Table of Contents

I-United States Supreme Court iye yasebenza njengomsunguli wokugcina womthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, ukukhipha izinqumo eziye zaguqula kakhulu indlela amalungelo empahla anikezwa ngayo, achazwa futhi aqiniswa ngayo. Lemithetho yengqopha - mlando iye yaguqula indawo entsha kuzo zonke izimboni, kusukela kwezokwelapha nakuzo zonke isayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kuya ku-software nokusungula. Ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngomthetho osemthethweni owenziwe ngeNkanto ePhakelele eNkantolweni Ephakeme kudingekile kubasunguli, abameli abaqambi bezenteli, abaholi bezebhizinisi, nanoma ubani ohilelekile ekusungulweni kwezomnotho.

Umthetho oqinile ukhona ekuxhumaneni kwegunya lomthetho-sisekelo, ukuchaza umthetho, nesimiso somphakathi. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza uMkhandlu amandla okuthuthukisa intuthuko yesayensi nobuciko obuwusizo ngokubophela amalungelo akhethekile kubasunguli bezikhathi ezilinganiselwe. Lesimiso sesisekelo siye sahlolwa, sacwengisiswa, futhi sacaciswa ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezingenakubalwa ezilinganisela amalungelo abasunguli ngokumelene nesithakazelo somphakathi ekuncintisaneni ngokukhululekile nasekufinyeleleni ulwazi.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Esingenalusizo

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo baqaphela ukubaluleka kokusungula izinto ezintsha ngokunikeza abasunguli abaqambi izakhiwo zesikhashana phezu kwendalo yabo. Ingxenye I, 8 ye-Clause yoMthetho-sisekelo inika iziKhomishane amandla okumisa umthetho osemthethweni. Lomthetho ngokomthetho uqondise indlela yeNkantolo Ephakeme yokuzinqumela, uqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo asemthethweni afeza injongo yabo yokuthuthukisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kuyilapho uvimbela ukubekwa kwemibono eyisisekelo nezenzakalo zemvelo.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yazama ukuchaza imingcele yezindaba eziqanjiwe, inquma ukuthi yini ewuhlobo olufanelekela isivikelo esisemthethweni, futhi imisa izindinganiso zokufaneleka nokuphulwa kwemithetho. Lezi zinqumo ziye zakha umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi oqhubeka uguquka ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe.

Izinqumo ZeNkantolo Ephakeme Ezathonya Umthetho Ongamukeleki

Amacala amaningana eNkantolo Ephakeme avelele njengenethonya ngokukhethekile ekulolongeni umthetho wanamuhla wemvume. Lezi zinqumo ziye zadingida imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokuthi yini engasungulwa, ukuthi imvume kufanele ihlolwe kanjani ukuze isebenze, nokuthi amakhambi akhona anjani uma imvume iphikiswa.

UGraham uJohn Deere Co (1966): Ukumisa iNkathi Yokungalawuleki

Graham v. uJohn Deere Co. yisinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esibeka indinganiso yokuthola ukuthi kusobala ngaphansi kwe-Profethi 103 ye-Patent Act yase-U.S. lelicala lasungula uhlelo olubanzi lokuhlola ukuthi into esungulweyo iklanywe ngokwanele yini ukuze kuqinisekiswe isivikelo esisemthethweni noma ukuthi ibiyobonakala kumuntu onekhono elivamile emkhakheni ohlobene.

Ukuhlolwa kukaGraham kudinga ukuba izinkantolo zicabangele izici eziningana lapho zihlola ukuthi zisobala kangakanani: ubukhulu kanye nokuqukethwe kobuciko bangaphambili, umehluko phakathi kobuciko bangaphambili kanye nokuzisholo, izinga lolwazi oluvamile lobuciko obufanelekile, kanye nokucabangela okulandelayo njengokuphumelela kwezentengiselwano, izidingo zezwe ezithathe isikhathi eside kodwa ezingakalungiswanga, kanye nokuhluleka kwezinye. Lokhu kuhlola okuningi kuye kwaba yikho okuyisisekelo sezinqumo ezisobala ezisekelwe emthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni.

INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi imvume akumelwe inikezwe ukusungula okuhlanganisa izinto ezikhona ngezindlela ezizilindele noma ukwenza intuthuko esobala kwezobuchwepheshe obaziwayo. Lesi sinqumo sabonisa ukukhathazeka kweNkantolo ukuthi isivikelo esibanzi singavimbela ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunokuba sikhuthaze. Uphahla lweGraham luyaqhubeka luqondisa abahloli abasemthethweni nezinkantolo ekuhlukaniseni phakathi kweminikelo yangempela yokusungula nezenzakalo ezivamile okufanele zihlale emphakathini.

Ithonya likaGraham lidlulela ngalé kwemboni yezolimo ekhona. Yamisa izimiso ezisebenza kuyo yonke imikhakha yezobuchwepheshe, kusukela ekusungulweni kwemishini kuya ekusungulweni kwamakhemikhali kuya ekusungulweni kwezinhlelo ze-software. Isinqumo saqaphela ukuthi uphenyo olusobala kumelwe luvumelane ngokwanele ukuze kuhlaliswe izimboni ezihlukahlukene kuyilapho kugcinwa izindinganiso ezingaguquki ukuze kube khona ukuzenzela.

KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc. (2007): Ukuhlola ukucubungula

Emashumini amane eminyaka ngemva kukaGraham, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphinda yahlola umthetho ocacile we-KSR International Co. v. Teleeflex Inc., icala elathinta kakhulu indlela izinkantolo nabahloli abagunyazi abahlola ngayo ukuthi izinto zisobala yini. I-KSR yeNkantolo Ephakeme ye-Teleflex yabuye yaguqula i-U.S. ngokufaka esikhundleni somthetho oqinile "wokufundisa, ukusikisela, noma wesisusa" (TSM) ngokuhlola indlela evumelana nenengqondo evumelanayo.

Ngaphambi kwe-KSR, iFederal Friestry yasungule ukuhlolwa kweTSM, okwakudinga abahloli abagunyazi ukuba babonise ukuthi ukufundisa, ukusikisela, noma isisusa esithile sasikhona ngaphambili ukuze kuhlanganiswe izikhombo ngendlela eshiwo yigunya. Lokhu kuhlola kwase kuqine kakhulu, kwenza kube nzima ukulahla izakhiwo ngisho nalapho lokho okuthiwa ukusungulwa kuzenzakalele kuyinhlanganisela yezakhi ezaziwayo.

Umbono washo ukuthi ukusebenza kwebha yokugunyaza ekhoneni elisho indaba esobala "akumelwe igcinwe phakathi kokuhlola noma ukuphoqelelwa kakhulu ukuba kufeze injongo yayo." Umbono walahla izinqubo ezivimbela ukusetshenziswa "komzwa ovamile" ezimweni eziningi. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi umuntu onekhono elivamile emdwebeni akuyona i-automaton kodwa unesu lokwenza izinto ezivamile nomqondo ovamile.

Isinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi "umsunguli wekhono elivamile" ebucikoni unekhono elivamile lobuciko futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhi ezaziwayo akunandlela yokuvikela uma ziveza imiphumela elindelekile. Lesimiso siye saba nemiphumela ebanzi yokuqulwa kwemvume nokubekwa phambili, okwenza kube lula ukubekela inselele ukusungula okuthi kunezindlela ezihlukile noma ukuxubana kobuchwepheshe obukhona.

Isinqumo se-KSR sathinta kakhulu izimboni lapho intuthuko ivame ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obukhona ngezindlela ezintsha. Embonini yezimoto, imishini yobuchwepheshe, ne-software, isinqumo saholela ekuhlolweni kwamanani ahlukene aphezulu okubonisa ukungaboni. Abafaki-zicelo manje kumelwe banikeze ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi izinto abazisungulile ziwukusetshenziswa okuzenzakalelayo okungagudluzelanga, hhayi ukusebenzisa izimiso ezaziwayo.

