Isingeniso: Ukwakheka Komklamo We - Electoral E - Fragile Ezweni Elinezinto Ezimbi

Uma umphakathi usuka ezimpini ezinkulu zezombangazwe, umklamo wezinhlangano zawo zezombangazwe ungolunye lwezinqumo ezizolandela. Phakathi kwalezi zinqumo, isimiso sokukhetha sibonakala njengezimiso eziyisisekelo zokungahlangani kwesithembiso sawo sokubusa okuqinile. Kodwa umbiko wazo wendlela uxutshaniswa kakhulu: zingaletha ukuqina kodwa zibangele ubudlova obuvuselelwe, noma zilulaze ubudlelwane. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izinhlelo ezinkulu ezithinta ngayo izinhlelo ze-post-licyt zesithembiso sokubusa okunganqandelwa.

Iyini Izimiso Zase - Greatitaries?

Izimiso zokhetho olunezintambo ziklanyelwe ukuhumushela amavoti ezihlalweni ngendlela eveza umnqobi ocacile. Ngokungafani nezimiso ezimelela i-PR elandelanayo, ezihlose ukuveza izinhlobonhlobo zezivoti kusishaya-mthetho, izimiso eziyinhloko zigxile ekumiseni uhulumeni ombaxa-mdladlana owodwa. Izindlela ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Eyokuqala-Past-the Post (FTP): Isetshenziswa emazweni anjengeUnited Kingdom, iNdiya, neCanada. Umfundi onengxenye enkulu kakhulu ekuvoteleni isifunda ngasinye esiwinayo, ngisho noma ethola ingcosana. Lesi simiso siveza ingxenye yengxenye yengxenye yengxenye yengxenye yengxenye yengxenye yesihlalo yeqembu elikhulu kakhulu.
  • Uhlelo lwe-Round lwendlela ezimbili [TRS]: Luvamile eFrance kanye namakoloni amaningi angaphambili aseFrance. Uma kungekho mjikelezo ozuza iningi enkingeni yokuqala, indingingiliza yesibili iba phakathi kwezithathi-mphini ezimbili eziphezulu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umzuzi ophumelele ekugcineni usekelwa yinani elikhulu, okungenani ekuduleni.
  • I-Alternative Vote (AV) noma u-Purly Runoff Votting: Abathathi-mfunda-mabala, futhi uma kungekho muntu othola okuningi kokuthanda kokuqala, othatha umvoti ophansi kakhulu uyasuswa futhi amavoti abo abuye abuye abuye abuye. Lenqubo iphinda kuze kube yilapho umvoti ofundayo efinyelela iningi. I-Australia isebenzisa lesi simiso endlini yayo ephansi.
  • Simba i Vote (BV): Isetshenziswa ezifundeni ezinezingxenye eziningi lapho abavoti benamavoti amaningi okugcwalisa, kodwa ovota kakhulu uwina isihlalo ngasinye. Loluhlelo luvame ukuholela eqenjini elilodwa elithatha zonke izihlalo esifundeni, likhulisa umphumela omkhulu.

Zonke lezizimiso zivumelana nomqondo ofanayo: zivuza umvoti omkhulu ngokungenakulinganiswa futhi zijezise izigaba ezincane nabazohlolwa. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi eliqinile, lokhu kungakhuthaza ukulinganisela nokulandisa. Kodwa ezimisweni zangemva komthetho, lapho ukwethembana kuncishiswa khona futhi ngokuvamile kunezici ezihlukene, izici ezifanayo zingaba nemiphumela eyingozi.

Icala le-oretical yezimiso ze-Majoritarians ezihlelweni zePost-Confuict

Abasekeli bezimiso eziyinhloko ezifundazweni ezintekenteke baphikisa ngokuthi banikeza izinzuzo ezintathu eziyinhloko izinhlangano zangemva kwesivumelwano eziyidinga ngokuphuthumayo: ukunquma, ukulandisa, nokulula.

