Igatsha lokwahlulela likahulumeni linesikhundla esiyisisekelo kunoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi, lisebenza njengomsekeli womthetho, umvikeli wamalungelo abantu, nomphathi wobulungisa. Isibopho salo esiyinhloko siwukuchaza nokusebenzisa umthetho ngokungakhethi, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano, futhi liqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zamagatsha alawulayo zivumelana nezimiso zomthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola isakhiwo, imisebenzi, nokuhlala kubaluleke kwegatsha lokwahlulela, sihlola indlela elisekela ngayo ubulungisa nokulunga ngezinkantolo zalo, abahluleli, nokuzibophezela ekubuseni komthetho.

Isakhiwo Segatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lakhiwa isigaba sezinkantolo ezisebenza kokubili emazingeni ohulumeni nombuso. Inkantolo ngayinye inegunya elimisiwe − igunya lokuzwa izinhlobo ezithile zamacala (*) futhi isebenza ndawonye ukuze ikhiphe ubulungisa ngokuphumelelayo. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela isimiso ukuba sisingathe izinhlu eziningi zezindaba ezingokomthetho, kusukela ekuphukeni kwezimoto okuncane kuya ezinkingeni zomthetho-sisekelo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zimiswe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. zisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe, nezindaba lapho i-United States iyiqembu. Ijaji lezwe lihlelwa libe iziqephu ezintathu:

  • Izinkantolo zezesifunda:[ Kunezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-49 kulo lonke izwe, zisebenza njengezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni lapho kuvela khona. Abahluleli baphatha ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi nobugebengu, bezwa ubufakazi, futhi benza izinqumo.
  • Izinkantolo zesifunda zeNkantolo yokudlulisa amacala: Izinkantolo zesifunda eziyi 13 zibukeza izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesigodi. Aziphathi amacala amasha kodwa zihlola umlando wecala elingokomthetho. Izinqumo zazo zibeka isibonelo esibophayo ezifundeni zendawo yazo.
  • Inkantolo ye-United States: Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu, eyakhiwa amajaji ayisishiyagalolunye, ukubukeza izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda futhi eziphethe izinkantolo eziphezulu ngemibuzo kahulumeni ebalulekile. Izinqumo zayo ziwukugcina futhi zibopha izwe lonke.

Amacala e-Landmark anjenge Marbury v. Madison [1803] ne Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954] ibonakalisa amandla ezinkantolo zikahulumeni okuhlela umphakathi waseMelika. Inqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme umbuso wasekuqaleni [[] ngenani elilinganiselwe lezempikiswano, njengengxabano phakathi kwamazwe, kodwa umsebenzi wayo omningi u-albeltage.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izimpikiswano ezinkulu ezingokomthetho e-United States. Isifunda ngasinye sinesimiso saso siqu senkantolo, esivame ukufana nesesimiso sikahulumeni, kodwa ngokuhlukahluka. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zilalela amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, izingxabano zomkhaya, amacala obugebengu, izindaba zempahla, nokunye. Isimiso senkantolo yombuso samanje sihlanganisa:

  • [[QUTY:0] Izinkantolo ze-'FLT':[ ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme noma ezijikelezayo, lezi ziphuzu lokuqala lokungena emacaleni amaningi. Zizwa ubufakazi, ziqhuba inkantolo yamajaji, futhi zikhipha izahlulelo.
  • Izinkantolo eziphakanyiswayo: Izifunda eziningi zinengxenye yezinkantolo ezihlola izinqumo zenkantolo. Lezi zinkantolo zilungisa amaphutha futhi ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanayo komthetho kahulumeni.
  • Inkantolo yeSizwe ePhakeme: Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esifundazweni ngasinye, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme noma inkantolo yezikhalo (eNew York naseMaryland). Izwa izikhalo zezinkantolo eziphansi futhi inegama lokugcina ngencazelo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe ne-state.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibuye zibe yindawo eyinhloko yomthetho womkhaya, iprobate, kanye nezigebengu eziningi. Ubukhosi obumbaxambili bezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso buyisici esivelele sesimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika, esivumela zombili izimiso ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kokuzilawula kodwa ngokubambisana.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwezimiso zenkantolo ezivamile, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zikhona ukuze zibhekane nezinhlobo ezithile zamacala. Lezi zihlanganisa izinkantolo eziveza amacala angenamali (ingxenye yezinkantolo zesifunda sesifundazwe), izinkantolo zentela, izinkantolo zempi, nezinkantolo zokuphatha.

  • Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa (ukugxila ekuvuselweni kabusha kwezigebengu ezisebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa)
  • Izinkantolo zamajaji (ukusingatha amacala ahilela izingane)
  • Izinkantolo zomkhaya (ekusebenzelaneni nesehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, nobuhlobo basekhaya)
  • Izinkantolo ezincane (ziveza imvume etholakala kalula, etholakala ngokwethukela ezimpikiswaneni ezincane zemali)

Lezinkantolo zivumela izinqubo ezivumelanayo nobuchwepheshe, zithuthukisa ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kokusabela kokwahlulela.

Indima YabaHluleli

Abahluleli bayizici eziyinhloko zegatsha lokwahlulela, bengamela izinkantolo, bakhipha izahlulelo eziphathelene nemibuzo engokomthetho, futhi bakhipha izahlulelo ezithinta ukuphila kwabantu nokuchazwa komthetho. Ukungakhethi kwabo, ubuqotho, nolwazi lwabo olungokomthetho kubalulekile ukuze balondoloze ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni sobulungisa.

Ukuhumusha Imithetho

Icala ngalinye lidinga amajaji ukuba achaze imithetho, imithetho, namalungiselelo omthetho. Lenqubo ihilela ukufunda umbhalo, ukuqonda izinhloso zomthetho, nokusebenzisa inqubo engokomthetho. Amafilosofi ahlukene okwahlulela ("efana nokubhala imibhalo, ukusungulwa kwegama, nokusebenza komthetho-sisekelo"inikeza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ifilosofi, umgomo uwukusebenzisa umthetho ngokungaguquguquki futhi ngokubikezela. Ngokuchaza, amajaji axazulula incazelo nencazelo ecacile, kanjalo alolo mthetho ngezindlela eziqondisa ukuziphatha kwesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukulingwa Okuqotho

Abahluleli banomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza ukuhleleka nokungakhethi enkantolo. Babusa ngezenzo zokuthatha isinyathelo, banqume ukuthi yibuphi ubufakazi obunganikezwa, futhi baqondise abahluleli enkantolo. Kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi bobabili abameleli bamangalelwe, bamangalelwe futhi bavikelwa, bamukela ukuqulwa kahle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvikela ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokuquliswa ngokusheshisa. Abahluleli futhi banegunya lokulahla ukuziphatha okubi, njengokwephula kofakazi noma ukwephula imithetho esemthethweni. Ngokuthatha imithetho yezeluleko olusemthethweni, abahluleli bavikela ubuqotho benqubo yokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo

Abahluleli basebenza njengabaqaphi bamalungelo abantu. Bahlola imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi abaphula iziqondiso zomthetho-mthetho ezinjengenqubo efanele, isivikelo esilinganayo, inkululeko yokukhuluma, nenkululeko yenkolo. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, abahluleli kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi abamangalelwa baphathwa ngokufanelekile, ukuthi ukuphenyiswa nokuquleka kungokomthetho kuvunyelwe, futhi isijeziso sivunyelwe. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, bafaka izivumelwano, bavimbela ubandlululo, futhi banikeze amakhambi amalungelo ahlukene umsebenzi obalulekile: izinkantolo ziye zaphula imithetho ehlukanisayo, zisusa imingcele eqinile ekuvoti, futhi ziphakamisa amalungelo eqenjini ameleneyo.

