Table of Contents
Imishini Esemthethweni Esekela Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile
Izimiso zendawo ezungezile aziveli endaweni engenalutho. Indinganiso ngayinye yomoya ohlanzekile, zonke izinga lokuqondisa amanzi, futhi zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini zivikela igunya lazo emuva esinqumweni esithile somthetho. Kusukela kumahholo eSishaya-mthetho kuya kuhulumeni, imithetho yabenzi bezomthetho egunyaza noma ecindezelayo, izimali ezixhasa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezezimali, futhi ibeke izinto eziza kuqala kakhulu ezizosetshenziswa ukuze kusetshenziswe isimiso sendawo ezungezile. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zinqumo zomthetho ezilawula indawo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi kungani isivikelo esithile sendawo ezungezile siqinile futhi abanye bebuthakathaka — nendlela izakhamuzi ezingawuthonya ngayo umphumela.
Lesi sihloko sihlola uhambo ukusuka kumthetho kuya kumthetho, abadlali abayinhloko abahilelekile, izithiyo eziphakamayo, kanye nethonya langempela lezwe lezinqumo zomthetho. Ngokuphula inqubo nokuhlaziya ukuhlola kwezezimali, sihlola indlela ukwenza umthetho okunquma ngayo ukuphumelela kwemithetho yendawo ezungezile.
Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Esontweni Kuya Ekuvuselweni
Umthetho uqala njengomqondo, ngokuvamile obangelwa yinhlekelele, umbiko wesayensi, noma ukucindezela komphakathi. Kodwa ukwenza lowo mbono ube umthetho ophoqelelwe kudinga ukuqondisa okuyinkimbinkimbi, okuneziteshi eziningi.
Isisusa Nesiqalo
Ilungu leKhomishane libhala isikweleti. Kulendawo ezungezile, izindleko zingaqala eMnyangweni weKomiti ye-Energy and Commerce, i-Gaate Committee on Environment and Public Works, noma ezinye izikhungo ezilawula imvelo. Imali yabelwa inani futhi ibhekiswe ekomitini efanelekile. Phakathi nalesi sigaba sokuqala, ulimi lungabunjwa kakhulu amalungu ezisebenzini, iziluleko ezingokomthetho, nangaphandle kwabaphathi bezezomthetho. Amaqembu anesithakazelo ngokuvamile afaka umbhalo wokulungisa noma asikisela ukuba alungise, athembe ukuqondisa lomthetho ngendlela elungile.
Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Nezimpawu Zamakomiti
AmaKomiti aqunga izikhulu lapho ochwepheshe, izikhulu zezezimali, abameleli bezezimboni, namaqembu okuphatha izigebengu ekhona kokubili ukulandisa kanye nenjongo yezombangazwe. Akha umlando womphakathi ongasekela umthetho enkantolo noma enkantolo yomphakathi. Ngemva kokuthethwa, ikomiti iphethe isimiso sokubhalisa, lapho amalungu ahlongoza ukubuyiselwa nokuvota embhalweni wokugcina. Yilapho ukuhwebela amahhashi kwenzeka khona: inxusa lingase livume ukusekela isilinganiso sokungcola enkantolo noma enkantolo yomphakathi ukuze lithole ilungiselelo elikhulula imboni yesihluthulelo esisemoyeni.
Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile
Uma isimemezelo sesisicacisi sekomiti, sidlulela endaweni egcwele noma esitezi. Ukuphikisana kungavinjelwa ngemithetho (eNdlu) noma kudluliselwe nge-monibbuster (eSigeqeni). Usongo lwe-finbuster luvame ukuphoqelela abaholi abaningi ukuba baxoxele amavoti angu-60 adingekayo ukuze bavuselele amahlule. Lezi zithiyo ezithiyo ezivamile zendawo ezungezile zingagcinwa ngaphandle kobuswa yisigebengu. Ivoti ziqoshwe kahle, zivumele umphakathi ukuba ubone lapho kumi khona umenzi womthetho ngamunye.
