Isimiso sabahluleli singenye yezici ezihluke kakhulu nezihlala njalo zezimiso zomthetho zentando yeningi. Ngokubeka amandla esinqumo ezandleni zezakhamuzi ezivamile, amajaji aguqula izimiso ezingekho ngokomthetho zibe okuhlangenwe nakho komphakathi okuphilayo. Awawona nje amakhambi athola amaqiniso; amelela ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwezindinganiso zomphakathi nokuhlola ukukhohliswa okungase kube yizicukuthwane namandla ombuso. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima yamajaji enqubweni yokwahlulela enqubweni yomphakathi, sigcizelela indlela asekela ngayo umthetho, ukuthemba umphakathi, nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi phakathi kwemishini yobulungisa.

Umlando Wezinhlayiya

Imisuka yalejaji iqala emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Izimo zakuqala zavela e-Athene yasendulo, lapho izakhamuzi zanquma khona izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, futhi emacaleni amaRoma ngezinye izikhathi ayesebenzisa iziphakamiso zabahluleli abavamile. Kodwa amajaji anamuhla athola imvelaphi yawo ecacile eNgilandi enkathi ephakathi. Ngemva kweNorman Constein, amajaji aqala njengamaqembu abantu bendawo amemezela amaqiniso asekelwe olwazini lwabo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, aphenduka abahlazisi abanobufakazi obungakhethi abanikezwa enkantolo esobala.

IMagna Carta ka-1215, nakuba ingakhiqizi ngokuqondile izigijimi zokwahlulela, imiswe izimiso zontanga yomuntu ezahlulelwa kamuva ezifundiswa ukuqulwa kwejaji. Ngekhulu le-18, umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi wawuqinise abaphathi bezomthetho njengelungelo eliyisisekelo. Amakoloni aseMelika amukela lelisiko, futhi iziNguqulo zeSisithupha neSigebengu ze-U.S. ziqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala emacaleni obugebengu nasemphakathini amaningi. Namuhla, izimiso zamajaji zisebenza kuwo wonke umthetho ovamile (ihlanganise i-United Kingdom, i-Canada, i-Australia, nezindawo eziningi zangaphambili zeBrithani, njengamazwe aseJapane naseNingizimu Korea, ziye zamukela ukuthatha izivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezinjengawongasese emashumini eminyaka amuva.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezinhlayiya

Ubukhulu nokwakheka kwezinkantolo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, okubonisa amasiko angokomthetho ahlukahlukene nezinqumo ezingokomthetho.

Izigebengu Zilwa Nomthetho

Ezinkantolo zikahulumeni wase-U.S., izigebengu zezephulamthetho zivame ukuba namalungu angu-12, futhi izinqumo kumelwe zivumelane. Izifunda eziningi zivumela izinqumo ezingahlangani kwezinye izimo (ngokuyisisekelo ezifuna okungenani ishumi kuya kwezingu-12), nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesithupha sidinga ukungabekezeli kwecala elingathi sína kuzo zombili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezikahulumeni. Izehlulelo zomphakathi zivame ukukhiwa amalungu ayisithupha noma angu-12; ukungalingani akuyona imfuneko ngaso sonke isikhathi, kuye ngemithetho kahulumeni.

ENgilandi naseWales, izigebengu ezigamula inkantolo eHlanto engu-12 nazo zingamalungu anezinqumo eziyi-12, ezinezinqumo eziningi ze-10-2 ezamukelwa cishe ngemva kwenkathi efanelekile yokuhlongoza. Izikhulu zomthetho zamacala ziqediwe kakhulu eNgilandi ngaphandle kwezinye izinkulumo ezinjengokuhlambalaza, ukuquliswa ngecala, ukuboshwa ngecala, nokuboshwa ngokungeyikho. ICanada ngokufanayo isebenzisa izigilamkhuba ezingu ezingu-12 zecala elingathi sína, nezinqumo ezidiwe ngokuvumelanayo. I-Australia ifuna izinqumo ezingavumelani ezingokomthetho ezicaweni ngaphandle kwaseNingizimu Australia naseTasmania, ezivumela izinqumo eziningi zecala ezingu-11,1 noma 1021.1.