Ukubaluleka Kokubukeza Ukwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okuhlola ubukho bezenzo zomthetho-mthetho nezobuphathi. Nakuba lingashiwonga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, leligunya lamiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ku- Marbury v. Madison (1803]. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, iye yaba itshe eliyinhloko lokubusa kwaseMelika, iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elidlula imingcele yayo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuhlola Amandla Okuqondisa

Ngokubukeza kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingachitha imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noma izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni uma ziphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo. Lo mbuso uvimbela isishayamthetho ekumiseni imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo noma edlula amandla ayo amisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, United States v. Lopez [1995], igunya leNkantolo Ephakeme leSishayamthetho elilinganiselwe ngaphansi kwe-Cumic Claine, linquma ukuthi iGun-Free School Zools Act yayisedlula amandla ombuso. Izinqumo ezinjalo ziqinisa isimiso sokubala amandla futhi zilondoloze ukulingana phakathi kwegunya nombuso.

Ukuhlola Amandla Okuqondisa

Igatsha lokwahlulela liphinde libukeze izenzo ezithathwa yigatsha eliphethe, kusukela emiyalweni kamongameli kuya ezimisweni zezinhlangano. Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zobuphathi zisekelwe ngokomthetho futhi zivumelane nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo nezomthetho. Ezimweni ezinjenge intsha ye-Leachmond shep & Lamp; Tube. v. Sawyer [1952], iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ukuthumba umongameli uTruman's izinsimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea kwakungekho imvume yokulawula. Muva nje, inkantolo ibukeze iziyalezo zezikhulu zokufuduka, iziqondiso zendawo, iziqondiso zezemvelo, nokulondeka kwesizwe.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Amancane

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu namaqembu angase agqunywe umthetho omkhulu. Izinkantolo zingamisa imithetho ehlukanisayo esekelwe ohlwini, ebulilini, enkolweni, noma ekubuhlotsheni bobulili. Ngokwesibonelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[[ [1954]) iqedile ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, futhi yawisa u-'eyell v. Hodges (20)] yamisa ilungelo lomhlaba wonke lomshado ofanayo. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa indima ye-judiary's njengesemuva ekunqanyulweni kobandlululo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo awanikelwanganikelwanga iningi.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Ukuthola ubulungisa kusho ukuthi bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki iholo, imfundo, noma isizinda, bangafuna amakhambi angokomthetho futhi amacala abo azwakale kahle. Igatsha lokwahlulela linomthwalo wokunciphisa izithiyo ezisezinkantolo. Naphezu kwekhono lobulungisa obulinganayo, kusekhona izithiyo ezinkulu.

Izinkonzo Zosizo Ezingokomthetho

Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza abantu abahlawulwa ngesihle noma ngezimali eziphansi. Zisiza ezindabeni zomphakathi ezinjengezindlu, umthetho womkhaya, ukuvikela kwabathengi, nezinzuzo. INhlangano Yezezimali (LSC), inzuzo engasungulwa yi-Congress, izinhlelo zosizo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezweni lonke. Nokho, izimali ngokuvamile azinele ukuhlangabezana nesidingo. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi iningi lemikhaya ethola imali ephansi lithola okungenani inkinga eyodwa engokomthetho unyaka ngamunye, kodwa iningi alitholi sizo olungokomthetho. Ukunyusa izinkonzo zosizo olungokomthetho kudingekile ekukhipheni igebezo lobulungisa.

Abavikeli Bomphakathi

Abavikeli bomphakathi bangabameli abamiswe yinkantolo ukuba bamelele abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli ezicabeni zobugebengu. ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokwelulekwa, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yandisa lelilungelo lokumisa abamangalelwa ezinkonzweni Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]. Amahhovisi omphakathi avikela asingatha izikhalo ezinkulu, ngokuvamile ezidlula kakhulu izindinganiso zombuso. Lokhu kungaholela ekutheni abamangalelwa abaphoqelelwe abaphuzi, izicelo eziphoqelelwe ngokubhuquzekile, nezinkolelo ezingalungile. Imithombo eyandayo yesivikelo somphakathi iyinguquko ebucayi.

