Ukuphenya okungagunyaziwe enkantolo kungenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Lapho umthetho uphoqelela ukuseshwa ngaphandle kwemvume, umthwalo ushintshela kuhulumeni ukuze uthethelele lokho kungena. Kubamangalelwa, inqubo yokuhlola okunjalo ihilela icebo eliningi elingokomthetho elihloselwe ukuthola ubufakazi obungekho emthethweni nokugcina abaphathi becala belandisa. Lesi sihloko sihlola isilinganiso esigcwele saleyonqubo (ukuqonda izimfuneko eziyisisekelo zokucindezela ukunqandwa kwezindlebe nokunxusa komthetho).

Ukuqonda Izimfuneko Ezingcwele Zokulwa

ISichibiyelo sesine simemezela ukuthi abantu banelungelo “lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ekufuneni nokuquleka okungacabangeli.” Isiqinisekiso [1] esibekwe imajingiswe yi-"impoqo" yokubonisa ngokunokwenzeka (iyindlela eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenya kunengqondo. Ukuthola isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kwanelise izimfuneko ezintathu eziyisisekelo:

  • [ Isizathu esifanelekile: Inkulumo efushanisiwe kumele inikeze amaqiniso anele ukuze iholele umuntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bungatholakala endaweni ezoseshwa. Izinsolo noma izihloko ezingacacile azinele.
  • Isigaba:[ Isivumelwano kumelwe sichaze ngokuqondile indawo okuzoseshwa futhi kuthathwe izinto noma abantu. Imvume ezivamile ziyanqatshelwa ngoba zimema ujenene ukuba ahlolwe.
  • [[NTL:0] Imaji engakhethi nengaboleki: Umahluleli noma imantshi kumelwe azimele ekuqikelweni komthetho futhi kumelwe ahlole i-affidavit ngaphambi kokusayina imvume. I-ruber-stamp ezigunyaza ukugcinwa ngaphandle kokubukeza lemfuneko.

Lezi zimfuneko ezigunyaziwe aziyona nje inqubo. Zikhona ukuze zivimbele ukubusa kukahulumeni okungavinjelwe futhi zinikeze i-ece yokwahlulela ngaphambi kokuba kuhlolwe. Uma uphenyo lungenzeka ngaphandle komthetho, luyinto engekho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni angafakazela ukuthi enye yezindlela ezihlukile eziqanjiwe ziyasebenza. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukile kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekunyuseni inselele.

Ukucabanga Ngokumelene Nokuhlola Okungenamsakazo

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. isho ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ukuphenyiswa okungenamvume kuyindaba engenangqondo ngesihloko ngasinye kuphela “ekushicilelweni okungaqondile nokungagunyaziwe.” Katz v. United States [1967]) ithole ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu, hhayi izindawo, nokuthi imvume ivame ukudingeka uma umuntu elindele ukuba abe wedwa. Lokhu kubeka umthwalo onzima enkantolo ukuze kuthethelelwe noma ikuphi ukuphenywa okungenziwangagunyaziwe.

Abayinqaba Nendlela Yokuyivivinya

Ukuze unqobe inselele, cishe uhulumeni uyophikisa ngokuthi kusetshenziswe imingcele eyodwa noma engaphezulu elandelayo.

Usizo

Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ekuhloleni, akukho mvume edingekayo. Ukuze kuvivinywe imvume, ummangalelwa angaphikisa ngokuthi imvume iphoqelelwe (ngesizathu noma ngokuphelele), ukuthi lowo muntu wayengenalo igunya lokunikeza imvume (umz., umuntu akanye naye wavuma kodwa hhayi ummangalelwa), noma ukuthi imvume yayilinganiselwe futhi idluliswa izikhulu. Inkantolo izohlola ingqikithi yezimo ukuze inqume ukuthi i-voluntarius.

Izimo Ezibi

Lokhu kusebenza uma kunokusongela kokuphila okusheshayo, ingozi yokuqothulwa kobufakazi, noma ukuxoshwa okukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zingangena ekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume uma zizwa othile ememeza ngaphakathi noma zibona ubufakazi buphonswa endlini yangasese. Inselele ingaphikisa ngokuthi izikhulu zaqala isimo esiphuthumayo zona ngokwazo, noma leso sikhathi sasikhona ukuze zithole imvume. Uhulumeni kumelwe ubonise ukuthi isikhulu esinengqondo singakholelwa ukuthi ukulinda incwadi kungaholela engozini noma ukulahlekelwa ubufakazi.