Ukuhlelwa Kukahulumeni Okuwujuqu

Ohulumeni abafihlakele ngemva kwesivumelwano ngokuvamile kumelwe bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze bafeze izivumelwano zokuthula, baqede amabutho, balungise izakhiwo zezakhiwo, futhi balungise izinkonzo eziyisisekelo. Isimiso sombuso sindisa amathuba okuthola izihlalo eziningi, kuyenze ikwazi ukwakha uhulumeni ngaphandle kwezingxoxo ezihambisanayo. Emiphakathini lapho izinkulumo ezihlangeneyo zingayeka khona futhi zibangele izingxabano ezintsha, lokhu kungaba yinzuzo enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwenkinga yeposi eKenya, ukuthathwa kwesimiso sobumongameli omkhulu kanye nelungiselelo elihlangene. Amandla aphakeme okulawula imvelo abonisa indlela angasiza ngayo ekuqiniseni isimo esizungezile esihlukene, futhi kwabangela ukungezwani kwayo.

Ukulandisa Ngomthwalo Wemfanelo Wengxenye Eyodwa

Uma iqembu elilodwa libusa, abavoti banganikeza kalula ukuboleka izimali noma ukusola ngemiphumela. Lokhu kucacisa kubaluleke kakhulu emongweni wangemva kwemvume lapho izakhamuzi zingakufuni ukubekwa icala okuyinkimbinkimbi okungasheshiwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezombangazwe. Ngokwenkolelo, izimiso ezinkulu zifaka amaqembu amaqembu ukuze abhikishe emapulatifomu amakhulu kunokuba afake izikhalo eziwuhlanga noma zendawo ezimngcingo, ngoba zidinga ukuwina izifunda ezweni lonke. Umphumela kungaba ukusekela okunobunye kwezombangazwe okugxile ekwakheni kabusha kwesizwe.

Ukulula Nokutholakala

Izinhlangano eziningi zangemva kwemvume zinezinga eliphansi lokufunda nokungafundi futhi zinolwazi olulinganiselwe ngezinqubo zentando yeningi. Izimiso zabaphathi zivame ukuba lula ukuba abavoti baqonde: baphawula umvoti oyedwa noma iqembu, futhi umnqobi ungongowodwa onezivoti eziningi. Lokhu kulula kunganciphisa ukudideka, kunciphise ingozi yokuba abavoti abangasebenzi, futhi kwandise ukuthemba inqubo yokukhetha. Ezinyangeni ezintathu ngemva kokuphela kwempi yombango, umvoti eSierra Leone wasemaphandleni akudingezwa izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi noma izinqubo zokukhetha.

Izingozi: Ukuzihlukanisa, Ukuphambana Ngeziqu Zamehlo, Nobudlova

Naphezu kwalezinzuzo ezicatshangelwayo, izimiso eziyinhloko zinezingozi ezibhalwe kahle ezikhuliswayo ezindaweni ezizungezile zangemva kwemvume. Ingozi enkulu iwukuthi zithatha amaqembu amancane ngokulandelana, ngisho nalapho lawomaqembu ekha ingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukufaneleka kohlelo olusha lwezombangazwe futhi kubangele izikhalo ezaholela empikiswaneni ekuqaleni.

Impumelelo Ithatha Yonke Imishini Nokuxosha

Emphakathini lapho ukuqamba okungokobuhlanga, okungokwenkolo, noma okungokwesifunda kuyimisuka eyinhloko yempi, isimiso sobuphathi singenza noma yiluphi ukhetho lube umncintiswano we-zero-sum: elinye iqembu liyaphumelela, futhi elinye lilahlekelwe yikho konke. Uma amaqembu alahlekelwayo ekholelwa ukuthi awanayo indlela engokoqobo yokuzuza amandla ngebhokisi lebhola lebhola, isikhuthazo sokubuyela ekulweni ngezikhali. Lokhu kuphawulwe emazweni anjenge Nigeria (ikakhulu kuma-1960) ne-Burundi ngemva kwempi yalo yombango, lapho izinti zobuhlanga zingenayo khona ukuvota ngaphansi kwezimiso ze-FPTP zithuthukisa indawo engaphezulu.