IKomiti Yengqungquthela
Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinqumo ezihlukene zesivumelwano, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu asemagumbini womabili ivumelanisa ukungefani. Leliqembu elincane lisebenza kakhulu ngemva kweminyango evalekile, futhi ukuhlehla kwalo ngokuvamile kuqukethe inqubo engcono kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isimemezelo sendlu singahlanganisa isilinganiso esiqinile sokukhipha igesi kuyilapho iSigele sinikeza izikhawu zezentengiselwano; umbiko wengqungquthela ungahlanganisa kokubili, wenze uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokulawula.
Ukusetshenziswa Komongameli Nokusetshenziswa Kwenhlangano
Isivumelwano sokugcina sibhekiswa kumongameli, ongasayina umthetho noma awusayine. I-veto ingangagconwa ngevoti eyi-3 2 emagumbini womabili, umphumela oyivelakancane kodwa ongenzeka. Uma sesayiniwe, umthetho ugunyazwe eKhomisweni ye-U.S. kodwa umthetho ngokwawo ubanzi, uthumela igunya kubaphathi (njengale i-Entron Protection Agement []) yokubhala iziqondiso eziqondile. Yilapho izinhloso zomthetho zihlangabezana khona neqiniso lobuchwepheshe. Amalungu kumelwe acabange ngolimi lomthetho, izinhloso zomthetho, nesibonelo somthetho lapho eshaya imithetho. Bafaka futhi izinkulumo zasobala, balalele, futhi bahlole inqubo yezomnotho. — Inqubo yezezomnotho ingathatha iminyaka.
Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile Engaphansi Kwezinsika: Indlela Umthetho Owakha Ngayo Isimiso Sokuqondisa
Imithetho eminingana kahulumeni yakha umthetho wezemvelo waseU.S. ngamunye walolongwa amandla emithetho yenkathi yawo — ukuhlehla kwezombangazwe, ukuthukuthela komphakathi, noma ukuvumelana kwemithetho yomphakathi. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yawo kwembula indlela umklamo wokushaya umthetho odinga ngayo amandla okulawula.
I - National Environmental Policy Act (i - ENEPA, 1970)
I-NEPA ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni zihlole ithonya lezenzo ezinkulu ngaphambi kokuba ziqhubeke. Yadala i-Evironmental Impact (EIS) yenqubo ye- Council on Environmental Sety[. Nakuba i-NEPA ingaphoqeleli imiphumela eqondile, izimfuneko zayo ezingokwesiko zinika izakhamuzi namaqembu amandla okubekela inselele imisebenzi engenayo inguquko eyanele. I-gralitive projects phezu kwe-NEPA impikiswano esekelwe ekutheni i-earhenterry procestionss processsssss — ukushut okusaqhubeka kuyo yonke imithetho yendawo ezungezile ezungezile.
Clean Air Act (CAA, 1970; Izinguquko ezinkulu ngo - 1977, 1990)
I-EPA Act igunyaza i-EPA ukuba imise i-National Ambentient Air Ser Service (NAAQS) ukuze ingcolise impilo yomphakathi nendawo ezungezile. Izinhlelo zonyaka ka-1990 ezisungule izindlela ezisekelwe emakethe njenge-Acid Rain Program, eyasebenzisa isigqubu ne-trade ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesikhutha esiwuntu. Lo mthetho ubonisa indlela ukukhetha umklamo — ukuyala nokulawula inqubo yezentengiselwano — kusukela ngokuqondile ezingxoxweni zemithetho ye-acid Rain. Impumelelo ye-Acid Diam Program ibizwe emhlabeni wonke njengesibonelo sokukhipha i-sulfure dioxide.