Funa Ithuba Lokuboshwa

Ngemva kokuboshwa ngokomthetho, izikhulu zingase zifune i-ampee nenkaba engaphansi kokulawula kwazo ukuze zivikele ukuphepha kwesikhulu futhi zivimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Izinselele zivame ukugxila ekutheni ukuboshwa ngokwako kuvunyelwe yini nokuthi ukuphenywa kunwetshwe ngalé “kwebanga elibi”. [Ku] Arizona v. [[FLT] [2009], iNkantolo Ephakeme ilinganisela lento engekho emotweni: izikhulu zingase zifune imoto ukuze ziboshwe kuphela uma imoto ingavikelwa imoto ingenantente emotweni, noma uma kunengqondo ukukholelwa ubufakazi bokuboshwa kwecala] (2009).

Isibonisi-sithombe esiyikhohlo

Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho futhi sibona ubufakazi obungavunyelwe, ukuquleka okungenasizathu kuyavunyelwa. Izinselele zivame ukuphikisa ngokuthi isikhulu asikho ngokomthetho, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi ukungenisa kwayo okokuqala kwakungekho emthethweni, noma ukuthi isimo sokubekwa kwalento sasingacacile ngokushesha.

Ukukhishwa kwemoto

Ngenxa yokuthi izimoto zihamba, izikhulu zingase zifune imoto ngaphandle kwemvume uma kungenzeka ukuthi inesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi inobufakazi noma ingekho. Ukungavumelani nokuphenywa kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yemoto lapho ubufakazi bungatholakala khona. Inselele ingahlasela ukuhlongoza okungase kubangele noma iphikise ukuthi ukuphesha kudlule ububanzi obufaneleke ngenxa yesizathu sokuqala sokumisa.

UTerry Stop noFrisk

Ngaphansi Terry v.Oo (1968), izikhulu zingabopha umuntu okwesikhashana ngenxa yokusola okunengqondo ngezenzo zobugebengu futhi zingagqekeza izingubo zangaphandle uma zikholelwa ukuthi umuntu uhlomile. Inselele ingagomela ukuthi izinsolo ezinengqondo zazintula noma ukuthi ifrisk iphenduke ukuphenya okuphelele ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Izizathu Ezingokomthetho Zokuzama Ukucindezela

Imoto eyinhloko yokubekela inselele uphenyo olungenamvume ukuzama ukucindezela. Kulokhu, ummangalelwa ucela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe noma ibuphi ubufakazi obutholakalayo ngenxa yokuphenya okungekho emthethweni. Ukuhamba kumelwe kuveze ngokucacile isisekelo somthetho. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhishwa kweSichibiyelo sesine:[ Ukufuna kwakungenangqondo ngoba kwakungenaluphawu futhi kungasebenzi.
  • Imali ebangela: Ngisho noma kushiwo okuhlukile (umz., ukukhipha imoto), isikhulu sasingenambangela owanele ngesikhathi sokuseshwa.
  • imvume yokuvuma enganagidi: I-Convoct yaphoqelelwa, yakhishwa, noma yanikezwa ngaphansi kokuzenzisa okungamanga.
  • Fruit yesihlahla esinobuthi: hhayi nje kuphela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho, kodwa futhi nanoma yibuphi ubufakazi obuvela ebutholakele ngenxa yokufuna okungemthetho, kufanele bucishwe.
  • ukuma noma ukuvalelwa: Uma ukuma kokuqala okuholele ekufuneni kwakungavumelani ne-programme, konke ukuphenya kungangcoliswa.

Kubalulekile ukubhala ukuhamba phambi kokuqulwa kwecala, kungokokuhlelwa kwesikhathi esimisiwe ngemva kokubekwa kwecala, kuye ngegunya. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphazamisa impikiswano yokudluliswa kwesicelo. Ukuhamba kufanele kusekelwe ngemininingwane yomthetho eningiliziwe ekhomba icala elihlobene nomthetho namaqiniso atholakala ngokuthola.

Ukuhamba Kwezindlebe Ezingabonakali

Uma sekuqanjwe ukucindezelwa, inkantolo ingahlela ukuqulwa kwecala elisobala − ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi “ukuzwa ngokucindezelwa” noma“ ukuzwa kwecala” (uma kubekela inselele iqiniso lomphathi). Kulokhu kuqulwa, zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi futhi zibize ofakazi, ngokuvamile izikhulu ezibophayo nommangalelwa. Umthwalo wobufakazi uqala ukuwela kummangalelwa ukuze amise ukwephulwa kweSichibiyelo Sesine, kodwa uma ukuphenywa bekungagunyaziwe, ukushintsha komthwalo kuhulumeni ukubonisa ukuthi uyasebenza.