Idayimane mayelana ne - Chakrabarty (1980): Ukwandisa Indaba Engadingwa Yindaba Ebalulekile Kulezi Zitho Zokuphila

Kwesinye sezinqumo ezithathelwe phansi kakhulu zekhulu lamashumi amabili, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zingaba khona yini. idayimane shandream v. Chakrabarty yasungula ukuthi isivikelo esisemthethweni esisemthethweni sikhona ngenqubo engokwemvelo engenziwa ngemicroorganism eyakhiwe ngokwenziwa kunokuba yenzeke ngokwemvelo.

UDkt. Ananda Chakrabarty, isazi semicrobiology, wayeshintshwe igciwane elikwaziyo ukugawula uwoyela ongahluziwe, impahla ewusizo ekulapheni ukuchitheka kukawoyela. I-Office kaPatenty yakwenqaba ukusebenza kwakhe, iveza ukuthi izinto eziphilayo aziyona indaba ekwaziyo ngaphansi kweSahluko 101 se-Paten Act. Icala laphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngobukhulu bezinto ezisunguliwe eziqalwe ngokomthetho nokuthi uKhomishane wayehlose ukuvimbela izinto eziphilayo ekuvikelweni okusemthethweni.

INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngokuvuna uChakrabarty, isekela ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi amabhakitiriya ayaphila alinanjongo engokomthetho yezinjongo zomthetho ezisemthethweni. INkantolo yadume ngokuthi uMkhandlu wahlose ukuba ikwazi ukuhlanganisa noma yini ngaphansi kwelanga elenziwe umuntu." Lencazelo ebanzi yendaba ekwazi ukuqamba i-biotechnology ivule umnyango wenguquko yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, yenza izinkampani zithole isivikelo esisemthethweni sezakhi zofuzo ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo, imigqa yengqamuzana, nezinye izinto ezisungulwe ngokwemvelo.

Isinqumo se-Chakrabarty sathinta kakhulu izimboni zesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nemithi. Sanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho samandla ezakhi zezakhi zofuzo ezishintshwa amabhaktheriya, izitshalo nezilwane, kanye nezakhi zofuzo namaprotheni ahlukene. Isinqumo sabangela kokubili ukusungulwa kwenqubo kanye nempikiswano, okwaholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nezimiso zokusungula izindlela zokuphila.

Nokho, iNkantolo yayiqaphela ukuthi ihlukanisa phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezingokwemvelo nezinto ezenziwe ngabantu. Lesi sinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi imithetho yemvelo, izenzakalo zemvelo, nemibono engabonakali ayikwazi ukuvikelwa. Lo mehluko wawuyoba obaluleke kakhulu ezimweni ezilandelayo lapho ubheka imingcele yezinto ezikwazi ukuzenzela indalo ekwazi ukuzenzela isayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nezinye izindawo.

Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International (2014: Ukulinganisela iSoftware nezindlela zebhizinisi iPaents

Isinqumo sika-Alice simelela esinye sesinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu seNkantolo Ephakeme sokugunyazwa kwasemthethweni enkathini yanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ukugunyazwa kwezinhlelo zesoftware nezindlela zebhizinisi. Icala eliqondiswe ukuthi izibalo eziqondiswe ekusungulweni kwemishini ye-computer zisemthethweni noma zimane nje zithathwe ngemishini ye-computer ejwayelekile.

I-Alice Corporation yathola imvume ehlobene necebo le-computer lokuvimbela izingozi zokuhlala emabhizinisini ngokwezimali. I-CLS Bank yabekela inselele imvume yamalungelo, iphikisa ngokuthi ayitholanga lutho ngaphandle komqondo ofiphele osungulwe kuyi-computer. INkantolo Ephakeme yavuma, imisa uhlelo olunezitebhisi ezimbili lokuhlaziya ukufaneleka kwemvume ngaphansi kwe-Program 101.

Ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kwe-Alice, izinkantolo kumelwe kuqala zinqume ukuthi iziphakamiso ziqondiswe emqondweni ongaqondakaliyo njengomqondo ongabonakali, umthetho wemvelo, noma isenzakalo esingokwemvelo. Uma kunjalo, izinkantolo kufanele zihlole ukuthi lezi ziphakamiso ziqukethe "umqondo ofiphele" owanele yini ukuguqula lomqondo ongabonakali ube yinqubo esemthethweni. INkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa nje umqondo ofiphele kuyikhompuyutha ejwayelekile akwanele ukugcwalisa lemfuneko.

Isinqumo sika-Alice saba nethonya elisheshayo neliphawulekayo ku-software esemthethweni. Amagunya amaningi ahlanganisa izindlela zebhizinisi ze-computer ezisetshenziswayo, izimiso zezezimali, kanye nezinhlelo ze-software ancishiswa ngaphansi kwe-Alice sacishwa. Isinqumo sabangela ukungaqiniseki okukhulu embonini ye-software ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zemisebenzi ezikwazi ukusungulwa okusemthethweni futhi savusa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuthi iNkantolo ishaya ukulinganisela okulungile yini phakathi kokuthuthukisa iprojekthi futhi ivimbele i-ommony ekhombayo ekhonweni efifini.

Abagxeki besinqumo sika-Alice baphikisa ngokuthi kuye kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuthola isivikelo esisemthethweni sokusungula izinhlelo ze-software, okungalulaza ukutshala izinhlelo ze-software. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sinqumo silinganisela ngokufanelekile imvume emibonweni eyisisekelo okufanele ihlale ikhona kubo bonke. Lengxoxo iyaqhubeka njengezinkantolo nomsebenzi we-Patant Office ukusebenzisa i-alce system ngokuqhubekayo kusetshenziswa isayensi ehlukahlukene.

Bilski v. Kappos (2010): Ikheli le-ikheli le-Business Method Paents

KuBilski v. Kapos, iNkantolo yaphikisa ngokuthi indlela yokufaka izingozi edayiswani iwumqondo ofiphele futhi kanjalo ayiyona indaba eqanjwe ngaphansi kwe-Degree 101. Ukuhlolwa komshini-noma u-transformation akukona okodwa okuhlola ukuthi inqubo ikhona yini esemthethweni.

Icala likaBilski lavela ekusebenziseni kwemvume esemthethweni efuna indlela yokufaka izingozi ekuhwebeni ngezinto. Isifunda sasikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlolwa komshini noma ukuguqula umshini kwakuyindlela ekhethekile yokuhlola ukuthi inqubo isemthethweni yini. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kuhlola, inqubo ikwazi ukugunyazwa kuphela uma iboshelwe emshinini othile noma emshinini othile, noma uma iguqula isihloko esithile sibe yindawo noma into ehlukile.

INkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba indlela eqinile yeFederal Friestry, iphethe ukuthi nakuba ukuhlola umshini noma ukulungiswa kuyindlela ewusizo nebalulekile yokukwazi ukuzenzela, akuyona yodwa uvivinyo. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi i-Fotransport 101 ibanzi nokuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha bungadinga izindlela ezivumelanayo zokuthola ukuthi imvume ikhona.

Nokho, ekugcineni iNkantolo yathi iziphakamiso zikaBilski zazingagunyaziwe ngoba zaziqondiswe embonweni ofiphele wengozi eyingozi. Isinqumo sacacisa ukuthi izindlela zebhizinisi azikhishelwanga ngokuphelele ekuvikeleni okusemthethweni, kodwa kumelwe zanelise izimfuneko ezifanayo njengezinye izinto ezisunguliwe futhi azikwazi ukumane nje zisho imiqondo efiphele noma imikhuba eyisisekelo yezomnotho.

Isinqumo sikaBilski sabeka iqophelo lesinqumo samuva sika-Alice futhi safaka igalelo lokungaqiniseki okuqhubekayo ngemingcele yezindaba ezisemthethweni ezisemkhakheni webhizinisi nakusungulwa kwezinhlelo ze-software. Kwabonisa umzamo weNkantolo wokulondoloza ukuvumelana komthetho ogunyaziwe kuyilapho kuvimbela imvume emiqondweni eyisisekelo okufanele ihlale esendaweni yomphakathi.

Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. (2002): Ukulinganisela Imfundiso Yesici Esilinganayo

Isinqumo seFesto sakhuluma ngenye yezimfundiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuphuleni umthetho osemthethweni: imfundiso yabafanayo. Lemfundiso ivumela abanikazi bomthetho ukuba banwebe amalungelo abo ngaphezu kwesilinganiso esingokoqobo semvume yabo yokuhlanganisa imikhiqizo noma izinqubo ezilingana kakhulu nalokho okuthiwa kusunguliwe, ngisho noma bengawagqekezi ngokoqobo.

Icala elihilela umlando wokuquliswa kwecala i - estopel, isimiso somthetho esilinganisela imfundiso yalabo abafanayo lapho ummangaleli ogunyaziwe evala iziphakamiso zakhe zokunqoba ngaphambi kokushushisa noma ukwanelisa ezinye izimfuneko zokugunyazwa. IFederal Friver yayiphethe ukuthi noma isiphi inguquko esenziwe ngezizathu ezihlobene nokutholakala kwemvume yakha ibhande eliphelele lokugomela lokho okusho ukuthi izakhi zalento zikhona.

INkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba lendlela eqinile, iphethe ukuthi ukushushisa umlando awusona isiqobo semfundiso efanayo. Kunalokho, iNkantolo yamisa umbono ophikisayo wokuthi ukulungiswa kwendlela engenziwa ukuze kwanelise izimfuneko ezisemthethweni kunikezela indawo phakathi kwesinqumo sokuqala nesinqumo esilungisiwe. Abaphathi banganqoba lesisigqebhezana ngokubonisa ukuthi i-paintmente ihlobene nempikiswano ehambisana nalempikiswayo.

Isinqumo seFesto safuna ukulinganisela inzuzo encintisanayo yabanikazi bezincwadi ezisemthethweni nomphakathi. Saqaphela ukuthi abanikazi bemvume akumelwe bakwazi ukuphinde bathathe imfundiso yalokho abakwenza phakathi nokuquliswa, kuyilapho futhi bevuma ukuthi ibhande eliphelele lingaba nonya kakhulu futhi lingase lilulaze amalungelo angokomthetho. Isinqumo siye saveza imiphumela emikhulu ngokuqamba imvume nokuphikiswa.

EBay Inc. v. Merc Extrain, L.L.C. (2006): Ukuguqula uPaten Injlunts

Isinqumo se-eBay sashintsha ngokuyisisekelo isimo samakhambi agunyaziwe ngokunikeza izinkantolo iziyalezo ezihlala njalo ekumelaneni namacala asemthethweni. Ngaphambi kwe-eBay, izinkantolo zinikeza iziyalezo ezihlala njalo ukuba ziphumelele ezinhlabeni ezigunyazayo ezigunyaza ukulimaza okungalungiseki umnikazi walencwadi.

Merc Expante yawina isahlulelo esimelene ne-Bay sokuphikiswa okusemthethweni kodwa yaphikwa umyalo ohlala njalo wenkantolo yesifunda. Isifunda sesifunda sashintsha, sisebenzisa umthetho waso ovamile wokuthi imiyalo ehlala njalo kufanele ikhiphe impikiswano yezimo ezingavamile. INkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba lendlela, iphethe leyozimiso ezingokwesiko ezisemthethweni ezisebenza ezinqumweni ezigunyaziwe.

INkantolo yasungula ukuhlolwa kwemithetho emine esemthethweni engokomthetho. I-atlaff kumelwe ibonise: (1) ukuthi iye yalimala ngokungenakulungiseka; (2) ukuthi amakhambi akhona emthethweni awanele ukubuyisela lokho kulimala; (3) ukuthi uma kucatshangelwa ukulinganisela kobunzima phakathi kommangalelwa nommangalelwa, ikhambi eligunyaziwe; futhi (4) ukuthi isithakazelo somphakathi ngeke sibekwe esifunyanisweni esihlala njalo.

Isinqumo se-eBay sasinemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu ezinhlangano ezingaqeqeshiwe (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi "ama-troll") ezingakhiqizi imikhiqizo kodwa kunalokho zifake ilayisense noma zifake imvume yazo. Ngaphandle kwelungelo elizenzekelayo lokuyala, lezi zinhlangano kumelwe zithembele ngokuyinhloko ekulimaleni kwemali, okungase kube lula ngabamangalelwa ukuba balawule kunemithetho engavala amabhizinisi abo noma imishini yokufaka izimemezelo ezibizayo.

Lesi sinqumo sathinta nezinhlangano ezizivivinyayo, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini ezinjengezemithi nesayensi yebhayoloji lapho iziyalezo ngokuvamile beziyikhambi elibalulekile khona.Nokho, izinkantolo ziye zaqhubeka zinikeza iziyalezo zokusebenzisa izinhlangano ezincintisana ngokuqondile nabaphula umthetho, kuyilapho zingabaza kakhulu izicelo zemithetho ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezingagunyazi.

Mayo Colotivative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories (202): Ukuvimbela ukuxilongwa kwezifo zezokwelapha

Isinqumo seMayo sabhala ukufaneleka okusemthethweni kwezindlela zokwelapha futhi samisa imingcele ebalulekile ekwakheni imithetho yemvelo nemvelo. Amaprometheus Laboratories aba nemvume ezindleleni zokuthuthukisa izinga lemithi ye-thiopurine esetshenziswayo ekwelapheni izifo ze-autoimmune. Imvume yaveza izinqubo zokulinganisa amazinga egazi leziguli nokuqhathanisa lawo mazinga anqunyiwe ukuze kubonwe ukuthi ukulungiswa kwesilinganiso sesilinganiso sesilinganiso sesilinganiso segazi se-metabolite kuyadingeka yini.

INkantolo Ephakeme yathi imvume ayisebenzi ngoba yazenza imithetho yemvelo ngokuphumelelayo. INkantolo yachaza ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi kwamazinga aphakathi kwe-metabolite nokusebenza kwezidakamizwa buyinto engokwemvelo, futhi ukugunyaza okusemthethweni kwenza okungaphezu kokuba kufundiswe odokotela ukusebenzisa lomthetho wemvelo. Izinyathelo ezengeziwe kulokhu kuveza (ukusekela umuthi nokulinganisela amazinga omzimba) kwakuyinqubo ejwayelekile engawushintshi umthetho wemvelo ukuba ube yinqubo esemthethweni.

Isinqumo seMayo samisa uhlelo lokuhlaziya ukufaneleka okusemthethweni okuye kwasetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphandle kokuxilongwa kwezokwelapha. INkantolo yathi iziphakamiso eziqondiswe emithethweni yemvelo kumelwe zibe nezici ezengeziwe noma ingxubevange zezici ezilingana kakhulu nomthetho wemvelo ngokwawo. Routine, imisebenzi evamile ayanele ukugcwalisa lemfuneko.

Lesi sinqumo siye saba nemiphumela ephawulekayo embonini yezokwelapha yokuxilonga kanye nasemithini engokweziqu. Izindlela eziningi zokuxilonga ziye zancishiswa ngaphansi kwe-Mayo, okubangela ukukhathazeka ngokuthi ukuncishiswa kwesivikelo esisemthethweni kunganqanda ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokuthola ulwazi. Lesi sinqumo siye sathinta nezinye izici, kuhlanganise nesayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ne-software, lapho imiklamo esunguliwe ingase ihlanganise ukusebenzisa imithetho yemvelo noma imibono engabonakali.

Inhlangano ye-moleculear Pathology v. Myriad Genetics (2013): Impikiswano ye-Gene Paten

Indaba ye-Myriad Genes yaxoxa ngenye yemibuzo ephikiswa kakhulu esemthethweni: ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zomuntu zingasungulwa yini. Izakhi zofuzo ze-Myriad zigcinwe zisemthethweni ezilandelaneni ze-DNA ezihlukene ezihambelana nezakhi zofuzo ze-BRCA1 ne-BRCA2, izinguquko ezihlobene nengozi ekhushulelwe yomdlavuza webele ne-ibele. Lenkampane yasebenzisa lemininingwane ukuze ilondoloze imvume ekwakhekeni kwezakhi zofuzo ze-BRCA.