Umthetho Ohlanzekile Wamanzi (CWA, 1972)
Ekuqaleni iFederal Water Polticle Control Act ka 1972, izinguquko zasungula i-National Pollitant Direflation Relectation System (NPDES), idinga imvume yokungcoliswa kwezindawo ezingaphezulu. Imithetho yokuhlela i-logrolling yaholela ekukhululweni ekuphumeni kwezezolimo kanye neminye imisebenzi yezezimboni, idala igebe lomthombo ongesona sisekelo ongcolisa amanzi akhungethe izinga lamanzi namuhla. Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme yencazelo ye-“ amanzi eUnited States” zithathela emuva ekukhipheni igebengo yezentengo yezentengiselwano emposiso yezente engazange ikhampalazwe.
I - “Esa, ” 1973
I-ESA inikeza isivikelo sezinhlobo ezisohlwini olusongelwayo noma olusongelwayo kanye nendawo ebucayi ezithembele kuyo. Umthetho wadluliselwa ngokusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartisan, okubonisa i-ethos ehlanganisa imigqa yeqembu. Kodwa emashumini eminyaka kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-reglack broads iye yavimbela ukuvuselelwa. Amalungiselelo aqinile ka-ESA — anganqanda ukuthuthuka ezweni langasese — abangela ukuphikisa okunonya ezimbonini naselungelweni lempahla, kodwa i-Congressress akakuqalisi ukuvumelana kokuguqula noma ukubuyisela inguquko.
Umthetho Olawula Ubuthi (TSCA, 1976; Uguquliwe 2016)
Ekuqaleni, i-TSCA yafuna ukuba i-EPA ibonise i-ePPA ehambisana “nengozi engekho ngqiqweni” ngaphambi kokuba iqondiswe — indinganiso ecishe ingabi nokwenzeka eyashiya izinkulungwane zamakhemikhali akhona zingalawulwa. I-2016 Lautenberg Act, impumelelo engavamile ye-bipartisan, yathatha umthwalo ukuze ibonise ukuphepha kwamakhemikhali. Lenguquko ibonisa indlela ukulungisa imithetho engalungisa ngayo ukwehluleka komthetho kwasekuqaleni.
Ubani Othonya Izinqumo Zomthetho?
Imiphumela engokomthetho ayivamile ukuba umphumela wamaqiniso aluhlaza. Ababambi bamaqhinga abanamandla batshala imali eshisiwe ekuthonyeni lenqubo, futhi amandla abo alinganiselwe anquma ukuthi isivikelo sendawo ezungezile siyaqina noma siyakhululeka.
Izikhulu Eziqanjiwe Nezigungu Zezombangazwe
Abamisi-mthetho baletha imibono yabo, ukucindezela okuhlangene, kanye neqembu labo ekuvoteni indawo ezungezile. Umholi weqembu angavota, ahlongoze ukuncishiswa, noma avimbele izikweletu zokungafiki phansi. Ukwanda kokuncishiswa kwezindaba zendawo ezungezile — namaDemocrat asekela imithetho eqinile neRepublicans egcizelela izindleko zezomnotho — kuye kwenza umthetho wezemvelo omkhulu owenqaba kusukela ngawo 1990. Izikweletu kuphela ezisemnxebeni ezinamandla ze bipartisan, njengenguquko ye-2016 TSCA noma 2020 Great American Outdowars Act, zaphumelela eminyakeni yamuva.
Abathandi Bezinto Ezingekho Emzimbeni Namaqembu Ezezemboni
Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano zisebenzisa izinkampani ezisekela izigidigidi ze-Congress ezicini zendawo ezungezile. Izinsalela zamafutha, amakhemikhali, ezolimo, nezimboni zonke ziyaqhubeka zisebenza ngokugqugquzela imisebenzi enzima. Zifaka izimali emikhankasweni, zinikeza ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, nemithetho yokuhlela izinhlelo. Ithonya lalamaqembu lingaholela ekuthathekeni, ekuthatheni isikhathi sokulalela izivumelwano, nokuphoqelelwa kokugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhulula kwe-Coc Water Act kwezolimo kungenxa yokuzingela kwepulazi phakathi nengxoxo yowama 1972.