Okumelwe Kulindelwe Ezindlebeni

Abameli bezempi ngokuvamile badlula izikhulu ze-examine ukuze badalule ukungavumelani, ukuphelelwa inkumbulo, noma izikhala ezingokoqobo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sivuma, ukuzivikela kunganikeza ubufakazi bokuthi ummangalelwa uboshiwe ngesandla, ukuthi izikhulu eziningi zazikhona, noma ukuthi isikhulu asicelanga imvume. Uma izimo zimangalelwa, isikhulu singabonisa ukuthi isikhulu silindele isisekelo kunokuba sifune isiqinisekiso. Uma umahluleli uyokwenza okuyiqiniso bese sikhipha umthetho wokuhamba.

Isinqumo SeNkantolo

Uma umahluleli enikeza ukushukuma, ubufakazi obucindezelwe abunakusetshenziswa lapho kuqulwa icala. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kwenza icala lomshushisi libe buthaka ngokwanele ukuba liphumele ekuxoshweni noma ekunxuseni okuhle.

Ukukhanga Ukucindezelwa Okungavunyelwe

Ummangalelwa olahlwa icala ngemva kokulahlekelwa ukucindezelwa angalidlulisa icala, ephikisa ngokuthi inkantolo yecala yenze iphutha ekuphikiseni lokhu. inkantolo ibukeza okutholakele okuyiqiniso kwenkantolo ephansi ngephutha elicacile neziphetho ezingokomthetho ze - novo. Impumelelo ekudluliseni icala ingaphumela ekuqulweni okusha noma ekunqanyulweni okuqondile uma ubufakazi obucindezelwe bubalulekile ekuvumeni.

Ukudlulisa izikhalo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwesiko futhi kudinga ukuqashelwa okufike ngesikhathi, ukudluliswa kwezindlebe, ukugcinwa kwecala okuye kwafakwa kafushane. Ukubukezwa kulinganiselwe ezimpikiswaneni eziphakanyisiwe futhi ezilondolozwe ekuqulweni kwecala. Ngakho - ke, kubalulekile ukuqopha umlando ophelele phakathi nokucindezelwa kwecala, kuhlanganise nokuphikisa nokunikeza ubufakazi.

Izinqubo Eziwusizo Zokwakha Inselele

Ukuphumelela ekuvivinyeni ukuphenya okungadingekile ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekuhloleni nasekunakeni imininingwane ngokushesha. Nakhu izinyathelo ezisebenzayo kubameli nanoma ubani ofuna ukuvikela amalungelo abo:

  1. lungisa indawo nenkumbulo: Uma kungenzeka, thatha amanothi, izithombe, noma amavidiyo ngokushesha ngemva kokuseshwa. Khuluma amagama nezinombolo zamabheji zezikhulu. Thola noma iyiphi ikhamera yomzimba noma i-screadcam shage ngokuthola.
  2. isho isisekelo esingokomthetho esiqondile esishiwo: Umbiko wamaphoyisa uvame ukusho ukulunga kokuphenyiswa. Qhathanisa lokho namaqiniso. Ingabe ukulunga kuyavumelana nomthetho? Ngokwesibonelo, uma izikhulu zithi “i-frisk” kodwa zisesha ngaphakathi emotweni, okudlula izinga.
  3. ukuphenyisisa umthetho wendawo wecala: izinkantolo zikaHulumeni zingamisa izivikelo eziqinile kunomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Ezinye izizwe zidinga isiqinisekiso sokusesha okungavunyelwa ngaphansi kwe-partime yemoto kahulumeni. Ukwazi izenzakalo ezicatshangelweyo zalendawo kuyagxeka.
  4. Uhele wokuhamba ngokushesha: Izinkantolo eziningi zinemibandela emisiwe yokucindezela. Ukungaqiniseki komkhawulo kungaphumela ekuphelelweni ijubane. Ngisho noma inkathi emisiwe iqinile, ukuhamba kokuhamba ukuze ubhale phansi kungangenzeka uma kunembangela omuhle.
  5. [[[INTLOK:0] Bheka ufakazi ngamunye:[ Abanye abagibeli, abami, noma ngisho nemibiko yezikhulu ngokwazo ingaveza ukungavumelani okungasetshenziswa ekuhlaseleni ukuthembeka.