Ukugxilisa Ingqondo Kwendawo Yonke Nezimpahla Ezilahlwayo

Izinhlangano zangemva kwe-flacted ngokuvamile zinemiphakathi ehlukaniswe ngokuphandle. Uma iqembu elincane ligxilwe ezifundeni ezimbalwa, linganqoba kulezozifunda kodwa lingabi nethonya kwenye indawo. Okwamanje, iqembu elikhulu lingathatha ezinye izihlalo eziningi, ngisho noma abaningi abasekeli balo benciphile. Umphumela uba isishaya-mthetho esishiya iqembu elikhulu futhi ngaphansi kwesigaba esincane. Isibonelo, esisesigabeni seposi esinezikhundla esinezimpi ezimbili (60% yabantu abakhona) neQembu (40%) FTPP inganikeza iQembu elingu-A 80% lezihlalo, lishiye iQembu lika-B elingu-20% kuphela. Ukuhlukana kungafana nokwehlulwa kwempi, ikakhulukazi uma kuphelile impi.

Ukuqeda Izinselele Zokunqoba Nokubusa

Ngisho noma isimiso sobuholi siveza uhulumeni ozinzile, lowohulumeni ungase untule ukufaneleka okukhulu okudingekayo ukuze ulawule ngokuphumelelayo. Uma ingxenye ephawulekayo yomphakathi ingekho ephalamendeni, banganqaba ukuvumelana nemithetho, ukukhokha izintela, noma ukwamukela igunya likahulumeni. Ezimweni ezinzima, bangase bakhethe ngokunganaki noma bakhe izinhlangano ezihambelanayo. Ngakho isimiso sobufundisi sifaka izingozi ekudaleni igobolondo lokuzinza elakhiwe ngokuhlukanisa, elingaphuka lapho ukucindezela kunyuka.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezenzakalo 1: IRwanda – Ukuqina Kwezindleko Ezifihlekile

Okuhlangenwe nakho kweRwanda ngemva kobuhlanga bango 1994 kuvame ukuphawulwa njengendaba lapho isimiso sezikhulu sasiza ekuvuselelweni kwezombangazwe ngokushesha. IRwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) yawina ukhetho ngo 2003 neningi elikhulu ngaphansi kwesimiso esihlanganisa i-FPTPP nezihlalo ezigciniwe. Ukunqoba okuwujuqu kweRPF kwayivumela ukuba ikwazi ukumisa izinguquko ezithatha indawo enkulu, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zentuthuko yezomnotho, izinqubo zobulili lobufana, kanye nezinyathelo zokubuyisana ezifana nezinkantolo zeGacaca. Ezweni elibusayo, iRwanda iye yafinyelela ukuqina okuphawulekayo nokukhula kwezomnotho.

Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sombuso sisize ekulawuleni amaqembu aphikisayo kanye kanye ngokuncishiswa kwempi yangempela yezombangazwe. Amaqembu amancane, ikakhulukazi amaTwa abekwe ngokweziphakamiso ngokwezengokomlando neminye imiphakathi yamaHutu, anemikhakha elinganiselwe epalamende. Ukulawula okukhulu kweRPF yokulawula kwendlu yomthetho womthetho kunqande futhi kunciphise indawo yamaqembu aphikisayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izivumelwano zezimiso eziyinhloko zesivumelwano zikhona, endabeni yeRwanda, zikhokhiswe izindleko zokuthatha ubuningi nokulandisa. Izazi zomhlaba lonke ziye zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngobulungisa bokhetho, njengoba nje izwe ligcina amazinga aphakeme okuphepha komphakathi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuhweba phakathi kokuzinza kanye nokuhlanganisa ukuthi izinhlangano ze-fliccudiactal organt.