Amaqembu Ezokubusa Endaweni Ezungezile
Inzuzo enjenge- I-Natural Resources Defense Council, i-Sierra Club, ne-Evironmental Defense Fund zisebenza ukuze zimelane nethonya lezemboni. Ziqoqa abasekeli botshani, amahele okumangalela ukuphoqelela ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulawula, futhi zinikeze abenzi bezomthetho ulwazi lwezesayensi nomthetho. Ikhono labo lokulawula i-Ceoc Air Act lasebenza ngokudlulisa i-act antelligiment futhi liqhubela imithetho yeze isimo sezulu, nakuba imithombo yabo incishisiwe ngemali esetshenziswa imboni.
Izinhlangano Ezingokwesayensi Nochwepheshe Besayensi
Izimo ezinjenge-EPA, i-University of the Interial, ne-NOAA zinikeza ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe nezilinganiso zezindleko zokulinganisela ukuthi abamisi-mthetho bathembele kuzo. Ososayensi nezomnotho abavela kulezinhlangano bafakazela ukuzwa nokunikeza ukwaziswa okungasekela noma kunciphe imali. Nokho, abamiselwe kwezombangazwe bangase bakhe noma bacindezele ukutholwa kwezinhlangano ezihambisana nezindawo eziphambili zokuphatha. Ukukhomba kwenhlangano — nokumelana kwayo nokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe — kuyisihloko esiphindaphindwayo eMthethweni wezemvelo.
Izakhamuzi Nezitolo Zokudlala
Umbono womphakathi ungaguqula isimo somthetho, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwezinhlekelele zendawo ezungezile ezingaphezulu. Umlilo woMfula iCyahoga (1199), i-Exxon Valdez (19989), kanye nenkinga yamanzi eFlint (2014) edala amafasitela ethuba lokuthatha isinyathelo somthetho. I-Grassroots, imikhankaso yokubhala izincwadi, kanye nokubhikisha okubonisa ukuthi abavoti bakhathalela ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile. I-midterterment ingashintsha izihlalo zekomiti kanye nezinga eliphezulu lemithetho, igcizelela indima engaqondile kodwa enamandla yokhetho.
Izinselele Ekwenzeni Isinqumo Esingokomthetho
Ngisho noma umphakathi usekela ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile, ngokuvamile izinqubo zokushaya umthetho ziveza imithetho engaphelele noma engasebenzi.
Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe
Izimpikiswano zendawo ezungezile seziyizindawo zokulwa ezihlukanisayo. Kuwo ka 1970, iNEPA, i-Cease Air Act, kanye ne-Grangered Species Act idluliswa ngamavoti anamandla. Namuhla, ukushintsha isimo sezulu kubhekene nomthetho oseduze nokuphikiswa kweRepublic. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi izindleko eziningi azithuthuki; kunalokho, umthetho wenziwa ngeziqondiso zezikhulu zezezomthetho, ukubekwa kwezinhlangano, nokuhlelwa kwemithetho yemali, okungalula kakhulu futhi okungahleki ukuguqulwa. Umthetho owenziwa kaningi owe ngokomthetho omncinyane wemithetho ungalungiswa yi-presethi ye-preseagement emisiwe.
Ukuphikiswa Kwezomnotho Nezemboni
Izindawo zokuhweba ezithwala izindleko zokulawula zilwa. Baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho yendawo ezungezile ibulala imisebenzi, inyusa amanani kagesi, futhi ilimaza ukuncintisana. Lezimpikiswano zezomnotho zithinta abenzi bomthetho abavela ezindaweni ezithembeleni ekukhiqizeni, emayini, noma kwezolimo. Umphumela ngokuvamile uwumthetho ohlanganisa ukuthatha isigaba eside, ukukhulula amabhizinisi amancane, noma ukuchithwa kwemithetho eqinile. I-1990ec Air Act ihlanganisa ilungiselelo elanciphisa ukulawula kwemvula ezindaweni zamandla akudala — ukukhokhwaza kokungcolisa okuthatha isilinganiso esiqhubekayo sokungcola okuthatha amashumi eminyaka.
Ukungaqiniseki Okungokwesayensi Nokungavumelani
Isayensi yendawo ezungezile iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ikwazi ukumelana nenqubo. Abaphikisi bemithetho basebenzisa ukungaqiniseki, bafune ubufakazi bokulimala ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe noma yimiphi imingcele. Ulimi lwe-grative ngezinye izikhathi ludinga “isayensi enengqondo” noma“ izindlela ezisekelwe” — izinkulumo ezingachazwa njengezembe. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunikeza isibonelo esiqinile: iminyaka eminingi, izithakazelo zokucwaninga okusekelwe emithonjeni ephakeme ephikisanayo ngokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ukungabaza phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho. Lendlela ivimbela ukukhishwa kwegesi isilinganiso semithetho ye-octive cishe amashumi amabili eminyaka.
Izihibe Zokuphatha Nokwahlulela
Ngisho noma umthetho udlula, ukumiswa kwawo kungavinjelwa noma kuvinjelwe ngokubekwa kwemithetho, ukubukezwa komthetho, nokuhlelwa kwezimiso. UMthetho we-Administrative Procedire udinga izinhlangano zokuthethelela imithetho ngenqubo ende yezaziso nenqubo. Ama-injini zezobuchwepheshe avame ukugwema ukugumbuqela imithetho, futhi izinkantolo zingawashaya uma umthetho oyisisekelo ungacacile. ISishaya-mthetho ungasebenzisa futhi “Congational Review Act” izinqumo zokuqeda imithetho esetshenziswe kamuva kaningana kusukela ngo-201717. Lokhu kumiswa kusho ukuthi ukunqoba kwemithetho kungachithwa ngokuhliwe.
Ukuhlola Icala: Ithonya Elingokomthetho Emsebenzini
Izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa indlela ukukhetha kwemithetho — kokubili ukunesibindi nokungabi nanamahloni — okuye kwasiza ngayo ezweni langempela.
Isimiso Semvula Esine - asidi Se - defec Act: Impumelelo Engokomthetho
Ngonyaka ka-1980, imvula eneacid evela ezimbonini zamandla amalahle yachitha amahlathi namachibi eNyakatho nenkaba yaseCanada. I-1990 Ceaoc Air Act yadala isimiso se-cap-trade esenziwe nge-sulfur dioxide, ibeka i-partical yesizwe eyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-Utialties ingahwebela, iyenze ikwazi ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhishwa kwamandla amafutha. Lomphumela: I-SO2 yehla ngo-90% ngo-202020, ngengxenye yezindleko ezibikezelwe. Impumelelo yayisekelwe e-bipartarian Constivation — uMongameli uGeorge H. Bush chutle intelence-etarts, futhi i-Sentersting kuzo zombili izimpahla ezihlonze izakhiwo zezentengo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukukhiwonga okukhiwonga okuhambisana nentengo yezomnotho kuveza ukuthuthuka kwezentengo engoko engoko.
Umthetho Ohlanzekile Wamanzi Nomthombo Ongewona Owumthombo Wokungcola: Igebe Elingokomthetho
Nakuba i-Ceac Water Act ilawulwa ngokuqondisisa amapayipi namafektha, yayikhulu ukukhulula ukuphuma kwezolimo, amanzi asemadolobheni, kanye neminye imithombo esakazekile. Lokho kukhululwa kwakungewona umqondisi wokwengamela — kwakuwukuhlehliswa ngamabomu yimithetho yesifunda sepulazi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukungcola okungekho ngokomthetho kuseyimbangela ephambili yokukhubazeka kwamanzi eUnited States. Ukuqhuma okuyingozi kwe-algal, i-Gulf of aflage, kanye nemithombo yamanzi engcolileyo kuyaqhubeka ngenxa yokuthi isisekelo somthetho asizange siphumelele ngokuphelele. Imizamo yokuvala igebesemfa yekhefu, ibonisa indlela ukuvinya okunga okunganciphile ngayo eUnited States.
Isinyathelo Sezilwane Ezisengozini: Impumelelo Nesisebenzi
I-ESA iye yavimbela ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-99% ezisohlwini, kuhlanganise nempandla yokhozi, ingwenya, ne-alligator yaseMelika. Lempumelelo ixhomeke olimini oluqinile, olucacile: izinhlobo zithola isivikelo esizenzekelayo esike sadwetshwa, futhi izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zihlole ukuze zigweme ingozi. Nokho amandla afanayo aye abangela ukunqamuka okukhulu kwezombangazwe. Kusukela ngasekupheleni konyaka ka-1990, uMkhandlu uxhube abagibeli beminxenxele ezikwelebeni ezivimbela ukuhlelwa kwezinqumo zezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane (umz., injabuthene) noma izikhulu zempi ezisendlekile ekuhlaseleni i-ESA. Ukungakwazi ukuphindela noma ukuvuselela i-ESA kuye kwashiya izinhluno zokuphatha futhi ingasebenzi kwezombangazwe.
Ukwehluleka Komthetho Wesimo Sezulu Esiphakathi
Naphezu kokuvumelana kwezesayensi nokukhathalela umphakathi okhulayo, iSishaya-mthetho asikaze sidlulise umthetho obanzi wesimo sezulu. Umthetho we-Waxman-Markey wadlula iNdlu kodwa wafa eNdlu yeSigeqe, wabulawa ukuhlangana kokuphikiswa okuvela kwenye indawo, ukunxusa kwemboni, nomnotho obuthakathaka. Ukwehluleka kubonisa inselele ephelele: uma impikiswano yemithetho yezomthetho ithinta yonke indawo yezomnotho, izivumelwano ezidingwa ukuba kwenziwe umsebenzi wokuhlangana. Kunalokho, isimiso sezulu siye salolongwa ngezenzo zezikhulu (iSicwangciso Esihlanzekile, izindinganiso zezimoto ezikhipha izimoto), inyathelo esinesilinganiso esiphezulu (ngendlela ye-patrone ne-trade) nezivumelwano zezizwe zonke (i-Paris Convition) — konke okungekho ukuvalwa komthetho we-station.
Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zomthetho Wendawo Ezungezile
Usongo olusha lwendawo ezungezile — nokuqashelwa okwandayo kwalabo abakhona — kushukumisa ukusungulwa kwemithetho elawulayo kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, nakuleyondawo.
Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokushintsha Kwezimo
Izincwadi ezimisa i-carbon primeting, ezifaka izakhiwo ezihlanzekile zamandla, kanye nemisebenzi yokuzivuselela izakhiwo ziyanda. I-Inflateation Reduction Act ka-2022, kuyilapho ngokuyinhloko ikhokha intela namandla, zimelela ukutshala okukhulu kakhulu kukahulumeni ekusebenzeni kwesimo sezulu namuhla: imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-370 ezikweleta intela ngenxa yamandla avuselelwe, izimoto zikagesi, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla. Nakuba kungewona umthetho wendawo ezungezile, ibonisa indlela izimoto zomthetho wezemithetho yokulawula intela ezingaqhubekisela ngayo imigomo yesimo sezulu ngokusebenzisa intela. Umthetho wesikhathi esizayo ungahlanganisa inqubo yokulungisa umngcele we-carbon, isilinganiso sikagesi ohlanzekile, noma icebo lokulungisa isimo sezulu somhlaba.
Amandla Avuselelekayo Nezinqubo Zanamuhla
Izifunda eziningi ziye zasebenzisa iMiganga-nkqubo evuselelwayo efuna i-Portfolio e-octive efuna i-opatrolitical ukuze ikhiqize amaphesenti kagesi ku-ewakhiqizwa. Ezingeni likahulumeni, iziphakamiso ze-wignomes zihlose ukuvumela ukudluliswa kwemigqa, ukuguqula uMthetho we-Federal Power Act, nokucwaninga kokugcinwa kwamandla. Inselele i-kulinganisela ukwethenjelwa kokususwa kogesi — ukucindezeleka okuyochaza umthetho wamandla eshumini elizayo.
Imfucumfucu Nemithetho Ewumnotho Ejikelezayo
Ukukhathazeka komphakathi ngokungcola kwepulasitiki kuye kwakhuthaza ukumiswa kwemithetho emazingeni amaningi. I-Gack Free From Plastic Solution Act, eyasungulwa eKhongomeni, ingadinga abakhiqizi ukuba baklame ipethime ukuze kuphinde kusetshenziswe ipulasitiki eyodwa, ivinjelwe amapulasitiki athile, futhi imise uhlelo lwezwe lokubeka ibhodlela. Amazwe asemise imithetho eminingi evimbela izikhwama zepulasitiki, izitshana, izitshana. Uhlelo lwe-polystyrene lungavumelanisa lemizamo futhi lwakhela ipulasitiki, kodwa ukuphikiswa kwezemboni kuyaqhubeka kunamandla.
Izilwane Nezindawo Eziphila Kuzo
Iqaphela ukuthi i-Engerengered Species Act iyodwa ayinakunqanda ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, abamisi-mthetho bahlola amathuluzi amasha: amaphasishi ezindawo zokuxhumana zesizwe, izikhokhelo zemisebenzi yemvelo, kanye nezisusa zentela zokuvikela imvelo. I-Reconvering Wildlife America’s Act, enesisekelo se-bipartisan, inganikezela ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4 (R1,4) ngonyaka ukuze ilondoloze izinhlobo zezilwane eziphila ngokuthula. Umthetho onjalo ungasusa izinhlu zenhlekelele ze-partum ekuvimbeleni.
Amalungiselelo Obulungisa Endawo Ezungezile
Umthwalo ongenakulinganiswa wokungcola emiphakathini ethola imali encane nemiphakathi enemibala ephansi uthola ukunakwa kwemithetho. Manje amabhuloho avame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo okuhlola ithonya eliqhubekayo, ukuthuthukisa ukuhlanganyela komphakathi, nokuqondisa ukutshala imali emiphakathini engaphambili. IJaji 40Itive, egunyazwe ngokulandela uhlelo lwezikhulu kodwa kungakabekwa umthetho ohlobanisa ukusekelwa kwendawo ezungezile nezindawo ezihlukene.
Isiphetho
Izinqumo ezisemthethweni yiDNA yokulawula indawo ezungezile. Zinquma ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga ezixoxwayo, ukuthi imithetho eqinile iphoqelelwa kanjani, futhi enamazwi angakanani asindayo kule nqubo. Kusukela ekuphumeleleni kwempumelelo ye-Eccao Air Act ye-asid kuya ekuhlulekeni okuphikelelayo ukusingatha ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okungekhona kwendawo, lesi sibonelo sicacile: umthetho oqinile, oklanywe ngokucophelela ungaletha izinzuzo zendawo ezungezile ezishintshayo, kuyilapho imithetho ebuthakathaka noma eqinile yemigodi ishiya izinkinga ezikhulayo zezizukulwane.
Kuzakhamuzi, abafundisi, abafundi, nabasekeli, ukuqonda lenqubo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuyithonya. Ukukhuluma kuzo zonke izikhundla zokhetho — ikakhulukazi ezisezingeni eliphansi nezezinhlanga zendawo — ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukusekela izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile, ngisho nokubalekela isikhundla kuyizindlela zonke zokuhlela ukukhetha kwemithetho okuyonquma ikusasa leplanethi. Indawo ezungezile ilolongwa yimithetho, futhi imithetho ilolongwa ngokuhlanganyela. Inselele ukwenza ukuba ukuthatha isinyathelo, ukuphikelela, nokuphumelela kube yikho.