INkantolo Ephakeme yathi izingxenye zeDNA ezingokwemvelo ziyimikhiqizo yemvelo futhi azikho ezigunyaziwe ngenxa nje yokuthi ziye zahlukaniswa nezinto zofuzo ezizungezile. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi uMyriad ayizange idale noma ishintshe ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo okubhalwe ezakhini zofuzo ze-BRCA; imane nje ithola futhi izakhi zofuzo ezihlukile esezikhona kakade emvelweni.

Nokho, iNkantolo yahlukanisa phakathi kwe-DNA ehlukene ne-DNA ehlangeneyo (cDNA), eyakhiwe ngendlela eklanywe embonini. INkantolo yathi i-CDNA ikwazi ukuzenzela ngoba ayenzeki ngokwemvelo ngoba abenzi bama-itrons avela emvelweni ye-DNA asuswa lapho kudalwa i-cDNA. Lomehluko wagcina isivikelo esithile esisemthethweni sokusungula izakhi zofuzo kuyilapho ulinganisela izakhi ezingokwemvelo ezilandelanayo.

Isinqumo seMiyriad saba nemiphumela esebenzayo ngokushesha ekuhlolweni kwezakhi zofuzo. Izindawo zokucwaninga eziningi zaqala ukunikeza i-BRCA ukuhlola ngokuncintisana ne-Myriad, ngokuvamile entengo ephansi futhi ngezikhathi ezisheshayo. Isinqumo futhi sathinta imboni yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yezakhi zofuzo, siphakamisa imibuzo ngokufaneleka kwezinkulungwane zezakhi zofuzo kanye namasu athonya amasu okuvikela i-biotechnology.

Icala labangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngomkhakha ofanelekile wesivikelo esingokomthetho kuyi - biotechnology nokuthi umthetho osemthethweni uvumelana ngokwanele yini nezisusa zokusungulwa kwezindlela zomphakathi zokuthola ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha. Abagxeki bezakhi zofuzo baphikisa ngokuthi bavimbela ukucwaninga nokuthola isineke okulinganiselwe ekuhlolweni, kuyilapho abasekeli babephikisa ngokuthi imvume engokomthetho yayidingekile ukuze kuthethelelwe ukutshala imali okuqinisekile okudingekayo ekucwaningeni ngezakhi zofuzo.

IZithobo Ze - Westview, Inc. (1996): Ukwakha Okuthi kuyindaba YoMthetho

IZithobo zeWestview zaveza ukuthi ukuthi ukwakhiwa kuyindaba yenkantolo. Lesi sinqumo esibonakala siyinkimbinkimbi siye saba nemiphumela emikhulu ewusizo ekutholeni imvume.

Phambi kukaMarkman, kwakunokungabaza ngokuthi amajaji noma amajaji kufanele achaze incazelo yamagama agunyaziwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukwakhiwa kuyindaba yomthetho kuphela yamajaji ukuba anqume, hhayi iqiniso labejaji. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi ukuchazwa kwemvume efanayo kubalulekile ekubikeni ukuthi amalungelo asemthethweni afaneleke futhi aqiniseke, futhi amajaji afaneleke kangcono kunokunikeza lobu bufakazi.

Isinqumo sikaMarkman saholela ekusakazekeni komkhuba "Wokulalela kwecala likaMarkman," lapho abahluleli baphikisana khona ngezinqumo eziqotho ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu kuthethwa kuvame ukunquma umphumela wamacala asemthethweni, njengoba ukuchazwa kwamagama ayinhloko kunganquma ukuthi ukugxambukela kuye kwenzeka. Isinqumo siye senza ukuthi sakha enye yezimpikiswano ezibaluleke kakhulu nezinemininingwane eminingi emacaleni asemthethweni.

Isinqumo futhi siye sathonya imikhuba yokuhlela esemthethweni. Abameli abagunyazi manje baqaphelisisa ngisho nangokwengeziwe ukuzisho ulimi nencazelo elotshiwe, bazi ukuthi amajaji azochaza ukusho okusekelwe ebufakazini obuyisisekelo emlandweni wokugunyaza nokushushisa. Isinqumo siye sanezela ekuchazeni okunemininingwane eyengeziwe kanye nokusho ngokucophelela okukhulu.

Imikhiqizo Ebonakalayo, Inc. v. Lexmark International, Inc. (2017): Paten Exhaustion Doctrine

Isinqumo se-Reous Products sakhuluma ngemfundiso esemthethweni yokuqeda ijubane, elinganisela amalungelo asemthethweni omnikazi wempahla ngemva kokudayiswa kwento esemthethweni. ULexmark wathengisa iziqandisi zokunyathelisa ngaphansi kwezithombe ezimbili ezikhangisayo: ukhetho olugcwele olungenamingcele nenani elishiyiwe lapho amakhasimende avuma khona ukusebenzisa i-carridge kanye kuphela futhi ayibuyisele eLexmark. ULexmark wathengisa nezinqola ezisemzileni kwamanye amazwe ngentengo ehlukene.

INkantolo Ephakeme yathi isinqumo somgunyathi sokuthengisa umkhiqizo sikhipha wonke amalungelo asemthethweni kuleyonto, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiphi imingcele inzame yokugunyaza noma ukuthi ibhizinisi lenziwe kuphi emhlabeni. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi uma imvume ithengisa into ethile, iye yajabulela umvuzo ngokusungulwa kwayo futhi akufanele ikwazi ukulawula indlela abathengi abayisebenzisa noma bathengi abawuthengi ngomthetho wemvume.

Isinqumo sacacisa ukuthi imingcele yemikhiqizo egunyaziwe ngemva kwesivumelwano kumelwe iphoqelelwe ngomthetho wesivumelwano, hhayi umthetho ogunyaziwe. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kubalulekile ngoba ukuphula umthetho wemvume kunamakhambi ahlukene nemithetho esemthethweni kunemithetho ehlukene kunesivumelwano. Isinqumo futhi saveza ukuthi ukukhathala kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyasebenza, futhi ukudayiswa noma kuphi ezindaweni ezikhipha imvume e-U.S.

Isinqumo seZingeniso ezibonwayo sisho okukhulu kubantu abakhangisa ngezebhizinisi abadayisa imikhiqizo esetshenziswayo, njengama-carridge, ama-software, nemishini yezokwelapha. Amakhampani awasakwazi ukuthembela emthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni wokugunyaza ukusebenzisa i-octal noma ukubuyisa izimfuneko, nakuba kungenzeka asebenzise izivumelwano, izilinganiso zokuzivikela zobuchwepheshe, noma amanye amathuluzi angokomthetho ukuze asebenzise imingcele enjalo.

U-oyile States Energy Services, LLC v. Greene's Energy Group, LLC (2088): Umthetho-mthetho-siseko we-Paten Review Proceedsings

Isinqumo sika-oyiles sikhulume ngezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze zihlanganise ukubukeza i-IPR, inqubo yokulawula eyakhiwa yiMelika Intents Act evumela i-Paten Trial ne-Apple Board ukuba iphinde iphinde ithathe futhi isule imvume ekhishwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-IPR iphula uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvumela inhlangano yokulawula kunokuba ivumele iSiphakamiso III ukuba iphule amalungelo asemthethweni.

INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ubukhondlali bomthetho - sisekelo be - IPR, iphethe ukuthi imvume iwugunyazo lomphakathi ongabukezwa yizinhlangano eziqondisayo. INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi imvume yokugunyazwa ngokomlando iye yahlolwa futhi yamiswa, nokuthi i - IPR iyindlela evunyelwe yokuba uhulumeni aphinde ahlole isinqumo sakhe sokunikeza ilungelo lokwenza imvume.