Ngokuvamile Ezindabeni Ezibhekwe Kuzo

Ngisho nabezokwelapha abanokuhlangenwe nakho ngezinye izikhathi abazinaki izinkulumo eziyinhloko.

  • Izisho zomthetho-sisekelo weSizwe: Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe omningi unikeza izivikelo ezibanzi kuneSichibiyelo sesine. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zidinga isiqinisekiso sokuphenya lonke ikhaya, ngisho nangemvume kumngane, ngaphandle kokuba isekela elikhona.
  • “I-'knock' futhi umemezele” umthetho: Ngisho nangemvume, izikhulu kumelwe zingqongqoze futhi zimemezele ukuba khona kwazo ngaphambi kokuba zingene. Uma zihluleka ukwenza kanjalo ngaphandle kwezimo ezizinhle, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakalayo bungacinywa.
  • Fruit yokuhlolwa kwesihlahla esinobuthi: ubufakazi bokuveza incazelo − obufana nezinkulumo ezenziwe ngemva kokuboshwa okungekho emthethweni noma ubufakazi obutholakele obusekelwe ekwazisweni okutholakele okungekho emthethweni] kufanele kuvinjelwe. Lemfundiso idinga ukuhlaziywa okuhlukene.
  • Ukweqa kokholo okuhle: Ngisho noma ukuseshwa kungekho emthethweni, ubufakazi bungavunywa uma izikhulu zincike ngokunengqondo evumelwaneni kamuva okuthi kamuva kubonakale kungasebenzi, noma ewumthetho owaziwayo kamuva owenziwe ngokungavumelani nomthetho. Ukungaqiniseki kokungakhonzi kwalokhu kukhiqizwa kungaba nezithelo ezimweni lapho izenzo zezikhulu zazingasheshi kahle.

Indima Yokubusa Kwasekugcineni

Umthetho ohlukanisayo uyikhambi leSichibiyelo sesine. Linikeza ubufakazi obutholakalayo ngokuphula iSichibiyelo sesine bungasetshenziswa ecaleni lomshushisi. Injongo yomthetho iwukuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa ngokususa isisusa sokuphenya okungekho emthethweni. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza ngaphandle kwe-"ukungakholwa okuhle" kanye nemfundiso esekelwe emthonjeni we-"umthetho" ilokhu iyithuluzi elinamandla kwabamangalelwa. Ukuzimela okuphumelelayo kungaholela ekuqedweni kwecala uma ubufakazi obusele bunganele.

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngemithetho ehlukanisayo kanye nobubanzi bayo, bheka incazelo ye- Legal Information Institute [.

Umphumela Wangempela Wezwe: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Ukuhlola okungagunyaziwe akuyona nje indlela yomthetho yokuhlola inqubo yomthetho; kuyisiphetho esibalulekile emandleni kahulumeni. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho inkantolo icindezela ubufakazi, ithumela umyalezo wokuthi izikhulu kumelwe zilandele umthetho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zinselele ziye zalungisa imikhuba yamaphoyisa, zikhuthaza ukuqeqeshwa okungcono, zinamathela ngokuqinile ekuqinisekiseni izimfuneko, kanye nokubhala okucophelela kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nqubo isekela ubuqotho besimiso sokwahlulela. Ukuvumela ngokungekho emthethweni ubufakazi obutholayo kuqeda ukwethemba umphakathi futhi kukhuthaza ukusheshisa. ISichibiyelo sesine saklanyelwa ukuvimbela izimpawu ezivamile nokufuna okungalawuleki abahlali bamakoloni ababhekana nakho ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani. Ukucindezelwa kwanamuhla kuvikela ukuxhashazwa okufanayo kwamanje.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokubekela inselele ukuphenya okungagunyaziwe idinga ukuqonda okuphelele komthetho-mthetho, ukuhlola ngokucophelela, nokulawula okungokomthetho. Kusukela ekuhlolweni okumelene nokuphenywa okungagunyaziwe kokungagunyazi ukubheka ukudlula kwezindlebe ezicindezelwe, zonke izinyathelo zidinga ukunaka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungummeli wesivikelo, umfundi womthetho, noma othile obhekene nokwephulwa kweSichibiyelo sesine, wazi imithetho futhi ungayisebenzisa isisekelo sesivikelo esiphumelelayo. Ngokukwazi lenqubo, sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso seSiphendulo sesine sihlala siyinto engokoqobo enkantolo eqenjini lenkantolo.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngeSichibiyelo Sesine nezimfuneko, hlola lemithombo: