Indima Yamaqembu Anesithakazelo Esikhethekile Kwezombangazwe Zase - United States: Igunya, Ithonya Nempikiswano

Impikiswano enkulu ekhona eMelika ihilela abadlali ongakaze ubakhethe. Uma iSishayamthetho sicabangela inguquko yezokwelapha, izinkampani ezithaka imithi neziguli zisegumbini. Lapho izingxoxo zezemfundo zikhona, izinhlangano zothisha nabazali benza kube yizwi labo. Lapho kuvela imithetho yendawo ezungezile, abagqugquzeli bezimboni namaqembu okulondoloza imvelo balwela ithonya.

Lawa amaqembu akhethekile anesithakazelo [ .organty yabantu abahlanganiswe ngemigomo efanayo abasebenzela ukuthonya isimiso sikahulumeni. Ngezinye izikhathi babizwa ngokuthi amaqembu ombangi, amaqembu okucindezela, noma amaphasishi, futhi basebenzisa amandla amakhulu kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Abanye basebenzisa izinombolo zemali namabutho alwayo. Abanye basebenzisa izintambo zezicathulo ezihlelwa ngemigomo yezisebenzi zokuzithandela. Kodwa bonke banemgomo ofanayo: imithetho nezimiso zokulungisa izakhiwo nezimiso ukuze bazuzise imbango yabo.

I- ye-amaqembu anesithakazelo esikhethekile kwezombangazwe zase-U.S. ibalulekile futhi iphikisana. Abasekeli bayibheka njengentando yeningi ngokwezenzo", abahlela ukwenza amazwi abo azweke. Abagxeki bawabheka njengamathonya angcolisayo anika izicukucezi amandla angenakulinganiswa. Iqiniso, njengokuvamile, liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola ukuthi ayini amaqembu anesithakazelo esikhethekile, ukuthi athonya kanjani ezombangazwe, ukuthi kungani kubalulekile, futhi izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngendima yawo eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzama ukuqonda ukunxusa kwezezimali, ukuzibuza ngezimali zomkhankaso, noma ucabangela ukujoyina inhlangano yezentengiselwano, ukuqonda indlela amaqembu anesithakazelo asebenza ngayo ukuze aqhube izombangazwe zanamuhla.

Ayini Amaqembu Akhethekile Anesithakazelo?

Iqembu lesithakazelo esikhethekile [ liyinhlangano ehleliwe yabantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano ezifuna ukuthonya isimiso somphakathi ngezindlela ezisiza amalungu aso noma eziqhubekisela phambili inhloso yaso. Ngokungafani namaqembu ezombangazwe, afuna ukuwina okhetho nokubusa, amaqembu enzalo asebenza ukuthonya labo ababusayo.

Izici Eziwuphawu

Isakhiwo esihlelwe ngokwe-: Amaqembu esithakazelo esikhethekile anenhlangano engokomthetho(izikhulu, amalungu, uhlelo lokuhlela, namasu. Awawona amaqoqo akhululekile nje abantu abanezingqondo ezifana kodwa ayizinhlangano eziklanyelwe ithonya eliqinile lezombangazwe.

[ Izithakazelo ezihlanganyelwe: Amalungu anezinhloso ezifanayo, kungaba ukuvikela amalungelo ezibhamu, ukuthuthukisa izimbangela zendawo ezungezile, ukuthuthukisa inzuzo yezebhizinisi, noma ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Lenjongo ehlanganyelwe ihlanganisa abantu abahlukahlukene babe yiqembu elihlangene.

I-Fotocal Focus: Nakuba zinganikeza izinkonzo emalungwini (njengomshuwalense wezokuhwebelana), injongo yazo echazayo ithonya isimiso sikahulumeni ngomthetho, umthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, noma isenzo sokuqondisa.

Indima ye-Non-Governing[: Ngokungafani namaphathi, amaqembu enzalo awabasebenzisi abamele ukuthatha isikhundla ngaphansi kwebhanile lawo siqu. Bathonya labo abaphethe esikhundleni sokufuna amandla ngokuqondile.

Lokho Okubahlukanisayo Ezimpini Zezombangazwe

Umehluko phakathi [[QUL:0] kwamaqembu esithakazelo esikhethekile namaqembu ezombangazwe [ uyisisekelo:

[[Umthetho:0] Imikhosi ehambayo [:

• Ababalekela ukuyosebenza
• Funa ukulawula uhulumeni
• Zimise zonke izikhundla ezihlukene zezindaba
• Kumelwe anxuse imifelandawonye emikhulu ukuba inqobe izakhiwo ezinkulu
• Ihlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile ukuze incintiswane yokukhetha

[[Umthetho:0] Izaneliseko ezihlukene [[[Umthetho:1]:

• Ukusekela noma ukuphikisa abazolandela kodwa ungazisebenzisi ezabo
• Funa ukuthonya uhulumeni, hhayi ukuwulawula
• Gxila ezintweni ezincane ezihlobene nenhloso yazo
• Imelela imifelandawonye eqondile, hhayi imifelandawonye emikhulu
• Ihlelelwe ukusekela isimiso sokwenza izinto ngendlela eqhubekayo, hhayi imijikelezo yokukhetha

Lomehluko ubalulekile ngoba uhlela indlela lamaqembu asebenza ngayo. Ama-paries kumelwe athathe izikhundla ezilinganiselwe ukuze awine ukhetho; amaqembu enzala angathatha izimo ezeqisayo ukuze anelise isisekelo sawo. Amadili anomthwalo wemfanelo wokubusa; amaqembu enzalo angasekela ngaphandle komthwalo wokwenza ukuhlehla emsebenzini.

Ihlaya Lamaqembu Anesithakazelo

Amaqembu enzalo ahlukene avela ngezinhlobo eziningi, ezimelela cishe zonke izisusa ezikhona, izimboni, umsebenzi, nomqondo:

[[Umthetho:0] Amaqembu ezomnotho[[[QONDO:1]:

• izihlangene zezentengiselwano : Izigungu zezentengiselwano, ama-asea abathengisi njenge-National Association of Declarations
• Izinyunyana ze-labber[[FL:1]: AFL-CIO, iqoqo, i-sessioneeetaisess international Union
• izihlangene zomsebenzi : American Medical Association, American Bar Association
• Amaqembu ezolimo: Bureau yasepulazini, izihlangene zosizo-other-ficity

[[Umthetho:0] Izimiso kanye nombhalo owodwa [[Umthetho 1]:

• Amalungelo eGun/kulawula: National Rifle Association, Uwonke-wonke we-Fourgn for the Secuted
• [[Umthetho:0] Amalungelo okususa [[[Umthetho:1]: Uhlela ubuzali, ilungelo lesiZwe lokuya ekuphileni
• Amaqembu anezimo ezikhona: Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund
• Inkambiso yeTax: amaMelika weNguquko yentela, Iziko lohlelo lokuhlela nokuhlela izinto eziza kuqala

[[Umthetho:0] Ukuba negama kanye namalungelo omphakathi [[[QUL:1]:

• [[UMTL:0] I-racial nohlanga: NAACP, National Council of La Raza
• [ I-impemper: National Organization for Women, March
• LGBTQ: Umkhankaso wamalungelo abantu, iLambda esemthethweni
• umfundisi: Kristian Colition, Committee yaseMelika yamaJuda

[[Umthetho:0] Amaqembu esithakazelo [[[Umthetho:1]:

• [[I-FLT:0] Isivikelo se-Consumer: Imibiko ye-Consumer Reports, Public Citizen
• Inguquko yemithetho [: Imbangela evamile, Isikhungo somthetho somkhankaso
• Inkululeko [: American Civil Liberties Union, Electronic Frontial Foundation

Lokhu kuhlukahluka kusho ukuthi cishe wonke umuntu waseMelika umelelwa — mhlawumbe ngokungazi — ngamaqembu amaningi enzalo akhuthaza izindaba azikhathalelayo.

Intuthuko Engokomlando: Indlela Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Aba Ngayo Izindlu Zombuso Zezombangazwe

Amaqembu esithakazelo sombango [ aye aba yingxenye yezombangazwe zaseMelika kusukela ekusungulweni, kodwa indima yawo iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Inkathi Eyisisekelo: Amaqiniso Namaqembu Amakhulu

Abasunguli babekhathazekile ngalokho ababekubiza ngokuthi "izenzo"", amaqembu ahlanganiswe ngokufuna okungavumelani namalungelo ezinye izakhamuzi noma okuhle emphakathini. UJames Madison wakhuluma ngalokhu kukhathalela ku-Federalst No. 10, ephikisa ngokuthi amaqembu ayengenakugwenywa emiphakathini ekhululekile nokuthi ikhambi lalingenakuwaqeda (okungaqeda inkululeko) kodwa ukulawula imiphumela yawo ngezwe elikhulu elinezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene.

Amaqembu amakhulu anesithakazelo[: Ngisho nase republic yakuqala, amaqembu ahlelelwe ukuthonya isimiso:

• Abahwebi babefuna ukuvikelwa
• Abalimi babefuna ukukhululeka ezikweletini nasezinkambisweni zezwe
• Abavukeli baleNguquko bahlelelwe ukuvikela impesheni
• Amaqembu enkolo alwela (noma amelene) namasonto amisiwe

Nokho, lemizamo yokuqala yayiyivela kancane futhi ingahlelekile uma iqhathaniswa neyanamuhla.

Inkathi Ephakeme: Izinhlangano Nezinguquko

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le - 19 kwaba nokudlondlobala kwezinhlangano ezinamandla nezinhlangano zenguquko ezaziziphikisa:

[[FLT: 0] I-Railtrand Lobbing: Izinkampani zeRailrand ziba inganekwane yethonya lazo lezombangazwe, izishayamthetho zokuphakamisa, ukuvikela izimali ezinkulu zendawo, nomthetho wokulungisa. Lombuso wabangela ukuhlukumeza komphakathi nezinhlangano zokuguqula.

Ukuhlela: Izisebenzi zasabela emandleni enkampani ngokwakha izinyunyana nezinhlangano zezisebenzi ezifuna izimo ezingcono, amahora amafushane, nomthetho ovikelayo.

Impondo-phambili Iqembu Lenguquko: Izinhlangano ezinjengeNational Consumers League nezinhlangano zezindlu zokuhlalisa izingane ziqhutshelwa imithetho yezisebenzi, ukuphepha emsebenzini, kanye nokuvikela abathengi, ukudala isilinganisi seqembu lezithakazelo zomphakathi zanamuhla.

I - New Regation Nangaphezulu: Ukwanda Kweqembu Elinesithakazelo Ezombangazwe

Ekhulwini lama - 20 inani lamaqembu anesithakazelo, ayinkimbinkimbi futhi anethonya elandayo:

i-New Deal Era: Ukwanda kuka-Franklin Roosevelt kwaveza amathuba amasha kahulumeni ethonya lesithakazelo seqembu. Njengoba uhulumeni wayelawula izindawo eziningi zokuphila, amaqembu amaningi ahlelelwe ukuhlela lezo zimiso. Amaqembu amapulazi, ama-ploring commun , kanye nezinyunyana zezisebenzi konke kwakhula ngamandla nangemizwana yezisebenzi.

Ukwanda kwempi yeposi : Iminyaka ka-1960 no-1970 yabona ukwanda okungakaze kubonwe ekwakhekeni kweqembu lesithakazelo:

• Amaqembu alwela amalungelo omphakathi njengeNaACP Legal Defense Fund afinyelela ukunqoba okuphawulekayo
• Kwavela izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile ezinjenge - Sierra Club ne - Environmental Defense Fund
• Amaqembu abathengi aqondiswa amanani afana noRalph Nader ayesunduzela imithetho yokuphepha
• Izinkampani zomphakathi ezifuna ukuzwa isithakazelo zasebenzisa i - paligion ukuze zithuthukise imigomo yezomthetho

Indlela yokuhlanganisa : Namuhla, izinkulungwane zamaqembu enzalo zisebenza kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, nakuleyondawo. Washington, D.C. zimema abangenisi ababhalisiwe abangaphezu kwe 12 000, nenzalo esetshenziswa ekungeniseni izikhungo ezidlula amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3,000 ngonyaka.

Intuthuko Eyinhloko Ibhuntshisa Amaqembu Afuna Isithakazelo Ezombangazwe Zanamuhla

Izinqumo zezemali: Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme, ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi ezihlangene v. FEC (2010), inguquko yezimali zomkhankaso ngokuvumela izindleko ezizimele ezingenamingcele zezinhlangano, izinyunyana, namaqembu abaphathi abaphezulu nge-PACs.

Inguquko ye-Digital: ubuchwepheshe be-inthanethi benza izinhlobo ezintsha zezimpande ezihlela utshani, ukuqoqa, nokuqoqa. Amaqembu anjenge-Found On.org aphayona nge-inthanethi yomsebenzi wobuProfethi, kuyilapho imithombo yezembutho yasungula izindlela ezintsha zokuzilungiselela.