Isinqumo salondoloza indlela ebalulekile yokubekela inselele ukufaneleka ngaphandle kwecala likahulumeni elibizayo. I-IPR iye yaba indlela ethandwayo yokubekela inselele imvume, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe, ngoba ngokuvamile ishesha futhi ayibizi kakhulu kunenkantolo yesifunda. Nokho, isinqumo sashiya eminye imibuzo engokomthetho mayelana ne-IPR, kuhlanganise nokuthi iphula iSichibiyelo seSendement ekuqulweni kwejaji.

I-oyile States ebusayo inemiphumela ewusizo yecebo elisemthethweni. Izinkampani ezibhekene nokuphikiswa kwezikhalo ezivamile manje ezifaka i-IPR izicelo zokukhansela ukufaneleka okusemthethweni, futhi abanikazi bomthetho osemthethweni kumelwe bacabangele ukuba kungenzeka kwe-IPR lapho behlola amandla emvume yabo. Isinqumo futhi siye sathonya ukuqulwa kwemvume, njengoba abafaki bezama ukusho okungeke kubonwe kahle kwe-IPR.

SAS Institute Inc. v. Iancu (2088): Ingxenye Institution in IPR Proceedings

I-SAS Institute yakhuluma ngezindaba ezingokwe-IPR, ikakhulukazi ukuthi i-Paten Trial and Appeal Board kufanele ikhulume ngazo zonke izimpikiswano eziphikiswa umceli noma ingamisa ukubukeza ngezicelo ezithile kuphela. I-Office kaPaten yaqala ukusebenzisa umkhuba wenhlangano elinganiselwe, ibukeza nje ezinye zezimpikiswano.

INkantolo Ephakeme yathi lapho i-Patent Office ihlela i-IPR, kumelwe inqume ukuthi zonke izimemezelo zingezona nje ezinye. Inkantolo yasekela isinqumo sayo olimini lwemithetho lwe-American Intents Act, olufuna ukuba iHhovisi lePatenst likhiphe isinqumo esilotshiwe esiphathelene nokugunyazwa kwamazwi "noma isiphi isimemezelo esigunyaziwe esiphikiswa yinxusa."

Lesi sinqumo sinezici eziwusizo ekusebenziseni i-IPR kanye nokusebenza kahle. Sivimbela i-Patent Office ekukhetheni okuthi kufanele kubukezwe futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abaceli bathola isinqumo esiphelele kuzo zonke izimpikiswano. Nokho, singandisa umthwalo eHhovisi lePatenst futhi sifune ukubukezwa kwe-IPR ngokufuna ukuba i-Bhodi inciphe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ngenye indlela inqaba ukuxoxa.

Umphumela Wezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme Ezenzweni Zomsebenzi Ezihlukene

Izinqumo zeQumbu eliphezulu ezigunyaziwe ziye zathinta izimboni ngokuhlukile ngokuncika kwazo ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zemvume esemthethweni nezindlela zazo ezintsha. Ukuqonda lemiphumela eqondene nezimboni kunikeza ukuqonda ngemiphumela ebanzi yezomnotho nezenhlalo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho osemthethweni.

Imithi Nesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo

Izimboni zezemithi nezebhayojini ziye zathonywa kakhulu izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme mayelana nokufaneleka nokusungulwa kwegama. Isinqumo seChakrabarty senza ukuba imboni yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo yanamuhla ikwazi ukusungula izakhi zofuzo ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo. Isinqumo seMiriad silinganiselwe ukusungula izakhi zofuzo kodwa silondolozelwe isivikelo sezakhi zofuzo ezikhiqizwayo. Isinqumo seMayo siye senza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuthola imvume yokuthola imvume ezindlelani zokuhlola, okungathinta ukuthengwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezingokwesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yezakhi zofuzo.

Lezimboni zithembele kakhulu ekutholeni imvume ngenxa yezikhathi zentuthuko ezinde nezindleko eziphakeme ezihlobene nokuletha imithi emisha nezindlela zokwelapha emakethe. Umuthi owodwa ophumelelayo ungadinga amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi ekucwaningeni nasekuthuthukiseni, futhi imvume yokugunyaza inikeza ukuncishiswa kwezentengiselwano okudingekile ukuze kutholakale lemali. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezilinganisela izinga lokusungula noma ukwenza kube lula ukubekela inselele inzuzo engokomnotho yokusungulwa kwemithi.

Isinqumo se - bay siye saba nethonya elincane embonini yokuthaka imithi kunakweminye imikhakha ngoba izinkampani ezithaka imithi ngokuvamile zincintisana ngokuqondile nabenzi abavamile, zenza kube lula ukulimaza okungalungiseki ukubonakalisa. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zaqhubeka zinikeza iziyalezo ezicatshangeni zokusungula amakhemikhali, ziqaphela ukubaluleka kokukhipha imvume esemthethweni kulemboni.

Izintwebo zeSoftware Nezobuchwepheshe

Isinqumo sika - Alice ngokukhethekile siye senza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuthola nokugunyaza izinhlelo ze - computer, okuye kwabangela ukuba kube nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zokuthi isivikelo esisemthethweni sihlala sisebenza yini ekusungulweni kwama - computer.

Isinqumo se-KSR siye sathinta imboni yobuchwepheshe ngokwenza kube lula ukubekela inselele izakhiwo ezihlangene nobuchwepheshe obaziwayo. Emikhakheni esheshayo ehambayo njenge-electronic ne-temnational, lapho ukusungula izinto ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlanganisa izakhi ezikhona ngezindlela ezintsha, izinga le-KSR liye landisa ubunzima bokuthola isivikelo esiqinile sokuzenzela.

Isinqumo se-eBay siye saba nemiphumela emikhulu embonini yobuchwepheshe ngokulinganisela ikhono lezinhlangano ezingaqeqeshiwe lokuthola iziyalezo. Lokhu kushintshe amandla okuzichaza ngokusemthethweni emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe, lapho izinhlangano ezizimele ziye zasebenza khona kakhulu. Izinkampani zibhekene nezinsolo eziphikisayo ezivela ezinhlanganoni ezingaqeqeshiwe manje sezinezikhundla ezinkulu zokuxoxa ngezindlela ezingcono kunokubhekana nosongo lwemiyalo yezebhizinisi enqanda ukuvuleka.

Ukukhiqiza Nemisebenzi Yezembuyiselo Engokwesiko

Izimboni zezokwakha zamasiko ziye zathintwa izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme mayelana nokubonakala ngokucacile, ukuthi ukwakhiwa, nokukhathala okusemthethweni. Izinqumo zikaGraham noKSR zamisa izindinganiso ezibonisa ukuthi zisebenza kuzo zonke izimboni, kodwa ithonya lazo liyahluka kuye ngokuthi ziyini izakhi zokwakha ezisemkhakheni ngamunye.

Isinqumo sikaMarkman siye saba nethonya emhlabeni wonke kuzo zonke izimboni ngokuveza ukuthi ukuvuma ukuthi ukwakhiwa kuyindaba yomthetho kumajaji. Lokhu kuye kwenza ukuba ukuqashelwa kwemvume kuqondakale kakhulu ngezinye izindlela kodwa futhi kwandisa ukubaluleka kokusho ngokucophelela ukuthi ubhaliwe futhi uthweswe icala.

Isinqumo se-Reous Products siye sathinta ngokukhethekile izimboni ezisebenzisa izimboni zezebhizinisi ezisebenzisa imishini esekelwe ekudayiseni imikhiqizo esetshenziswayo ngemingcele, njengabenzi bemishini yokunyathelisa, izimboni zemishini yezolimo. Lezi zinkampani kuye kwadingeka zivumelanise izimo zazo zebhizinisi ukuze zibone ukuthi kungani zingagunyazi ukuvimbela iposi ngomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Indima Yokubukeza Kwesifunda NeNkantolo Ephakeme

ISishaya - mthetho sasungula iNkantolo Yezikhalo zeNkantolo yeFederal ngo-1982 ukuze ilethe ukuvumelana nobuchwepheshe kumthetho ogunyaziwe. I-Federal Friest inegunya elikhethekile lokugunyaza izikhalo ezigunyaziwe ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda naseHhovisi likaPatant, iyibeka njengenkantolo eyinhloko egunya lokugunyaza amacala. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme inegunya eliphelele phezu komthetho ogunyaziwe futhi iye yasebenzisa leligunya emashumini eminyaka amuva.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kweNkantolo Ephakeme neFederal Friest buye baba nokuphikisana ngezinye izikhathi. Izinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zaguqula izenzakalo zesifunda noma zagxeka indlela yokuthatha i-Federal Cederal imvume yomthetho osemthethweni. Isinqumo seKSR senqaba ukusebenza okuqinile kweFederal Transferel kukuhlolwa kweTSM. Isinqumo se-Bay sawuchitha umthetho wesifunda we-Federal. Isinqumo seFederal pepeto salahla umthetho ogunyaza iziyalezo. Isinqumo se-Federal Stock senqaba ibhangemuva kwe-stopy yesifunda esivamile ngemva kokuqulwa komlando.

Lokhu kuguqulwa kubonisa amafilosofi okwahlulela ahlukene mayelana nomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni. IFederal Friestl, enolwazi lwayo olukhethekile lomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni, ngezinye izikhathi iye yamukela imithetho ecacile ehloselwe ukunikeza ukuqiniseka nokubikezela. INkantolo Ephakeme ibithanda izindinganiso ezivumelanayo, ezizimele ezivumela ukuhlaziywa kwecala ngekhanda. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kokuqiniseka nokuguquguquka kuyinto ephindaphindwayo emthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Ukunakekela okukhuliswe kakhulu kweNkantolo engokomthetho eminyakeni yamuva kuye kwaholela ezinguqulweni ezinkulu ezisemthethweni wemfundiso yomthetho esemthethweni. Phakathi kuka 2000 no-2020, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma amacala emvume engeziwe kunanoma iyiphi inkathi efana nayo emlandweni wayo. Lokhu kuthembisana okuqhubekayo kuye kwaguqula umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni ngezindlela eziyisisekelo, kusingatha izindaba ezisukela ekusebenziseni okusemthethweni kwemithi kuya ezinqunyweni zokuhlola ukuqondisa.

Ukuzuza Okuhloniphekile Nempikiswano Yesigaba Se - 101

Ingxenye 101 yePatent Act ichaza indaba esemthethweni ngokuthi "iyiphi inqubo entsha newusizo, umshini, ukwenza, noma ukwenza noma isiphi intuthuko entsha newusizo. ” Naphezu kwalolulimi olubanzi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukungavumelani okuphelele kwemithetho yemvelo, izenzakalo zemvelo, nemibono engabonakali. Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo ezisebenzisa le nqubo ehlukile ziye zadala impikiswano ephawulekayo nokungaqiniseki.

Izinqumo zeMayo no-Alice zasungula uhlaka olunezinyathelo ezimbili lokuhlola ukufaneleka kobukho bamagama. Okokuqala, izinkantolo zithola ukuthi iziphakamiso ziqondiswe emqondweni osemthethweni. Okwesibili, uma kunjalo, izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi lezi zinqumo zinomqondo osunguliwe owanele yini wokwenza umqondo ongenakucaciswa ube yinqubo esemthethweni. Lo sisekelo uzitholele kunzima ukusebenzisa ngokungaguquguquki, kuholela emiphumeleni engaqondakali nempikiswano eqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nobukhulu bawo obufanele.

Abagxeki be-Realture 101 jurisprudency baphikisa ngokuthi iye yadala ukungaqiniseki okukhulu futhi yenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuthola imvume emikhakheni ebalulekile njenge-software, i-software, i-aptions, nemithi engokomuntu. Baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo engabonakali iye yasetshenziswa kakhulu, ingekho ngokomthetho ekwakheni izinhlelo ezingokwenguquko zangempela. Abanye baye bacela inguquko ukuze kucaciswe imingcele yendaba esemthethweni.

Abasekeli bohlaka lweMayo-Alice baphikisa ngokuthi ngokufanelekile imingcele igunyaza emiqondweni eyisisekelo okufanele ihlale ikhona ngokukhululekile kubo bonke ukuba bayisebenzise. Baphikisa ngokuthi izakhiwo ezibanzi kakhulu emibonweni engaqondakali nezenzakalo ezingokwemvelo zingavimbela ukusungulwa ngokuvimbela abanye ukuba bakhe ulwazi oluyisisekelo. Lenkulumo mpikiswano iveza ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngesilinganiso esifanele sesivikelo sokugunyazwa nokulingana phakathi kokuthuthukisa intuthuko nokugcina ukufinyelela komphakathi olwazini.

Imithi Enamandla Negunya

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zawathinta kakhulu amakhambi atholakalayo ukuze kutholakale abaphathi abasemthethweni kanye nezomnotho zokugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Lesi sinqumo se - Bay sashintsha umthetho wemithetho egunyaziwe, senza kube nzima kakhulu ngezinhlangano ezingaqeqeshiwe ukuthola imithetho kuyilapho ngokuvamile zilondoloza ukukhululeka okungathandeki kwezinhlangano ezizilandelayo ezincintisanayo nabaphula umthetho.

Umonakalo uhlala uyikhambi eliyinhloko emacaleni amaningi asemthethweni, ikakhulukazi lawo ahilela izinhlangano ezingasebenzisi imvume. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma ngezici ezihlukahlukene zengozi esemthethweni, kuhlanganise nokubalwa kwezindawo zobukhosi ezinengqondo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwenani lemiphumela ehilela imikhiqizo eminingi ehlangeneyo. Lezi zinqumo ziye zazama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulimaza imiklomelo kulingana nokubaluleka kwangempela komklamo osunguliwe kunokuba nenani lemikhiqizo emikhulu ekhiqizwayo.

Inkantolo ePhakeme iye yakhuluma nangezingozi ezikhuphukile zokuphambana ngamabomu. Lezi zinqumo ziye zafuna ukulinganisela isidingo sokuvimbela ukuphambana ngamabomu nokukhathazeka ngokulimala ngokweqile okungabangela ukuncintisana okungokomthetho nokusungulwa.

Ukubukeza Okuphethe Nesenzo Se - Inteints America

I-American Ivents Act ka-2011 yasungula izinqubo ezintsha zokulawula zokubekela inselele ukufaneleka kwemvume, kuhlanganise nokubukeza okuphakathi, ukubukeza kwangemva kwe-post grant, nokubukeza indlela yebhizinisi ehlanganisiwe. Lezi zinqubo zivumela amaqembu ukuba abeke inselele imvume esemthethweni phambi kwe-Paten Trial ne-Appleance Board njengendlela yokuthatha indawo esele enkantolo yesifunda.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakamileyo njengo-Oyile States ne-SAS Institute ziye zaxoxa ngemibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho nengokwezimo ngokuphathelene nalezi zinqubo zokuhlola. Isinqumo sika-Oyili eStates sasekela ukuba komthetho-mthetho we-IPR, siqinisekisa ukuthi lendlela ebalulekile yokuthola imvume ephikisanayo isakhona. Isinqumo se-SAS Institute sacacisa izimfuneko ezingokwenqubo ye-IPR, esithinta indlela lezi zinqumo ezithathwa ngayo.

Ukubukezwa kwemvume yokulawula kuye kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile yendawo esemthethweni, lapho izinkulungwane zezicelo ze-IPR zigcinwa unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwathinta iqhinga lobugunya, amaqhinga, kanye nemisebenzi yezezimali yokugunyaza imvume. Kunikeza indlela esheshayo nengabizi kakhulu yokubekela inselele ukufaneleka kwasemthethweni, nakuba futhi kudala ukungaqiniseki okwengeziwe kubanikazi bezindawo ezingase zibhekane nezinselele eziningi.