Isifundo Sendaba 2: Kenya – Ukusuka Ekubeni I - majoritarian Polarization Kuya Ekusekeleni Igunya

EKenya inikeza isibonelo esihlukile. Ngemva kokhetho lukamongameli luka-2007 lwafakwa ngaphansi kwesimiso sobuphekula. − ubudlova baqubuka lapho umholi wokuphikiswa uRaila Odinga ekholelwa ukuthi ngokuthumela u-Mubian Muwai Kibiki uvotile. Ubudlova, obathatha abantu abangaphezu kwenkulungwane, babhecwa yimibono yokuhlukaniswa kwesizwe: abaningi ekuphikisaneni, kuhlanganise neLuo noKalenjin, bakholelwa ukuthi isimiso sobushiqela sabavalele ngokungenasiphelo amandla. Inhlekelele ekugcineni yaxazululwa ngesivumelwano samandla abangela ukuba uhulumeni ulwele ilungiselelo lobuhlanga olwaluwulahla ngokuphumelelayo umphumela wokuqala wezezinganiso. Ngo-2010, iKenya yamukela inqubo entsha exubene nesigaba se-palmearalie, ihlelwe ukuba ikhushulwe ngokukhipha ilungiselelo eliqinile lokulawula ilungiselelo elingokomthetho lomphakathi omkhulu owenziwe ngaphandle kwezombangazwe.

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba 3: Nepal – I - jotarianism eMhlabeni We - Post - Monarchy

Ukusuka kwe-Nepal ekubusweni kwenkosi kuya eRepublic kahulumeni ngemva kwempi yombango (196-2006) kunikeza esinye isibonelo esifundisayo. Umthetho-sisekelo wango-2007 ekuqaleni wamukela isimiso sokhetho esixubile se-FPTP yoMhlangano we-FPtuent, uhlanganisa i-FPTP kanye nokubekwa izimpawu ezilinganayo. Nokho, i-FPTPP / ngxenye enkulu (eyayiyona eyaba yi-inkulu emvelweni) engxenyeni ehlukene: i-Maoistism yazuza ingxenye enkulu yezihlalo ze-FPTP kodwa yawalela isikhashana esiningi kakhulu. Eminyakeni eyalandela, ukuguquguquka kwezombangazwe kwalandelana, ngokushintsha njalo, izinguquko zikahulumeni. Izingxenye ezinkulu zesimiso sombuso wezwe lonke izinga lokuthula izikhali ezingokombuso wombuso wezizwe zinganikela ngisho nasekwenyusekuncipheni kwempi ezindaweni ezintathu zezizwe (Masi, iHill, neTru), isihluthulelo ngasinye sezindawo zokulwa kwezifunda sesifunda ngasinye sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda

Ukuhlola Indaba 4: Bosnia neHerzegovina – Ukwehluleka Kwenkolo YobuNazi Bezinhlanga

Mhlawumbe isixwayiso esikhulu sivela eBosnia naseHerzegovina. Nokho, i-Dayton Reconsutions eyaqeda impi ka-1992-19995 yasungula isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokulawula i-consociation: amalungu esizwe ngasinye angavotela abameleli baso bobumongameli, futhi abameleli besizwe bakhona baqaphele ukuhlangana kwabo. Lesimiso sibophele ngokwezinhlanga, sishintshele zonke izigaba zezizwe, futhi sivimbele noma izakhiwo ze-commonisms-combuation noma i-motion. I-Daytontontonton iziphumo ezikhudywe kakhulu: Amalungu esizwe amaqembu esizwe angowodwa kuphela angavotela abamele i-presidenti, futhi azizwe eziningi zinomuzwa wokuthi ziboshelwe ngokuhlukana kwezizwe, kodwa zincishiswe kakhulu izinhlangano zezizwe ngezinhlangano zezizwe. I-Propolaydmist zizwe eziningi zibuye zihoswe izinguquko zezizwe eziningi, kodwa zibuye zihoswe izinhlangano zezizwe ezihlukene zezizwe eziningi zezizwe ezibizwa ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: Ama - majoritharian v. Izimiso Zokwakha Ukuthula

Ucwaningo olungenhla luqokomisa indlela ephindaphindwayo: izimiso zabaphathi zisebenza kangcono kakhulu emiphakathini yangemva kwemvume ekhona lapho olunye uhlangothi luye lwafinyelela khona ukunqoba okuwujuqu kwempi futhi lungasho ngokomthetho ukuthi lunegunya elikhulu (njengaseRwanda), noma lapho ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga nezombangazwe kunciphile. Nokho, emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu izimiso zokumelela ngokwesilinganiso zivame ukwenza kangcono ekukhuthazeni ukufakwa nokuvinjelwa kwemijikelezo yokuhlukanisa nobudlova.

Izimiso zePropotioneal, njenge-PR evaliwe eyasetshenziswa eNingizimu Afrika ngemva kobandlululo, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho namaqembu amancane awina izihlalo ngokulingana nesabelo sawo sokuvota. Lokhu kukhuthaza ohulumeni ababumbene ababanzi abamelela imiphakathi eminingi. Isimiso se-ANelson Mandela’s African National Congress sango 1994 sanikwa i-ANelson National Congress (i-Antans).6% yevotimentium (inani le-*) yaphumela ekutholeni uHulumeni lika-National Unity ne-Inkatha Freedomment Party, ukwakha nokufaneleka. Ngokungafani, isimiso sobubhishobhishophu saseNingizimu ANC singenza i-ANC ithole ama-80% ezihlaloging, futhi i-cculce no-Zulust.

Izimiso ezixubene nezingxenye, ezihlanganisa izici ezikhulu nezilinganisanayo, zinganikeza indlela ephakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso seJalimane siye salungiswa ezimisweni zangemva kwemvume efana neLesotho ne-New Zealand (nakuba izimpi zaseNew Zealand zazingahileli impi yombango). Lezi zimiso zivumela abavoti ukuba babe nommeleli wendawo (omphathi-mgada) olinganayo ngohlu lwe-comparation. Balondoloza ezinye izinzuzo zokulandisa kobuzwelo lwezimo zempi ye-Prothensitianism lapho beqeda imiphumela yayo engekho. Izimo ze-post-licctet ezinjengalezo i-Liberia eziye zathathwa njengezithatha izingxeko ezinjalo, nakuba ukusebenza kusenzima ukuzenzela.

Lapho Ubufundisi Obukhulu Bungase Bube Yisinqumo Esifanele

Naphezu kwalezi zingozi, kunezimo eziqondile lapho isimiso sezikhungo singaba indlela engcono kakhulu etholakalayo yomphakathi wangemva kwesivumelwano:

  • lapho impi iphela nomnqobi wezempi ocacile: Uma elinye iqembu linqoba elinye futhi liyala ukuba kuthembeke inani elikhulu labantu, isimiso sobushiqela singaqinisa lokho kunqoba futhi sinikeze ukuzinza okudingekayo ukuze kuvuselelwe kabusha. IRwanda neCambodia kuma1990 yizibonelo.
  • Uma izwe lifana ngokuqhathaniswa : Uma ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga, inkolo, noma ulimi kungakajulile, izingozi zokuhlukanisa ziphansi. Iziqhingi ezincane, ezifanayo ngokwenani ezisePacific (njengeNauru) ziye zasebenzisa izimiso zempumelelo ngemva kwempi.
  • Uma usongo olukhulu luwukwahlukana, hhayi ukukhishwa : Kwezinye izimo zangemva kwe-confctal, inqwaba yamaqembu ahlomile ingaholela ephalameni elihlukene lapho kungekho hulumeni ozinzileyo ongakha khona. Isimiso sobufundisi singakhuthaza amaqembu amancane ukuba ahlanganise ama-internationals, ukunciphisa inani labadlali bezombangazwe kanye nezingxoxo ezilula.
  • Uma impucuko yezombangazwe ivumela ukuhola okuwujuqu: Emiphakathini lapho igunya elinamandla libonwa lidingekile ekwakheni isizwe (isib., ekuqaleni kwangemva kwe-indiya), i-FPTP yasetshenziselwa ukwakha ohulumeni abaqinile. Nokho, izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zaseNdiya zazidinga indawo yokuhlala yangaphakathi eqaphile phakathi kwamaqembu.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi ngisho nakulezi zimo, ukuvikela izihlalo ezigcinelwe abantu abambalwa, inani labesifazane, noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinqumo ezithile ezitusekayo kunganciphisa izingozi zesimiso sokubusa.

Ukutuswa Kwabenzi Bomthetho

Kulabo abahileleke ekuklameni izimiso zokukhetha zezinhlangano zangemva kwenkomfa, kuvela ukutusa okuningana okusekelwe ebufakazini ezincwadini eziqhathanisayo nasezifundweni zezehlakalo:

  1. ukucubungula impi ngaphambi kokukhetha isimiso : Ukuqonda ubuni, izikhalo, namandla ashukumisa izimpi. Uma izingxabano zazinobuhlanga, isimiso esimsulwa sobuqhawe singenza lokho kuhlukana kube nokwenzeka noma kube kubi nakakhulu.
  2. cabangela izimiso ezixubile noma zePR njengephutha : Imiphakathi elulamayo ezimpikiswaneni zangaphakathi, ukumelelwa ngokwesilinganiso kunciphisa ingozi yemiphumela yezero-sum. Ngisho noma isimiso sobunhloko sisetshenziswa kumphathi (umz., ukhetho lukamongameli), igatsha lemithetho kufanele lisebenzise isimiso sobubanzi noma sokuxubana ukuqinisekisa ukumelelwa.
  3. Ukwakha ngezindlela zamandla [: Izinhlangano zamuva zingahlanganisa izakhi ezihlanganisa i-athonsitistrians nohulumeni ababotshelelwe ngesibopho (njengase-Northern Ireland) noma ngemfuneko yokuba izikhundla zekhabethe zabiwe ngokwesilinganiso phakathi kwamaqembu anqamule umnyango.
  4. Phase ukusungulwa kwezici ezinkulu: Izwe lingasebenzisa iPR okhethweni lokuqala olubili ngemva kwempi ukuze kwakhiwe ukwethembana, bese kancane kancane lethula izifunda eziyizingxenye eyodwa noma ezinye izici ezinkulu njengoba kuvela izinhlangano zezombangazwe eziqinisayo nezinqamule amaqembu ezihlanga.
  5. Imiphumela kanye nokubukeza njalo[: Akukho simiso sokhetho esibekwe etsheni. Izinhlangano zangemva kwe-consist kufanele zisungule izikhomishane ezizimele ezigunyazwe ukubukeza ithonya lesimiso ekufakeni nasekuzinziseni, futhi zitusa ukulungisa uma kudingeka.

Ukuxhumana Kwangaphandle Nokufunda Okwengeziwe

Ukuze siqonde ngokujulile ukudayiswa kwemisebenzi ehilelekile, lemithombo elandelayo inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe:

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukuqina Nokungahloniphi

Izimiso zokukhetha ezinkulu azilungile ngokwemvelo noma azizimbi emiphakathini yangemva kokukholisana. Ithonya layo lixhomeke emongweni ongokomlando oqondile, isimo sengxabano, ukujula kokuhlukana kwezenhlalo, nokuba khona kwezinhlangano ezihlanganisanayo. Kwezinye izimo . NjengeRwanda . ziye zasiza ekuletheni ukuthula nokuthuthuka iminyaka eyishumi, nakuba kubiza ubufandamentali bezombangazwe. Kwezinye, njengoku Kenya ne Bosnia, zinengxabano eyandayo yobuhlanga, noma zibambene ngobudlova, noma zivalelwe ezindaweni ezinamandla angalawuleki.

Isifundo sabaklami besimiso sokhetho siwukuthi akukho cebo lomuntu oyedwa elinobukhulu-bonke. Izinhlangano zePost-connclict kumelwe zilinganisele izinzuzo zokuzilawula ngokunquma ngokumelene nezingozi zokuzihlukanisa. Noma kuphi lapho kungenzeka khona, izinhlobonhlobo noma izimiso zokuhlukanisa kufanele zihlolwe ngokungathi zikhona, ngoba zinikeza i-valv yokuphepha ngokumelene nohlulwa okungakhomba okungalwisanayo. Ekugcineni, uvivinyo olubaluleke kakhulu lwanoma isiphi isimiso sokhetho esisemuva esihlelweni se-consit ayiwona yini uhulumeni oqinile, kodwa ukuthi uveza uhulumeni omkhulu oqondwa kahle. Ngaphandle kokusemthethweni, akukho simiso.