa icala futhi lunxuse abahluleli ukuba bafinyelele isinqumo esithile. Umshushisi uqala, bese evikela, futhi ekugcineni umshushisi angase anikeze ukuphikisa. izimpikiswano zokudlulisa icala ziyithuba lokugcina lommeli lokukholisa; bangase baxoxe ngokuthembeka kofakazi, baveze izincazelo ebufakazini, futhi bakhumbuze abahluleli ngomthwalo wobufakazi.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Phambi kwamajaji ngamabomu, umahluleli ufunda iziqondiso zecala [1] Isimiso sezimiso zomthetho abahluleli okumelwe bazisebenzise. Lemiyalo ihlanganisa izincazelo zamacala abekwe icala, izici eziqulwayo kumelwe zifakazele, nomthwalo wobufakazi. Umahluleli uchaza futhi inqubo yokufinyelela isinqumo (umzk., isidingo sokungalingani ezicabeni eziningi zobugebengu). I-Attorney ingaveza iziyalezo eziqondile, futhi ijaji likhiphe imithetho engokomthetho emayelana nokufakwa kwazo.

Iziphakamiso Neziphakamiso

Ijaji lithatha umhlala-mfa endlini yangasese ukuze lixoxe ngecala. Lingase licele ukubukeza imibukiso noma ubufakazi bokuzwa; umahluleli uzonquma ukuthi uzozivumelanisa yini nalezizicelo. Izimemezelo zingathatha imizuzu noma amasonto. Uma abahluleli bengenakuvumelana − ijaji elilengisweyo − umahluleli angakhipha icala elingafanele, futhi umshushisi angase anqume ukulilungisa lelicala.

Uma ijaji lifinyelela isinqumo, kumenyezelwa enkantolo esobala. Ummangalelwa kumelwe abe khona. Isinqumo sonecala siholela ekugwetshweni; isinqumo esingenacala sisho ukulahlwa futhi ummangalelwa ukhululekile ukuba ahambe (nakuba imiphumela ethile ingasala).

Isigwebo Seminyaka Edlule: Ukugwetshwa Nokukhanga

Ngisho nangemva kwesinqumo, inqubo engokomthetho ayikapheli ngempela. ukugwetshwa nokuvuma ukudluliswa kuyizingxenye eziyinhloko zesimiso.

Ukugwetshwa

Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enecala, umahluleli ubeka isigwebo. Isigwebo singakwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala noma ngemva kokuthethwa kwecala. Izici ezicatshangelwayo zihlanganisa:

  • Isimo nobukhulu balobugebengu.
  • Umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa.
  • Ukukhuluma ngokuxhashazwa.
  • Izici ezibangela ukusabela (isimo, ukuzisola, ukugula ngengqondo, ukubambisana).
  • Izici ezishukumisayo (isib., ukusebenzisa isikhali, isisulu esisengozini).

Izigwebo zingahlanganisa isikhathi sasejele, ukugcinwa isigwebo, inhlawulo, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma inhlanganisela. Ezinye izindawo zivumela iziqondiso zokugweba imingcele, kuyilapho ezinye zinikeza amajaji ukwahlulela okubanzi. Isijeziso sokufa, nakuba kusengokomthetho kwezinye izindawo, asivamile ukubekwa futhi sihlolwe kakhulu ngomthetho sisekelo.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisa icala, kodwa hhayi ukulahlwa (ngenxa yokuvikelwa kabili kwezingozi). Izikhalo zisekelwe ekushoni iphutha lomthetho (ngokwesibonelo, ukuvuma okungafanele, iziyalezo ezingalungile zamajaji, noma ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi). Amafaceli aphikisa ukuthi kungani icala lalinephutha, futhi i-ampelle (umbuso) iyaphendula. Inkantolo ibukeza umbhalo futhi ingaba:

  • Qinisa ukuqiniseka.
  • Jikisa ukuqiniseka nokuhleleka kwecala elisha.
  • Jikisa futhi utshele umuntu onecala.
  • Lungisa isigwebo.

Iphesenti elincane kuphela lezicelo eliphumelelayo, kodwa linikeza isivikelo esibalulekile ekukholelweni okungalungile. Umshushisi akanakudlulisela isahlulelo sokungalimangalelwa icala, kodwa angadlulisa izinqumo ezithile zangaphambi komthetho.

Imiphumela Ephawulekayo

Icala lobugebengu lingaba nemiphumela ehlala isikhathi eside ngalé kwesigwebo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota, ukungagunyazi kwemisebenzi ethile noma amalayisensi ochwepheshe, ukuxoshwa kwabantu abangaphili, kanye nehlazo lomphakathi. Ukuqonda lemiphumela kugcizelela izigxaki zazo zonke izikhawu zokuboshwa zisuka ekuqulweni kwecala.

Isiphetho

Uhambo lokusuka ekuboshweni ukuya emacaleni luyinqubo ehlanganisa izimiso zobulungisa, inqubo efanelekile, nomthetho. Isigaba ngasinye (kusukela ekuthatheni izinyawo kokuqala kwamaphoyisa kuya esinqumweni sokugcina nanoma isiphi isikhalo esalandela(iso) eklanyelwe ukulinganisela isidingo sokuphepha komphakathi namalungelo omuntu. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lenqubo akubalulekile nje kuphela emfundweni engokomthetho kodwa futhi kubalulekile nokuba nezakhamuzi ezifundile. Isimiso sikude kakhulu nesisekelo saso esisekelwe ekuthatheni isahlulelo, kodwa sibonakalisa isivikelo saso samakhulu eminyaka sokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuhloselwe ukululaza iphutha nokuvikela inkululeko. Ngokuqonda indlela amacala ahamba ngayo ezinkantolo, singasekela kangcono ngayo izinguquko ezingokomthetho futhi sigcine isimiso sinokwaziswa okuphakeme.