Ukuhlukahluka Nokumelela

Isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi amajaji kufanele amelele ububanzi obufanele bomphakathi. Nokho, ukufinyelela imvume eyinselele eqhubekayo. Izikhombo zovota, amarekhodi emvume yomshayeli, noma omunye umthombo wezindawo zokukhangisa ukuze kutholakale izijaji. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi amaqembu amelelwe ngokulandelana [1] zihlanganisa amaqembu ezinhlanga, abantu abasha, kanye namabhukwana angaphansi okuthola abantu abambalwa (avame ukuvela, okuholela ekufuneni ukucwala izaba abahluleli. Izinguquko ezinjengalokhu kuthuthukisa ukuvumelana kohluza, uhlu olunwe, nokunciphisa izinhloso zokukhulula ezidilisweni. [FLD:]] [F:]U. Iwebhulo leNkakhulu leNkathi yezo.[FFF]

Inqubo Yokukhetha IJury

Umsindo Ogqamile

Inqubo yokukhetha, eyaziwa ngokuthi i - jamp [kusukela ku-French yakudala] (isho ukuthi “ukukhuluma iqiniso”), ivumela abameli namajaji ukuba babuze ubandlululo lwabo, ulwazi lwecala, nekhono lokungakhethi. Umgomo awukho ukukhetha abaxhasi abangcono ohlangothini olulodwa kodwa ukuhlukanisa labo abangahlola ubufakazi ngokucubungula. Ezimweni eziphakeme noma eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-voir inglash inganweba izinsuku eziningi.

Izinselele: Ngenxa Yezimbangela Nesilingo

Izinhlobo ezimbili zezinselele zisusa izikhawu. Izinselele zembangela azinakulinganiswa; noma yimuphi umsizi obonisa ubandlululo oluseduze − njengobuhlobo obuseduze nomthenda noma umbono omisiwe ngecala. Izinselele zingavunywa. Izingxenye zonke zivumela ukuba zingafaki inani elilinganiselwe lejaji ngaphandle kokusho isizathu. Nokho, izinselele azinakusetshenziswa ukucwasa ngenxa yohlanga noma ubufana. Icala leNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo U. [FLT] [vFLTson]. Kentucky[FLT][2][FLT] [inset] [inset] [insells] iphika ukuthi umshushiciso wohlanga olusekelwe ku-uhlu. Ukuvikela i-Classicreast Clausce. Ukuvikela izigeqe, izimpawu ezisehlakalweni zezelele, izimpawu ezisethi ezithi zezelele, noma izimpawu zokuzi.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Amajukuthu enza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile ewenza ahluke kubahluleli kuphela.

Ukuthola Iqiniso Nokuzikhulula

Indima eyinhloko yejaji iwukunquma amaqiniso ecala ngokuhlola ubufakazi obunikezwa enkantolo. Abaqondisi balalela ubufakazi, bahlola izibonakaliso, futhi bahlole ukwethenjelwa. Bese bexoxa ngobufakazi kuze kube yilapho bethola isinqumo. Izinqumo zidinga abahluleli ukuba bahlole izindaba eziphikisanayo, basebenzise iziyalezo ezingokomthetho ezinikezwa umahluleli, futhi ngezinye izikhathi babhekane nezinhloso zabo. Lenqubo yokucabanga ehlangene iwuhlobo lokuhlola kwezentando yeningi ukuthi ibona isinqumo sentando yentando yeningi.

Izwi Lomphakathi

Juries ofaka iziqondiso zomphakathi kanye nezindinganiso ezinqumweni zomthetho. Okuhlanganisa “ukungabaza okunengqondo,”“ ukucabangela ubufakazi,” noma “ukuziphatha okunengqondo” ekugcineni kulolongwa ukwahlulela kwabantu abavamile. Ezimweni zobugebengu, amajaji futhi anamandla [[ ukuchitha [ nekhono lokukhokhalisa ummangalelwa ngisho nalapho umthetho namaqiniso kubonisa icala, uma bekholelwa ukuthi umthetho ngokwawo awulungile noma ukusebenza kwawo kungangalungi. Nakuba kungavamile ukufundiswa ngaleligunya, i-jaji lisebenza njengomshushisi noma i-projectal. INhlangano yaseMelika ikhuluma ngezilinganiso zokukhokhwa [FOct:] [F2]

Ukuqapha Umthetho Nokuthenjwa Umphakathi

Ngokuhilela izakhamuzi ngokuqondile, ukuqulwa kwecala kuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwesinqumo. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abantu abakhonza ezinkantolo bavame ukuqiniseka kakhulu emacaleni. Ngisho nabamangalelwa nomphakathi babheka izinqumo zokwahlulela njengezingokomthetho kakhulu kunezinqumo ezenziwa abahluleli kuphela. Ukuvela kwecala eliqulwayo kuvulelhwé kumphakathi.