Umsebenzi We - ProBono

Abameli abaningi abangabodwa bahlanganyela ekusebenziseni ipro bono (imisebenzi esemthethweni ekhululekile). Amanxusa akhuthaza abameli ukuba banikele ingxenye yesikhathi sabo ekukhonzeni amakhasimende athola imali ephansi. Iminikelo ye-Bono isiza ekugcwaliseni izikhala ezingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezinzima amahhovisi osizo olungokomthetho angakwazi ukuzisingatha. Izinkampani zemithetho ngokuvamile zisebenzisana nezinhlangano ezingazuzisi ukuze zinikeze imitholampilo, ukumelelwa, nokungagunyazi. Umsebenzi we-proboo uhlanganisa isibopho somsebenzi ongokomthetho sokusebenza ekwahluleleni nakungakhethi.

Isimiso SikaJury

Ijaji liyikhokhi eliyisisekelo segatsha lokwahlulela, elisebenza njengesehlulelo somphakathi sokuhlola umbuso kahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba abahluleli ekumangalelweni ngecala, futhi iSichibiyelo seSember sidlulisela ilungelo laso emacaleni athile omphakathi. Amajaji ahlanganisa izakhamuzi ezivamile ezinquma imibuzo esekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo. Indima yamajaji iwukuyala amajaji ngomthetho, kodwa amajaji anquma icala noma icala.

Isimiso sabahluleli sikhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi nokubonakala. Iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zomthetho zibonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi nokwahlulela okunengqondo. Nokho, lesi simiso sibhekene nezinselele, kuhlanganise nobandlululo, ukudideka ngobufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi, nomthwalo wenkonzo. Izinkantolo ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ukukhethwa kwamajaji, njengokuvumela izinselele ezengeziwe zokuzikhulula nokusebenzisa amaphephandaba okubuza ukuze kubonwe ukuthi ubandlululo luyini. Ijaji lihlala liyinhlangano ebalulekile ukuze libonise ubulungisa esimisweni sokwahlulela sase-U.S.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza phakathi kwesimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya. UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu “‘ amagatsha alawulayo, aphethe, nahlulele, ukuze uvimbele noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lingabuswa. Ukuhlola nezilinganiso ezakhelwe esimisweni kuvumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lilinganisele amandla amanye. Ngokwesibonelo, amagatsha alawulayo adala izinkantolo futhi angagunyaza abahluleli; umphathi umisa amajaji angokomthetho futhi agunyaze izinkantolo; futhi igatsha lokwahlulela libukeza ukubekwa kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho nezenzo zezikhulu.

Lomdlalo uqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asetshenziswa phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho. Ukukhululeka ekwahluleleni. − inkululeko ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe — ibalulekile ukuze igatsha lokwahlulela lifeze umsebenzi walo wokuhlola. Abahluleli bamaFederal bamisa amalungiselelo okuphila konke phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, baqaphe ukususwa kwezinqumo ezingathandwa. Izwe livame ukunikeza isivikelo esifanayo ngokukhetha okufanelekile nangemibandela emide. I-jadicary ezimele iyisiciso sokulawula umthetho.

Isiphetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela liyindawo eqinile yobulungisa nokulunga emphakathini. Ngesimiso salo esihlelwe ngokungakhethi, abahluleli abangakhethi, namandla okuhlola, lichaza imithetho, lixazulula izingxabano, futhi livikela amalungelo abantu. Ukuzimisela ukufinyelela ekwahlulelweni (ngosizo olungokomthetho), abavikeli bomphakathi, kanye ne-probono isiqinisekiso sokuthi izinkantolo zikhonza wonke umuntu, hhayi nje ocebile noma onamandla. Isimiso sokwahlulela nokuhlukaniswa kwamandla kuqinisa ukufaneleka nokulingana kohulumeni. Ukuqonda igatsha lokwahlulela kubalulekile ekuqapheleni indlela umphakathi osekela ngayo umthetho wentando yentando yeningi nenkululeko eyisisekelo. [Umthetho ongokomthetho ongokomthetho] [FF] [2] [Foctreactal Association] [F]