Ukufunwa KoMthetho Oyimpoqo Wase - United States Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zibusa ngokuqondile umthetho wegunya waseU.S. kuphela, ngokuvamile zisho okuthile emhlabeni wonke. iUnited States iyimakethe enkulu yobuchwepheshe obuningi, futhi isivikelo esisemthethweni saseU.S. sibalulekile ezinkampanini emhlabeni wonke. ushintsho olungokomthetho ogunyaziwe e - United States lungathinta amacebo okusungula imvume yokushumayeza embulunga yonke nemikhuba yokushumayeza egunyazwe lonke.

Isinqumo seZikole Eziphawulekayo zokukhathala kwamazwe ngamazwe sisho lukhulu emhlabeni wonke, njengoba sisho ukuthi ukuthengiswa noma kuphi emhlabeni kuqeda amalungelo asemthethweni aseU.S. lokhu kuthinta indlela izinkampani ezihlela ngayo amalungiselelo azo okuthengisa nokusakaza emhlabeni wonke futhi kubangela ukuba kube nobandlululo lwentengo ezimakethe ezihlukahlukene.

Njengoba amazwe esebenzela ukuhlanganisa izimiso zawo ezisemthethweni ngezivumelwano zezizwe zonke, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States ezindabeni eziyisisekelo ezinjengokufaneleka nokucaca komthetho ogunyaziwe zingathinta ukumiswa kwemithetho yomhlaba wonke.

Ikusasa Lomthetho Ongenakuphikiswa: Izinkinga Nezinselele Ezivundile

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka beguqula, kuvela izinselele ezintsha zomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni. Ukuhlakanipha okuqanjiwe, ukuxubana kwe-quantam, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe ezivelayo kuphakamisa imibuzo emiqambi mayelana nokuqamba, ukusungula, kanye nobukhulu bemvume. INkantolo Ephakeme cishe izoqhubeka ifeza indima ebalulekile ekusingatheni lezi zinselele nokulolonga umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni wezobuchwepheshe obusha.

Ukuhlakanipha Nokusungula

Ukuvela kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi izimiso ze-Al zingaba abasunguli ngaphansi komthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni. Umthetho wamanje ufuna ukuba abasunguli babe abantu abangokwemvelo, kodwa njengoba izimiso ze-Al ziba yinkimbinkimbi futhi zikwazi ukuzimela ekusunguleni imishini, ukucindezela kungakheka ukuze iphinde iphinde ihlole lemfuneko. INkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni ingadinga ukudingisisa ukuthi umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni kufanele uzivumelanise yini nezinto ezisunguliwe ze-AIP.

Imibuzo ehlobene ihlanganisa ukuthi ingahlaziya kanjani ukuba sobala lapho izimiso ze-Al zingathola ngokushesha izikhala ezinkulu zamakhambi, futhi ukuthi izinto ezenziwe yi-Al kufanele zithole isivikelo esisemthethweni esifanayo nemishini esungulwe abantu. Lemiba ihlanganisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngenjongo yomthetho osemthethweni kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kokuhlakanipha kwabantu nokuhlakanipha komshini.

Ama-Estem Paents namaFRAND Licensing

Abaxhasi ababalulekile ekusebenziseni izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe baphakamisa izinselele ezikhethekile zomthetho osemthethweni. Abanikazi bemiyalo esemthethweni esemthethweni ngokuvamile bayigunyaza ngemithetho elungile, enengqondo, nengagunyazi (FRAND). Nokho, ukuphikisana ngokuthi iziphi izinombolo ezichaza i-FRAND kanye nokuthi yimaphi amakhambi akhona okuphazamisa izinkolelo ezivamile ezivamile kuye kwabangela ukuchazwa okubalulekile.

INkantolo Ephakeme ayikazidingisisi ngokuqondile izimpikiswano eziningi eziyinhloko ezihlobene nezindawo ezifanelekele, kodwa lezizindaba zingafinyelela iNkantolo njengoba iqala ukubaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini ezinjengezokuxhumana nge-tem - tram, lapho izindinganiso zibalulekile khona ukuze kube khona ukubambisana. Imibuzo ngokutholakala kwemiyalo yenkululeko engokomthetho, ukubalwa kwemithetho ye-FRAND ibukhosi, nokugcinwa kwemithetho ye-FRAND kungase kudinge isinqumo esiphezulu seNkantolo.

Ukuguquka Okungalawuleki

Ukungaqiniseki okubangelwa uhlelo lwe-Mayo-Alice lokuguqula imvume kuye kwaholela ekufuneni inguquko yemithetho. Iziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene ziye zavezwa eMkhandlwini ukuze kucaciswe imingcele yendaba efundeka kahle futhi kunikeze ukubikezela okwengeziwe kwabaqambi bemiklamo nababhali abagunyazi. Ukuthi uKhongolo luzozenza izinguquko ezinjalo luhlala lungaqiniseki, kodwa le ngxoxo iveza ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo ngesimo samanje se-Cult 101 jurisrudencence.

Uma iSishaya - mthetho senza izinguquko ezisemthethweni, iNkantolo Ephakeme kungase kudingeke ichaze ulimi olusha olungokomthetho futhi inqume ukuthi luthinta kanjani izenzakalo ezikhona. Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwenguquko yomthetho nokwahlulela kuyohlela ikusasa lomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwembulunga Yonke

Imizamo yokuvumelanisa umthetho wemvume emazweni ahlukene iyaqhubeka, ishukunyiswa isimo sembulunga yonke sokusungula nohwebo. Izivumelwano nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zifuna ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso ezisemthethweni, izinqubo, kanye nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa. Incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yomthetho ogunyaziwe ithinta lemizamo yokuvumelanisa futhi ithonya ukusungulwa kwezimiso zezizwe ngezizwe ezizimele.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme esikhathini esizayo kungase kudingeke zicabangele imiphumela yomhlaba wonke yomthetho wegunya waseU.S. nendlela umthetho waseU.S. ofanelana ngayo nesimiso sembulunga yonke sokugunyaza.

Izincwadi Ezingokoqobo Zezimboni Nezimboni Ezinamandla

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zinezici eziwusizo kudokotela abagunyaziwe, abasunguli, namabhizinisi athembele ekuvikelweni okusemthethweni. Ukuqonda lezi zinqumo kanye nezicelo zazo kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale iqhinga eliphumelelayo.

Isu Lokushushisa Icala

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zithinta indlela izinhlelo ezisemthethweni okufanele zifakwe ngayo futhi zibekwe ngayo. Isinqumo sika-Alice sidinga ukucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-software nezindlela zebhizinisi zihlanganisa imininingwane eyanele yobuchwepheshe kanye nemiqondo efingqiwe engenakucaciswa. Isinqumo seMayo sidinga ukuhlanganisa izinto ezidlula kude ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yemvelo. Isinqumo se-KSR sidinga ukuboniswa okunamandla kakhulu kokungaboni ukuthi i-software nencazelo eningi ngokwengeziwe yokuthi kungani i-athonsitime engenakuchazwa.

Abashushisi abaqinile kumelwe bahlale nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme kanye nezicelo zabo zezinkantolo eziphansi ne-Office. Amasu okusho ukuthi akhona kumelwe alandise ngesimo samanje somthetho wokuzivumela, izindinganiso ezisobala, nezinye izenzakalo zemfundiso. Umlando wokushushiswa kumelwe uhloselwe ngokucophelela ukuze ugweme ukuvimbela izimpikiswano ezingase zilinganiswe nemfundiso.

Isu Lokulawula Imali Engaphumi

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme ziye zaguqula icebo lokugunyaza. Isinqumo sikaMarkman sathi ukwakhiwa kwendawo yempi egxekayo emacaleni asemthethweni, ngokuvamile sinquma umphumela ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Isinqumo se-eBay sashintsha i-calculus yokufuna imiyalo nokuxoxisana okuthintekile. Ukuba khona kwe-IPR kanye nezinye izinqubo zokuhlola ukuphatha kunikeza izindlela ezintsha zokubekela inselele ukufaneleka kobuqotho.

Izikhulu kumelwe zicabangele izenzakalo lapho zisungula amasu okusungula imvume, zihlola amandla ezindawo ezisemthethweni, futhi zihlola izinketho zokuzimela. Izwe lamanje lomthetho ogunyaziwe lithinta yonke into kusukela ekukhetheni indawo kuya ekukhetheni ochwepheshe amasu okufakaza ukulimaza izinkolelo.

Icebo Lokulungisa Ibhizinisi

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zithinta izinqumo zezebhizinisi eziphathelene nokutshala imali entsha, ukuthuthukisa imvume, kanye necebo lokuncintisana. Izinkampani kumelwe zicabangele isimo samanje somthetho wemvume lapho zinquma ukuthi zingaba zingakanani izimpahla ezizosetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokusungula, ukuthi zifuna isivikelo esisemthethweni noma zithembele ezimficilweni zebhizinisi, nokuthi zingahlelwa kanjani izikhundla zokwakha nobuchwepheshe.

Ukungaqiniseki okubangelwa ezinye izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ikakhulukazi endabeni yokuthola imvume, kuthinta izinqumo zokutshala imali nokuhlela ibhizinisi. Izinkampani zezimboni ezithinteke kakhulu ngezinqumo zamuva kungase kudingeke zishintshe amasu azo empango futhi zicabangele ezinye izindlela esikhundleni sokuvikela.

Impikiswano Yesimiso SaseBroaster: Ukulinganisela Izisusa Nokutholakala Komphakathi

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme ziveza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ezimayelana nesilinganiso esifanele nesivikelo esingokomthetho. Lezinkulumo - mpikiswano zihilela imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela izisusa zokusungula ezinikezwa yigunya lomphakathi elimelene nesithakazelo sokuthola ulwazi nenkululeko yokuncintisana.

Isivikelo esiqinile singakhuthaza ukusungulwa kwemiklamo ngokunikeza abasunguli amalungelo akhethekile ukuze bazuze ezintweni abazenzayo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini ezisebenzisa ukucwaninga okukhulu nentuthuko nezindleko zesikhathi eside sokuthuthukisa, njengemithi ne-biotechnology. Nokho, ububanzi noma imvume etholakala kalula ingavimbela abanye ukuba bathuthukise ulwazi olukhona noma ngokwenza izithako eziqinile ezenza kube nzima ukusungula imikhiqizo emisha ngaphandle kokuphula imvume ehlukahlukene.

Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile zibonisa ukukhathazeka ngemvume ebanzi kakhulu nesifiso sokuqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo esisemthethweni silinganiselwe ekusunguleni izinto ezingokoqobo. Izinqumo ezinjenge KSR, Alice, neMayo ziye zenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuthola nokuphoqelela izinhlobo ezithile zemvume, kuveza ukungaqiniseki ukuthi zonke izinto ezithi ziqanjiwe zineqhaza elanele yini ukuze kuqinisekiswe isivikelo esisemthethweni.

Nokho, lezi zinqumo ziye zabangela ukukhathazeka ngokuthi i - pendulum isiye yazivimbela kakhulu yini isivikelo esisemthethweni.

Impikiswano eqhubekayo ihilela imibuzo yokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezinto ezintsha okufanele zitholakale, ukuthi isivikelo esiqinile kufanele sibe namandla kangakanani, amakhambi okufanele atholakale ukuze kuphazanyiswe, nendlela yokulinganisela izithakazelo zabanikazi bempahla esemthethweni, abancintisanayo, nabasobala. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zifeza indima ebalulekile kulenkulumo - mpikiswano ngokumisa isimiso esingokomthetho lapho lezizithakazelo ezincintisanayo zilinganiswa khona.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme nemiphumela yazo, kunemithombo eminingi. I-' yeNkantolo yeNkantolo] inikeza iziqondiso zendlela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezithinta ngayo imvume nemibono, izimpikiswano zomlomo, kanye nezimfuno ezisemthethweni. U.S.Patent ne Trearkmark Office[

Izincwadi ezingokomthetho nezincwadi zemfundo zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezigunyaziwe kanye nezinhlelo zazo. Izinhlangano ezifana ne- American Intellivation Prejudial Law Association kanye ne[FLT]Piatectural Power Moners Association inikeza izinhlelo zokufundisa nezincwadi zemisebenzi yomthetho esemthethweni.

Imitholampilo yezomthetho nezinhlelo eziqhubekayo zemfundo engokomthetho zinikeza amathuba okufunda umthetho ogunyaziwe ngokujule futhi ziqonde indlela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezisetshenziswa ngayo. Kulabo abahileleke ekuthuthukiseni izinto nobuchwepheshe, ukuhlala benolwazi ngentuthuko yomthetho egunyaziwe kubalulekile ukuze kwenziwe amasu aphumelelayo okuveza impahla.

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okuqhubekayo KoMthetho Ongalawuleki

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme ziye zathonya ngokuyisisekelo isimo somthetho osemthethweni, zamisa izimiso ezilawula lokho okungenziwa, indlela okuhlolwa futhi kuphikwe ngayo, nokuthi yimaphi amakhambi akhona okuphazamisa. Kusukela esinqumweni esisekelwe kuGraham sokucaca kuya esinqumweni samuva sika-Alice sokusungula izinhlelo, lezizibopho ziye zalinganisela izithakazelo eziphikisanayo neziwumthetho ogunyaziwe ekushintsheni ubuchwepheshe nezimo zezomnotho.

Ukuthembisana kweNkantolo ePhakeme nomthetho ogunyaziwe emashumini eminyaka amuva kuye kwaletha izinguquko ezinkulu emfundisweni esemthethweni, ngokuvamile ukuguqula noma ukucwengisisa inqubo yesifunda. Lezi zinqumo ziye zandisa ukungaqiniseki kwezinye izindawo kuyilapho zinikeza ukucaca okukhulu kwezinye. Zibonisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngobukhulu obufanele besivikelo esisemthethweni kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kokusungula nokugcina ukufinyelela komphakathi ulwazi.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka bushintsha, kuzovela izinselele ezintsha ezidinga ukunakekelwa okwahlulela. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza i-quantam commun, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe ezivelayo ziyophakamisa imibuzo eqanjiwe mayelana nokuqamba, ukusungula, kanye nobukhulu bekhono. INkantolo Ephakeme izoqhubeka ifeza indima ebalulekile ekusingatheni lezi zinselele nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni uhlala ubalulekile futhi uphumelela ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko.

Kubenzi abasemthethweni, abasunguli, namabhizinisi, ukuqonda izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zibalulekile ekusebenziseni icebo lempahla eliphumelelayo. Lezi zinqumo zithinta yonke into kusukela ekumangalelweni okusemthethweni kuya ekuhleleni ibhizinisi. Ukuhlala waziswe ngentuthuko yomthetho esemthethweni kanye nezici zazo ezisebenzayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekuthuthukiseni nobuchwepheshe.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho ogunyaziwe ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme kubonisa ukuthonya komthetho wempahla yezemfundo nokusabela kwawo ezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe, zezomnotho, nezezenhlalo. Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, ngokungangabazeki iNkantolo Ephakeme izoqhubeka imisa umthetho osemthethweni, ibhekane nezinselele ezintsha nokucwengisisa izimfundiso ezikhona ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi ukusungula umthetho kugcwalisa injongo yawo engokomthetho yokuthuthukisa intuthuko yesayensi nobuciko obuwusizo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumsunguli ofuna ukuvikela izinto ezintsha, ummeli onegunya oweluleka amakhasimende, umholi webhizinisi othuthukisa amasu empahla, noma umuntu onesithakazelo ekuqondeni indlela umthetho oklanywe ngayo, ukuqonda izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezigunyaziwe kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezimiso ezingokomthetho ezilawula intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Lezi zinqumo zimelela umzamo oqhubekayo wokulinganisela izithakazelo ezincintisanayo eziphazanyiswa umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso esisemthethweni sifeza injongo yaso yokuthuthukisa intuthuko yomphakathi wonke.