Ukubaluleka Kobukhophozi Ekusekeleni Ubulungisa

Amajaji asebenza njengesivikelo ekucinezelweni uhulumeni nobulungisa obungenabo unembeza. Ngokomlando, amajaji amakoloni enqaba ukubeka abamemezeli icala ngaphansi kwemithetho yamaNgisi yokuvukela umbuso, asiza ekumiseni imithombo yamaphephandaba ekhululekile. Kulenkathi yanamuhla, amajaji aye enqaba ukushushisa okushiqela futhi abheka izinhlangano ezinamandla njengezolandisa ezindabeni zomphakathi. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala libekwe e-U.S. Umthetho-Constitution ngoba abasunguli baqaphela ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zazingavikela inkululeko engcono kunezikhulu zikahulumeni kuphela.

AmaJuries afeza umsebenzi wokufundisa. Abaqondisi bafunda mathupha ngezinqubo ezingokomthetho, ukufunda ngokubona ukuthi abagembuli bamsulwa, umthwalo wobufakazi, nokubaluleka kobufakazi. Lemfundo yomphakathi ingabhebhetheka ngaphandle njengoba abagcini behlanganyela okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo nomkhaya nabangane. Ukuhlolwa kwamashumi amahlanu kweNational Center for State Courts kwathola ukuthi abagcini bejatshuliswa yinkonzo yabo babenomuzwa wokuthi ingokuhlangenwe nakho okuyigugu, futhi cishe bonke babika ukuqondwa okungcono kwesimiso sokwahlulela. [[FLT: 0] iSikhungo sesizwe seSinkantolo sombuso sinikeza imithombo emikhulu ekwanelisekeni nezimiso.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nesimiso Samathuna

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, isimiso sabahluleli sibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ezingase zilulaze ukuphumelela nokulunga kwaso.

I - bias Ekukhetheni Nokuziphindiselela

Ubandlululo lwezinhlanga kanye nolwezenhlalo lungangena kokubili ekukhetheni nasekucazululeni. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi zonke izigebengu ezimhlophe zisengozini kakhulu yokubeka icala abamangalelwa abaNsundu, nokuthi izinhlelo zokuhlola zingase zibuswe abantu abaphezulu abanezihlalo. I-batson simende, nakuba ibalulekile, ayikaqedi ukucwasa. Eminye imikhandlu manje ifuna abameli ukuba banikeze izizathu zobuhlanga zokungathathi hlangothi ngenxa yakho konke ukuqulwa, futhi imibuso enjengoWashington iye yashukumiseleka ukuqeda izinselele zokuziqeda ngokuphelele.

Ukuphikisana

Izenzakalo eziyinkimbinkimbi − ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilela ubufakazi obungokwesayensi, ukukhwabanisa kwezezimali, noma izincwadi ezinamavolontiya. Zingazama ukuqonda iziyalezo zomthetho, ezivame ukubhalwa ngolimi oluningi lobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlola okuningi kuthola ukuthi abagcini bejaji bavame ukuchaza kabi imibono enjengokungaqiniseki okunengqondo, inhloso, noma ukuqunga. Izinguquko ezinjengokwenza iziyalezo zabahluleli zibe lula, ukuvumela abagcini bejaji ukuba bathathe amaphuzu, babuze imibuzo yofakazi (kweminye imikhakha), futhi banikeze amakhophi abhaliwe emiyalweni abonise imiphumela emihle. .S. Izembo zezebhusayithi zikhipha iziyalezo zezemthetho ezibonisa ukuthi bagwebi ezizama ukuthuthukisa i-ocea.

Ithonya Lemithombo Yezindaba Nokwaziswa Okungamelaphi

Kusukela enkathini yezibalo, ukuchayeka kokwaziswa okungaqondakali kuyinkinga enkulu. Amacala aphakeme abangela ukusakazwa kwemithombo yezindaba egcwele yonke indawo, futhi imithombo yezokuxhumana ingasakaza imininingwane yokucwasa noma ukwaziswa okunganembile. Izinkantolo eziyala abahluleli ukuba bangalihloli icala noma balixoxe nge-intanethi, kodwa ukuphula umthetho kwenzeka. Ukukhipha izijeziso nosizo oluyingozi lwe-voir expression kunciphisa ingozi, kodwa inkinga iyaqhubeka. Ezinye izinkantolo manje zisebenzisa izihloko zemibuzo ukuze zibone ukuchayeka nokukhomba ezinkantolo ezibucayi.

Ukucindezeleka Okubi Nobunzima

Ukulingwa okude, ubufakazi obucacile, nomthwalo wokunquma ikusasa lothile kungabangela ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwabasizi bejaji. Ukulahlekelwa kwemali . Iholo elingokwezimali .Imali / phucukile, ukunakekelwa kwabantwana kubiza − futhi kuthwala abanye abazoba abajaji, okuholela ekuceleni izikhalazo. Izindawo eziningi ziye zaphakamisa umholi wejaji, kodwa imbuyiselo ihlala ingaphansi kweholo elingaphansi kwemali ehlawulwayo ezindaweni eziningi. Ukuthuthukisa inzuzo futhi ukunciphisa umthwalo wezezomnotho kuyizingxoxo zesimiso eziqhubekayo.

Ikusasa Lamajaji Enqubweni Yokwahlulela

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, isimiso sabahluleli kumelwe sizivumelanise nokusebenza kwaso ukuze sihlale sifanelekile futhi siphumelela.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe bungandisa iziqu zomthetho futhi bubangele izinselele ezintsha. Ezinye izinkantolo manje zinikeza abasizi bejaji amaphilisi okubuka imibukiso, ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlobana nomshini, noma ukuthatha ama-computer angokoqobo. Iqiniso elingokoqobo lingalingisa izigcawu zobugebengu ukuze zihlolwe. Nokho, ezobuchwepheshe ziveza ukukhathazeka futhi ngokuphazanyiswa nangamathuba okucwaninga okungagunyaziwe. Imithetho ecacile nokuphathwa kokwahlulela kubalulekile.

Izinguquko Zokuthuthukisa Ukumelela

Izindawo eziningi ziyanda ukuba zihlanganise abantu abangezona izigebengu, abantu abanamarekhodi obugebengu (ngemva kwezikhathi ezithile), kanye nabantu abadala abasha. Izimemo ezizenzekelayo ezivela kuma-datamu amaningi, ukugcinwa kokubukeka okungcono, nokunciphisa ukuvinjelwa emsebenzini inhloso yokwakha amachibi ahlukene kakhulu amaqembu. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zazama “usuku olulodwa/uhlelo olulodwa” ukuze zinciphise umthwalo kubagcini bamajaji.

Iziphakamiso Zokuzivuselela

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokuhlobana, ezinye izinkantolo zivumela abahluleli ukuba bathumele imibuzo ebhaliwe yofakazi, baxoxe ngobufakazi phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (kunokulinda kuze kufike ekupheleni), futhi basebenzise amafomu okuhlongoza ahlelwe kahle. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi kodwa kancane kancane kuyamukelwa nasemacalani obugebengu.

Imibono Eqhathaniswa Nendlela Yokutholwa Kwabantwana Bezizwe Zonke

Isithakazelo sokuhlanganyela esivamile siyakhula embulungeni yonke. IJapane yasungula isimiso sayo samasanban-in ngo-2009, ihlanganisa amajaji angochwepheshe nezakhamuzi eziyisithupha ezivamile ukuze kulungiswe amacala amangathi sína. I-South Korea yamukela isimiso esifanayo sokuhlela amajaji ngo-2008. Lezi zifekethi zixuba umthetho ovamile namasiko omthetho kahulumeni, zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ekulinganiseni kwemiphakathi eqenjini yobuchwepheshe nengxenye yezesizwe. [[FLT]] [Oxford Jury Research Project [[FLT]]]

Imithetho Elulazayo Neyimidanti

Ezinye iziphakamiso zisikisela ukunciphisa ubukhulu bamajaji (umz., kusukela ku-12 kuya ku-8 noma 6) ukuze kwandiswe izindleko. Nokho, amajaji amancane angamelela kancane futhi akhiphe izinqumo ezingathembekile. Ngokufanayo, ukusuka ekungalinganiseni, kuvunyelwe emongweni wesizwe nowesigebengu phesheya kwezwe,(umk.R.S.) kudinga ukungalingani kweminye imikhakhakha yomthetho engathi sína phesheya kwezwe, ifuna ukugcinwa kwe-internal-12-person coml njengesivikelo.

Isiphetho

Ijaji aliwona nje amasuntswana avamile; liyinhlangano ephilayo ehlanganisa inhloso yentando yeningi yokuhlanganyela ekubuseni kwezakhamuzi. Ngokuphathisa abantu abavamile amandla okunquma izindaba, inqubo yokwahlulela izuza ngokomthetho, ukubonakala, nokubekwa kwezindinganiso zomphakathi. Amajaji agcina kokubili abamangaleli nabamangalelwa benecala, avikela ekuhlushweni yiziphathimandla, futhi afundise izakhamuzi ngomthetho wentando yeningi. Nokho isimiso asiqinile. izinselele `````````````'''''',', izikhala,', ukuphazamisa kwezezindaba,' nokuhlola okuqhubekayo.','abaphathi, amajajikijoliti, i-justerar', i-omperverver, futhi ithatha izinguquko ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa umsebenzi womphakathi. Njengoba itshe lencwadi lisebenza njengetshe elinamandla, njengoba itshe lelungu lomthetho lisebenza njengesikhumbuzo sezehlulelelo elingu.