Ukuguqula : Njengoba ezombangazwe zaseMelika zazihluka kakhulu, amaqembu esithakazelo aba aweqisa kakhulu futhi angazimisele ukuyekethisa, afaka igalelo lokuvuleka kwemisebe.

Umnyango ojikelezayo: Umnyakazo wezisebenzi phakathi kukahulumeni nezinkampani ezikhuthazayo washesha, udala izinhlangano zethonya futhi ukhulise izinkathazo zezimiso zokuziphatha.

Indlela Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Esikhethekile Athonya Ngayo Ezombangazwe: Amathuluzi Amandla

Ukuqonda indlela amaqembu anesithakazelo esikhethekile athonya ngayo ezombangazwe kudinga ukuhlola amasu ahlukahlukene asebenzisayo ekulolongeni indlela.

Ukuqamba: Ukuqondisa okuqondiswe kubenzi besinqumo

Ukulawula kumelela uhlobo oluqondile lwesithakazelo seqembu elithonya ngokuqondiseneyo(-"kuxoshana nezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuhlela izinqumo zezimiso.

[[Umthetho:0] Lokho iLobbysts Do[[Umthetho 1]:

• Iprojected yokwaziswa: Abalawuli banikeza izishaya-mthetho nabaqondisi ngokucwaninga okuningiliziwe, ukuhlaziya kwezimiso, kanye nobuchwepheshe ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi
• umthetho wesihlengo [: Amaqembu athakazelayo avame ukubhala umbhalo wangempela wezindleko, osuthulwa abamisi-mthetho abanozwela
• ihlola emacaleni: Abameleli bavela phambi kwamakomiti omhlangano nezinhlangano eziqondisayo ukuveza izikhundla zabo
• [ ukwakha ubuhlobo: I-lobbytes ihlakulela ubuhlobo obude nabenzi bomthetho, izisebenzi, no-bhureaucrates ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala uma kudingeka
• Izenzakalo ze-[: Amaqembu ahlela umthetho, imithetho, nezinqumo zenkantolo ezithinta izithakazelo zabo

Uhlobo lweLobbing:

I-Direct Lobbing: imihlangano yomuntu siqu, izingcingo, kanye nokubhalelana nezikhulu. Lo mdlalo udinga ukufinyelela, ubuchwepheshe, nobudlelwane.

Grassroots Lobbing: iphakamiso elisebenzisa impoqo ukuze lithintane nabameleli balo, lidala ukuvela kokucindezela komphakathi. Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla benza lokhu kube lula kunanini ngaphambili, nakuba abanye bengabaza ukuthi ama-imeyili ahamba ngemishini anesisindo esikhulu.

Inkokhelo yenkomfa : Amaqembu anezithakazelo ezihlangene ukuze ahlangane ukuze andise izwi lawo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, namaqembu athuthukayo avame ukuhlangana ezintweni eziza kuqala.

Ukulawula ukuthatha imvume: Ngaphandle kwezishaya-mthetho, amaqembu anxusa izinhlangano eziphethe ezibhala imithetho ehlelayo. Lokhu kunxusa okungabonakali kungaba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu.

Isibonelo sangempela somhlaba : Lapho kusungulwa i-Affordal Care Act, izinkampani ezithaka imithi, izimboni zomshuwalense, izibhedlela, amaqembu odokotela, abameleli abaxhwalekileyo, nezinhlangano zemibono ephilile. Amanye amaqembu asebenzisa inqwaba yabangeni ngalinye, echitha izigidi ukuhlela amalungiselelo akhethekile. Umthetho wokugcina waveza ukuhlehliswa phakathi kwalezizithakazelo ezincintisanayo, ngokuwina iqoqo ngalinye kuyilapho lilahlekelwa ezinye.

Iminikelo Yomkhankaso: Ukuthenga Ukutholakala Nethonya

Imali inendima eyinhloko kwezentengiselwano zeqembu lenzalo, ngokuyinhloko ifakwe ku- Political Action Committee (ama-PAC) kanye ne-PCs.

[[Umthetho:0] I-paCs ye-stractal[[Umthetho 1]:

• Izinhlangano ezasungulwa ukuze ziqoqe imali emalungwini futhi zinikele kubantu abazobhapathizwa
• Kulinganiselwa ku - R1 500 ngokhetho ngalunye
• Kumelwe kuthululwe abanikelwe nabamukelayo
• Ihlanganiswe nemikhankaso kanye namaphathi

[[Umthetho:0] I-PACS[[UMTL:1]:

• Ukudalwa Kwezakhamuzi Ngemva Kwesinqumo Esinobunye Kuvumela izindleko ezizimele ezingenamingcele
• Ingaphakamisa futhi ichithe imali engenamkhawulo ezinkampaneni, ezinyunyana, nakubantu ngabanye
• Ayikwazi ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nabazohlolwa
• Kumelwe kuthulule abanikeleyo (nakuba "imali emnyama" amaqembu angafihla imithombo yangempela)

[[Umthetho:0] Indlela iminikelo edala ngayo ithonya[[Umthetho:1]

Access: Iminikelo yomkhankaso iqinisekisa ukuthi abangenisi bemiyalo bathola imihlangano nabalungisi bemithetho nezisebenzi zabo. Nakuba amaqembu athi awasho "ukuthenga amavoti," ayavuma ukuthenga ithuba lokuthola ithuba lokuthatha icala.

[ RETATING Brail[: Iminikelo yasikhathi sonke ekuhambeni kwesikhathi yakha ubuhlobo bokuncika komunye nomunye. Abenzi bomthetho bathembela emaqenjini ukuze baxhase; amaqembu athembele kubenzi bomthetho ukuze bathole inkambiso elungile.

I-electoral Leavege: Usongo lwabaphikisi lunikeza amaqembu ukuba asebenzise izintambo zokusekela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isithembiso sokusekela sisiza amaqembu ukuba aklame izikhundla zokufuna ukuthatha i-athoba ngaphambi kokuba afike ehhovisi.

I-Irrue Frame: Ngezindleko ezizimele, amaPC amakhulu anezikhangiso ezikhangisayo ezivumelanayo, ezilungisa inkulumo yeningi nezinhlelo zezombangazwe.

Amanani[: Emjikelezweni wokhetho wama-2022, i-PACs yanikela ngaphezu koR2,4 000 000 000 000 (R4,4 000 000) kuhulumeni ozokuvota, kuyilapho i-Super PACs isebenzisa imali engaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-4,8 ezimalini ezizimele. Lezizibalo azihlanganisi izindleko zikahulumeni.

Imfundo Yomphakathi Nemikhankaso Yokuphanga

Amaqembu anesithakazelo awafuni nje ukuthobisa izikhulu kuphela, asebenzela ukuthonya umbono womphakathi ukuze abangele ukucindezela kokushintsha kwezimiso.

[[UMKHWEKWE] Imikhankaso yeMedia:

• Izikhangiso zethelevishini nezemisakazo zikhuthaza izikhundla zazo
• Amaphephandaba nezincwadi
• Imikhankaso yezokuxhumana nokubambisana kwabanethonya
• Amabhayisikobho abhalwe ngesandla kanye nokuqukethwe okuxhaswe

[[UMTHWEBHEZO:0] Ukucwaninga nemibiko[[Umthetho:1]:

• Amaphepha emithetho anikeza izimbumbulu zempi
• Ucwaningo nezibalo kusekela ukuma kwazo
• Ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda nokusebenzelana kwezifundo
• Izindawo zokuhlola eziqhubeka zicwaninga

[[UMTL:0] Izenzakalo ze-Public [:

• Imihlangano nezinkulumo eziwuchungechunge ziphakamisa izindaba
• Imiklomelo nokuqashelwa kwakha abangane abahle
• Odumile basekela abantu abakhuluma kakhulu

I-Expapr - Climate Advocacy: Amaqembu endawo ezungezile aye enza imikhankaso eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlela umbono womphakathi ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Axhaswe kakhulu ukucwaninga kwezesayensi, aveza imibhalo yezincwadi enjenge "An Incontenfient Truth," izinhlangano zentsha ezihlelekile njenge Sunise Movement, futhi ahlanganisa ukugadla kwesimo sezulu sembulunga yonke. Lemizamo yasiza ekushumukiseni isimo sezulu esiseceleni kwengxenye yengxenye enkulu yendaba yezombangazwe kubantu abaningi abafunayo.

Ukuphambana Ngezimpande: Amandla Abantu

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye bathuthukisa ikhono lamaqembu elithakazelisayo lokubuthela abasekeli bezombangazwe.

[[Umthetho:0] Ukuphambanisa kwe-voterium [[[QUL:1]:

• Abavoti ababhalisayo cishe bazosekela izikhundla zabo
• Phuma-phuma-kwenelisa imisebenzi ngosuku lokhetho
• Abaqondisi bezincwadi balinganisela abazoxoxa ngezindaba zabo
• Imikhankaso yokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala

[[Umthetho:0] Isenzo sokuthatha isinyathelo[[Umthetho:1]:

• Amaza, ukubhikisha, nemibhikisho
• Ukungalaleli kombango nokumelana nobudlova
• Ukungqubuzana kwamahholo edolobha nokucindezela komphakathi
• Amajaji axoshwayo nezenzo zokuthenga

Ukuhlela [:

• Imikhankaso yama - email ibangela izigidi zabantu ukuba zixhumane nabashaya imithetho
• Izicelo ezitholakala kuyi - Internet ezikhuthaza ukwanda
• Imithombo yezindaba nemikhankaso yamagciwane
• Ukubuthana nokuqoqa imali encane

Isifundo - Inhlangano ye-Tea Party: Kusukela ngo-2009, amaqembu abambelele kakhulu enziwe ngotshani alwa nezimiso zobuOma. Bahlela ihholo ledolobha, izinselele eziyinhloko ngokumelene namaRepublican, kanye nokuvota. Le misebe yotshani, isekelwa amaqembu abambelele esubeni, ngokuyisisekelo aguqula iRiphabliki Partian nezingxoxo zemithetho iminyaka eminingi.

Ukusola: Ukusebenzisa Izinkantolo Ukuze Ufinyelele Imigomo Yomthetho

Amanye amaqembu anesithakazelo aphishekela izinguquko esimisweni sokwahlulela kunokuba (noma ngaphezu) ashintshe izishaya - mthetho.

Ukuguqula [:

• Ukuwakhetha ngokucophelela amacala ahlolwayo ukuze uthole izibonelo ezinhle
• Ukumelela izikhulu ngazinye ukuze ziphikise imithetho noma izinqubo
• I - “filing anicus curiae ” ("umngane wenkantolo") iyafingqa ezicaleni ezibalulekile
• Ukwakha izindlela zokulungisa inkathi ende engamashumi eminyaka

Izici zempumelelo ye-litig:

[ACP] Esemthethweni Unyango lokuvikela : Nge-patrigiation ephethe kuBrown v. Board of Education (1954), i-NAACP idiliza ubandlululo olungokomthetho/inhloso engenakufinyelelwa ngezishayamthetho ngalesosikhathi.

[ Amaqembu angokomsuka : Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Sierra Club ne Environmental Defense Fund ziye zasebenzisa amacala ukuze ziphoqelele izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba ziphoqelele imithetho yendawo ezungezile futhi zivikele izinhlobo ezisengozini.

ACLU: Inkululeko ye-Civil Union ye-America ibeke izigebengu ezivelele ezicazululwe emacaleni enkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ukuzifihla, nobulungisa bobugebengu, okumisa umthetho womthetho-mfantu iminyaka eyikhulu.

Inhlangano esemthethweni esemthethweni : Amaqembu anjengeFederalist Society ne-Alliance Ilwela Inkululeko aye abekela inselele ngokuphumelelayo ukuvuma isenzo, imithetho yezezimali, namalungelo okukhipha isisu ngokuqamba ucingo.

Isizathu sokuba iLitigation Works: Izinkantolo azinakuwashaya indiva amaqembu ngendlela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezingase ziwashaye ngayo. Izinqumo zokwahlulela zidala izimpawu ezibophayo ezithinta izwe lonke. Futhi ezindabeni eziphikisanayo lapho izikhulu zemithetho zingenakukwazi, izinkantolo zinikeza enye indlela yokushintsha isimiso.

Izimpikiswano: Zisusa Iqembu Lezithakazelo Ezombangazwe

[[I-FLT:0] iqokobhe lamaqembu anesithakazelo esikhethekile[ lidala impikiswano enkulu ngethonya lawo embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika.

Isizathu Sokuba Abasekeli Bawazise Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Esikhethekile

[[Umthetho:0] Iprojective kanye nolwazi[[Umthetho:1]:

Izikhulu zikahulumeni azinakuba ochwepheshe kunoma imuphi umagazini. Amaqembu anesithakazelo anikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe, ubuchwepheshe, nokuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo okuthuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwezimiso. Uma uMkhandlu ucabangela inguquko yezempilo, amaqembu kadokotela, izikhungo zesibhedlela, kanye nabasekeli beziguli banikeza ukuqonda okuntulayo abamisi-mthetho.

[[Umthetho:0] Amazwi ezakhamuzi akhazimulisayo[[Umthetho:1]:

Izakhamuzi azinalo ithonya lalutho, amaqembu anesithakazelo afaka ukukhathazeka komuntu siqu embusweni, enikeza abantu abavamile izwi elinengqondo kwezombangazwe.

[[UMTL:0] Ukumelela iMiqondo eguquguqukayo:

Inqwaba yamaqembu anesithakazelo iqinisekisa ukuthi cishe yonke imibono imelelwa ezimpikiswaneni zezenqubo. Ibhizinisi, izisebenzi zendawo ezungezile nezimboni, amalungelo ezibhamu nokulawula izibhamu konke kunezinhlangano ezikwenza kube yindaba yakho.

Igcwalisa amagebhu amelelayo:

Amaqembu anesithakazelo agcwalisa la magebe asakazwa yizibhamu ezisezindaweni eziningi angahlela izizwe, amahlelo amancane enkolo angahlangana ngamazwe, futhi izithakazelo ezisakazekayo zingafinyelela emabuthweni ezombangazwe.

[[UMTL:0] Ifundisa umphakathi [:

Amaqembu anesithakazelo aphakamisa ukuqashelwa kwezimpikiswano ezingase zinganakwa kakhulu. Ubani obengazi ngezinguquko ezifihlekile zokulawula, izivumelwano eziyinkimbinkimbi zezohwebo, noma imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kwamaqembu abonisa zona?

Ukuqeda Amandla Kahulumeni [:

Izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi ziquliswa icala lapho kuphulwa amalungelo, amaqembu ezinja aqaphe aveza ukungcola nenkohlakalo, futhi izinhlangano zobushiqela zifaka izikhulu icala.

Isibonelo esithathayo[: Lapho i-Veterans Administration ibhekene nenkinga yezikhathi zokulinda ezinde nokunakekela okungekuhle, izinhlangano zomakadlelwano zaletha ukunakekela kulenkinga, zifuna umthetho wenguquko, futhi zihlola ukusetshenziswa. Omakadlelwano ngabanye babengenawo amandla okuphoqelela ushintsho; ukuhlelwa kokuzikhandleka kwaphumelela lapho ukukhononda okuhlukene kwehluleka.

Okwenza Abagxeki Bazibheke Njengenkinga

[[Umthetho:0] Amaqembu athakazelayo athatha [[[QET:1]:

Iqembu lezombangazwe elinesithakazelo livumela labo abanemithombo yemali. Izinhlangano nezinkampani zezimboni zingaqasha amabutho abazanyana futhi zichithe izigidi emikhankasweni, kuyilapho zisakaza izithakazelo zomphakathi zilwa nokuhlela nokuxhasa ukuhweba. Lokhu kubangela ubandlululo oluhleliwe ngezithakazelo ezicebile, nezimatasa.

[[UMTH:0] Ukwehla ezakhamuzini ezivamile[[[UMQONDO:1]:

Uma amaqembu anezikhundla eziphambili ekwazi ukuxhumana nabamisi-mthetho kuyilapho abantu abavamile bezama ukuzwiwa, idemokrasi iba yi-plutocracy. Imboni eyizigidi ezingu - R5 esetshenziselwa ukudonsa izingcingo iqeda amazwi ezigidi zezakhamuzi ezithumela ama-imeyili kubameleli.

[[Umthetho:0] Ukuzingela kanye neqiniso lokonakala [[Umthetho:1]:

Ngisho noma iminikelo yemikhankaso ingawathengi ngokoqobo amavoti, adala imibono elimaza ukonakala okululaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Uma abavoti bekholelwa ukuthi izinqubo zisekela abanikeli abasekela izakhamuzi, ukuthembela kuhulumeni kuyaphela.

[[Umthetho:0] Izinzuzo ezincane ngaphezu kokuhle komphakathi[[Umthetho 1]]

Amaqembu anesithakazelo aqhubekisela phambili izithakazelo zamalungu awo, hhayi isithakazelo somphakathi. Uma izimali zokuxhasa amapulazi zisiza ngezindleko zabakhokhi bentela, noma lapho izimboni zithatha abaqondisi bazo, zihlelelwe ukuthatha izinzuzo ezincane kuyilapho izindleko ziwela emphakathini ongahlelekile.

[[Umthetho:0] Uhele lomfutho wegilathi[[Umthetho:1]:

Ngamaqembu amaningi asebenzisa amandla okulawula izihlongozo eziwathintayo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuguqula izinto ngokuningi. iqembu ngalinye livikela isimo salo, livimbela izinguquko eziyozuzisa umphakathi wonke kodwa lilimaza izinqubo ezithile.

[[UMTH:0] Umnyango ojikelezayo[:

Izikhulu zingase zenze izinqumo ziqonde amathuba akhuthazayo esikhathi esizayo, kuyilapho izikhulu ezazikade zisekela ubuhlobo bukahulumeni ngamakhasimende azo.

[[Ukwehla:0] Ukwenza kube lula nokukhipha [[Umthetho:1]

Amaqembu anesithakazelo awafuni ukuyekethisa, ngakho - ke amalungu awo afuna ukuba alwele izikhundla ezihlanzekile. Lokhu kuqinisa ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe, njengoba amaqembu ephoqelela amaqembu ukuba angene eqise futhi ejezisa izikhulu ezifuna ukubekwa isisekelo esiqinile.

Isibonelo sangempela[: Ukulwa ngenguquko yentela ka 2017 kwabonisa isithakazelo seqembu lezezombangazwe ngobubi baso, abagxeki baphikisa. Nakuba izinkampani nabantu abacebile babenemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuzama ukulanda izinhlelo ezikhethekile ezifanele izigidi, abakhokhi bentela abavamile babenemiboniso elinganiselwe. Imali yokugcina yayinezinto eziningi ezizuzisa izimboni ezithile kuyilapho inezela izigidigidi ezintethelelayo enteleni.

Inkinga Yamadison

Le mpikiswano ibonisa ukukhathazeka kokuqala kukaJames Madison kuFederalist No. 10. Amaqiniso (amaqembu athakazelayo) awagwemeki emiphakathini ekhululekile − ukuwacindezela kungaqeda inkululeko. Kodwa, awaqashelwa. Ikhambi likaMadison − iRepublic enkulu enezithakazelo eziphikisanayo − izakhiwo esicabanga ngazo ngamaqembu anezithakazelo namuhla.

Umbuzo awukona ukuthi kufanele ube namaqembu anesithakazelo, okungagwemeki embusweni wentando yeningi. Umbuzo uwukuthi ithonya lawo lingalawulwa kanjani ngokukhiqizayo kuyilapho lilinganisela ikhono lawo lokuxhashazwa.

Ukuvuselela Nokulungisa: Imizamo Yokulawula Ithonya Leqembu Elinesithakazelo

Ixhala nge [[QLT:0] iqembu lesithakazelo esikhethekile lithonye liye labangela imizamo ehlukene yokuqondisa nokuguqula.

Umshini Obophayo Nokubhalisa

UMthetho we-Displam eLabrefis (1995): Abangenisi badinga ukubhalisa nohulumeni futhi babike imisebenzi yabo, kuhlanganise:

• Omelelwa yizo
• Yiziphi izimpikiswano ezibasekelayo
• Ukuthi zichitha malini emisebenzini yokukhuthaza abanye
• Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizithintayo

: Ukubona gca kuvumela umphakathi nemithombo yezindaba ukuba kulandele ukuthi ubani onxusayo ukuthi yini, kudala ukulandisa.

Ama-Weakes: Abathonye abaningi bayakugwema ukubhalisa ngokuthi abachithi isikhathi esanele ekufuneni izicelo ngokuqondile, izincazelo zinezaba, futhi ukugcinwa kulinganiselwe.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwemali Emkhankasweni

[ I-Federal Econstration Campainse Act (1971, i- 1974 elungisiwe]: imingcele emisiwe yomnikelo, izimfuneko zokwambula, kanye nohlelo lwe-PAC.

Bipartisan Champainsel Reform Act (2002,]: Yaziwa futhi ngokuthi McCain-Fenold, yavimbela iminikelo yemali ethambile ebhaliswa emaphathini esizwe futhi yakhipha izikhangiso ezigunyaziwe eduze nokhetho.

I-CItamings United v. FEC (2010): INkantolo Ephakeme yalahla imingcele yezindleko ezizimele zezinhlangano, iholela enkathini yePUC ePhakeme.

[[UMTL:0]C Isakhelo samanje:

• Iminikelo ye - PAC yanda ngo - R2 500 ngokhetho
• Iminikelo yomuntu ngamunye yayilinganiselwa ku - R2 300 ngokhetho (2024)
• Ama - PAC aphakeme angaphakamisa futhi achithe imali engenakulinganiswa
• Amaqembu amnyama emali angafihla izimpawu ezinikelwayo ngezakhiwo ezingabizi

[[Umthetho:0] guqula amaprojekthi[[Umthetho:1]:

• Ukuguqula Izakhamuzi Zinobunye Ngokulungisa Umthetho - sisekelo
• Ukusekela umphakathi ngezimali imikhankaso yokunciphisa ukuncika kwenzalo yeqembu lemali
• Izimfuneko eziqinile zokwembula imithombo yangempela yokusebenzisa imali kwezombangazwe
• Izinhlelo ezincane ezifanisa iminikelo yokukhulisa izimpande zotshani

Imithetho Yezimiso Nemingcele Elungisa Umnyango

Izikhathi zokuhlanganisa-umoya[: Amalungu ayekhona eKhongolo abhekene nokuvinjelwa unyaka owodwa (iminyaka emibili yokuhola) ngaphambi kokunxenxa abantu ababesebenza nabo. Izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe zibhekene nemingcele efanayo.

Gefft Bans: I-lobbysts ibhekene nemingcele eqinile eziphweni eziqondiswe kuziphathimandla, nakuba ikhona ngokwezehlakalo ezivamile nezinye izimo.

[ Izimfuneko ezivumelanayo[: Izikhulu kumele zembule izithakazelo ezingokwezimali ezingadala izingxabano.

Ama-Weaks: Imingcele inezaba ``izikhulu ezinduna zingaba "izeluleko ezicubungulayo" imizamo yokudlulisa izicelo ngokusemthethweni. Ukuphoqelela ngokuvamile akunamandla, futhi izijeziso azivamile ukuvimbela ukuphazanyiswa.

Izwe Nezinguquko Zendawo

Ezinye izifunda namadolobha ziye zamisa imithetho eqinile kunomthetho kahulumeni:

I-Squattle kanye nenye iDolobha: Ngithunyeza "i-democracy projecter" uhlelo olunikeza izakhamuzi imvume exhaswe obala ukunikela kwabazofaka idili, ukukhulisa amaphimbo amancane ahlangeneyo.

Ixmoticut: isungulwe ngokwezimali yomphakathi onamandla emahhovisi kahulumeni, inciphisa ukuncika kwenzalo yemali yeqembu.

Alaska noMaine: Sebenzisa ukuvota okunokubaluleka, nciphisa ithonya leqembu lenzalo ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba baveze okuthandwayo okungaqondakali.

[ Montana kanye nenye i-: bezama ukulondoloza imithetho eqinile yezezimali, nakuba izinqumo zenkantolo kahulumeni zivame ukudlula imizamo kahulumeni.

Inguquko Isehlakalo

Ngokuthakazelisayo, imizamo yokuguqula ivame ukuba izimpi phakathi kwamaqembu enzalo ngokwawo. Ukushintsha kwezezimali kwezezimali kukhanga ukusekelwa kwamanye amaqembu (izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinhle, izinyunyana zezisebenzi ezesaba ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano) nokuphikiswa kwamanye (amaqembu afuna amalungelo okukhuluma akhululekile, izimboni ezizuzayo emithethweni yamanje). Ngisho nokuqondisa isithakazelo kuhilela amaqembu ezombangazwe anenzalo.

Izenzo Zamaqembu Akhethekile Anesithakazelo: Ukuhlola Izihloko

Izingxoxo ezicashile zethonya leqembu lesithakazelo ziba sobala ngezibonelo zezwe langempela.

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongantengantengi Ubangela Izithakazelo

Ukudlula kwe-Obamacare ngo-2010 kuboniseke kuhlangene kakhulu neqembu lezombangazwe kulo lonke ubuchwepheshe bayo.

[[Umthetho:0] Abadlali[[Umthetho:1]:

• Izinkampani ezisebenzisa ama-athomo: Ifake ama-athom angaphezu kwezigidi zamaRandi, ithembisa ukungadingi ukuthengiswa kwentengo yemilaliso ukuze isekele inguquko
• Imboni yokudayisa : Iphikisa ekuqaleni, kamuva yadingidwa ngenjongo yokugunyaza okudinga ukuthengwa
• Izihlangene zama-hospital: inguquko exhasiwe eshintshaniswe nomqulu okhushuliwe wesiguli
• Amaqembu odokotela [: ahlukene phakathi kwe-AMA (ukusekela) nochwepheshe (ofaka amalungiselelo athile)
• Izinyunyana ze-labber: zisunduzelwe ukukhetha umphakathi futhi zalwa ngokumelene "nentela yeCadillac" emacebeni amahle
• Amaqembu ezentengiselwano : Aphikisa kakhulu, acaphuna izindleko kanye nomthetho
• Amaqembu azimele e-advocation: Ukuncishiswa kwamaqembu aqondene nezifo kusekela ukunwetshwa kokuhlanganisa
• Amaqembu anezikhundla: ukuphikiswa okuphambanisiwe ngemikhankaso yezimpande zotshani nezinselele zomthetho
• AARP: inguquko exhasiwe, enikeza isembozo sezombangazwe kumalungiselelo ahlobene ne-Medicare-

Inzuzo [[FLT: 1]: Umthetho wokugcina waveza ukuhlehla phakathi kwalamaqembu ancintisanayo. Imboni ngayinye enkulu yazibopha amalungiselelo okuvikela izithakazelo zayo kuyilapho imukela izinto eziza kuqala zabanye. Ukukhetha komphakathi kwafa ngemva kokuphikiswa kwemboni yomshuwalense, kodwa abakhokhi bemishuwalense bamukela imithetho egunyaza umuntu ngamunye. Izinkampani zezidakamizwa zazigwema ukuxoxa ngentengo kodwa zabhekana nenkokhiso entsha.

Izincwadi[: Umthetho omkhulu uba inqubo yokuncintisana phakathi kwezithakazelo ezihleliwe. Amaqembu anemithombo eminingi nemisebenzi eminingi avame ukuvikela izinto zawo eziphambili. Izithakazelo zomphakathi ezihlukile (njengezindleko eziphansi) zingalahlekelwa izithakazelo eziphambili.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 2: Amalungelo Ezibhamu Aphikisana Nezigwegwe Zezibhamu

Zimbalwa izindaba ezibonisa isithakazelo seqembu lezinhlamvana ezinamandla njengenkulumo - mpikiswano yezibhamu:

National Rifle Association: Mhlawumbe i-Melika inethonya elikhulu kakhulu eqenjini elilodwa le-issue, i-NRA:

• Ichitha amashumi ezigidi okhetho, ngokuyinhloko isekela amaRepublican
• Abasunguli bemithetho abanezikhundla zokulwela amalungelo ezibhamu, bethonya izinselele eziyinhloko
• Ihlongandlebe iphanga izigidi zamalungu ukuze izenze ama - “proviv ”
• Izinyathelo zokunqanda izibhamu ezivalwe ngokuphumelelayo ngisho nangemva kokudubulana kwabantu abaningi
• Kwasetshenziswa incazelo ukuze kwandiswe iziNguqulo Zesibili

Izinhlangano zokulawula zeGun: Amaqembu afana nawo wonke amatown e-Fowet ye-Fowet yokhuseleko lwesibhamu kanye nomkhankaso we-Brady:

• Sebethuthuke kakhulu futhi sebethole imali engcono eminyakeni yamuva
• Ukunqoba okufinyelelwe kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni ekuhloleni isizinda nemithetho yefulege ebomvu
• Ukunyakaza kwezimpande zotshani ezakhekile kuholwa abasinda ekudutshuleni
• Sebenzisa izindaba ezithinta imizwelo ngokuphumelelayo

I-: Emashumini eminyaka, amaqembu amalungelo ezibhamu ayelawula ngenxa yokuthi amanani ayebaluleke kakhulu kunamanani. Abameleli bamalungelo ezibhamu babevota kulendaba eyodwa; abaxhasi bezibhamu babenezinye izinto eziza kuqala. Ukudubulana kwamuva nje kuye kwanika amandla umzabalazo wokulawula izibhamu, kwadala umncintiswano wezombangazwe olinganiselayo.

[2022 Breadthrough: Ngemva kokudubula kwesikole, isamba sebhamu se-Uvalde sadlula, i-bipartisn yokuphepha ngesibhamu sadlula (ikhasi lokuqala emashumini eminyaka). Lokhu kubonisa ukushintsha kweqembu lenzalo, ngamaqembu okulawula izibhamu ekugcineni afanisa amalungelo ezibhamu kwezinye izifunda.

Izifundo[: Ukungavumelani kwezinto ezithandwayo kunenani. Iqembu elincane elihlelwe kahle linganqoba izinto ezinkulu ezingahleleki. Kodwa i-actival engalokhu ithatha isinyathelo ingasusa izikhundla ezingenakususwa ngaphambili.

Ukutadisha Indaba 3: Ubuchwepheshe Obusuka Kwababezi Bomzi - mveliso Buya Ekubanikezeni Abadlali Amandla

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemboni yobuchwepheshe kubonisa indlela amaqembu anesithakazelo azivumelanisa ngayo nezimo ezishintshayo:

Inkathi yokuqala (1990s-2000s): Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zazikugwema kakhulu ukunxenxa, zizibheka njengeziphazamisa ezihlukene nezombangazwe. Izinkinga zeMicrosoft ezimelene nokuthembana zabonisa izindleko zokulahla kwezombangazwe.

Ukuhlanganisa (2010)[: Amakhampani akha ukuba khona kweWashington ukuze kulungise izinto ezinjenge:

• Izimiso zokungathathi hlangothi ku - Internet
• Inguquko kaPaten
• Isivikelo sangasese nemininingwane
• Isimiso sokuthutha seH-1B visa
• Isimiso sokuhwebelana nentela emhlabeni wonke

Ithonya lendlela yokusebenza (2010-ingxenye): Ubuchwepheshe baba yindlu yamandla adonsa izintambo:

• UGoogle, i - Amazon, i - Facebook, i - Apple neMicrosoft manje achitha ama - dollar ayizigidi ezingu - 50 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 36) ngonyaka ekungeneni ezindaweni eziya kuzo
• Izinkampani zezemisebenzi zihlela ukulinganisela izinto eziza kuqala phakathi kwezinto ezimbili
• Amaqembu aqasha izikhulu zikahulumeni ezazikade zingochwepheshe futhi zikwazi ukufinyelela
• Izinhlangano zezohwebo njenge - Internet Association zenza izwi likhulu

[[Umthetho:0] Amasheya namakhothamo [[[Umthetho:1]:

• Ukuhlola ukuthembeka kwabangela imikhankaso emikhulu yokunxusa
• Izimpikiswano zobuchwepheshe ezihilela ukuba umuntu abe wedwa zimelene nabasekeli babathengi
• Ingxenye 230 yesivikelo esibangela ukungemthetho yaba yindawo yempi yezombangazwe
• Ukulinganisela okunenenzuzo kuphakamisa imibuzo yenkululeko yokukhuluma neyokubamba amandla egesi

C Isimo samanje: Amaqembu obuchwepheshe manje alingana nezimboni ezingokwesiko ekukhuthazeni imali nethonya lezombangazwe, nakuba ebhekene nokugxekwa kwe-bipartis kanye nezinsongo zokuziphindisela.

[ Izincwadi : Ngisho nezimboni ezithi ziphazamisa izimiso zamasiko ekugcineni zihlanganyela kwezezombangazwe ezingokwesiko. Imali nenhlangano kudala ithonya, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zimboni ziyini.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo 4: Ukwakha Indawo Ezungezile Nezindawo Ezizungezile Kuyaphumelela

Amaqembu endawo abonisa indlela inhlangano enganqoba ngayo izinkinga zemithombo yezinto:

[[UMTL:0] Inhlangano yendawo ezungezile[:

• Izinhlangano ezinjenge - Sierra Club, i - Environmental Defense Fund, ne - Natural Resources Defense Council zihlela ukusebenzelana kwezinhlangano
• Ukuqamba imilomo kuye kwaba ithuluzi eliphumelela ngokukhethekile elinikezwa impumelelo elinganiselwe yemithetho
• Ubuchwepheshe nokucwaninga okungokwesayensi kunikeza ukuthenjelwa
• Ukusekela komphakathi ukuvikela indawo ezungezile kwakha isisekelo sezombangazwe

[[UMTH:0] Imidlalo yemidlalo ejabulisayo:

• I - deat Act Yasemoyeni Ne - Act Yamanzi Ahlanzekile Yanda Ngokukhanyiswa
• Izilwane Ezisengozini Ithatha Icala Ngokumangalela
• Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu esihleliwe kuhambisana nokudla okungalawuleki
• Isilinganiso sikahulumeni sithola amandla avuselelekayo nokukhishwa kwamagesi

[[Umthetho:0] Ukubekwa[[Umthetho:1]:

• Amaqembu ezobuchwepheshe anemithombo eminingi yengcebo alwa nezimiso zendawo ezungezile
• Izinhlangano ezikhululekile ezithengisayo zibekela izimiso zendawo ezungezile inselele ezimweni zezomnotho
• Amaqembu alwela amalungelo empahla amelana nokuvinjelwa kwendawo

Ukulungisa : amaqembu endawo aqala nge-(e):

• Ukusebenzisa incazelo ngendlela ehlelekile ukuze kuphoqelelwe uhulumeni ukuba athathe isinyathelo
• Ukwakha imibuthano emikhulu ehlanganisa amaqembu ahlukahlukene
• Ubuchwepheshe obungokwesayensi obuqand ’ ikhanda ukuze umuntu athembeke
• Ukuhlela izinkinga zendawo ezungezile ngokwezomnotho (imisebenzi eluhlaza, umnotho wamandla ahlanzekile)

Izincwadi[: Izimo zengcebo zinganqotshwa nge-ligitary quality, isakhiwo esihlangene, nokusekela komphakathi. Ukuhlanganisa izindaba zezokuvikela indawo ezungezile emisebenzini nomnotho kukhanga kakhulu kunabantu abadayisa indawo ezungezile.

Ukushintsha Kwezinombolo: Indlela Ubuchwepheshe Obushintsha Ngayo Iqembu Lezithakazelo Ezombangazwe

Inguquko yezobuchwepheshe yaguqula kakhulu indlela amaqembu enzalo asebenza ngayo futhi athonye ezombangazwe.

Ukuhlela Nokuthumba Nge - Internet

nyakaza phezu.org kanye ne Online Kwesobunxele: kusungulwe ngo-1998, Thuthulela ekuhleleni i-intanethi:

• Ukuqoqwa kwe - email ngokushesha kubangela izigidi zokuxhumana nezikhulu
• Ukusebenzisa i - Internet ukuze kutholakale imali evela kubantu abancane abanikelayo
• Amahholo asemadolobheni angokoqobo nemikhankaso yokubala
• Okuqukethwe i - virus kanye nezenzo zezokuxhumana

[[IQUMT:0] Iqoqo ne kwesokudla se-athodic: Amaqembu ahlanganisayo ahambisana futhi adlule ukuhlelwa okuqhubekayo kwe-inthanethi:

• Ixhunywe kuma - web site kanye nakumithombo yezindaba enamathela kakhulu
• Amaqembu e-Facebook ahlela izahluko zendawo
• Imikhankaso ewujuqu icindezela amaRepublic ezikhundleni ezisadla ngoludala

Indlela yokusebenza yetechniques:

• Imikhankaso yomyalezo wemiyalezo efinyelela abasekeli ngokushesha
• Izikhangiso zezokuxhumana ezifakwe emicropulpiti zifinyelela inani elithile labantu
• Imikhankaso yeHashittag (# BlackLives Matter, # MeToo) edala ukunyakaza
• Izicelo ezisetshenziswa kuyi - Internet (naphezu kwethonya lazo langempela kuyaphikiswana ngazo)
• Ukuqoqa izihlwele kuxhasa imikhankaso esiza abantu ngaphandle kwabanikela ngemicikilisho engokwesiko

Imininingwane Nokuhlasela

Manje amaqembu anesithakazelo asebenzisa ukwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi okuphathelene nezindaba:

I-Modeling: Amaqembu akhe incazelo eningiliziwe ebikezela izikhundla zomuntu nethuba lokuthatha isinyathelo, ukuvumela ukukholisa okuqondile kanye nemizamo yokuqoqa.

[ Ukukhangisa nge-digital: Izikhangiso zolayini zingahlasela abantu abathile ngokusuka ekufuneni umlando, inani labantu, kanye nezithakazelo ezifihlwayo, okwenza imikhankaso yokukhangisa iphumelele kakhulu.

A/B Ukuhlola: Amaqembu ahlola imilayezo ehlukene, izithombe, kanye nokwelula, esebenzisa ukwaziswa ukwenza uphumelele kahle ngesikhathi sangempela.

Bhehavioral Nqulo: Ukuqonda okungavumelani kwezomnotho, amaqembu aklama imilayezo ukuze andise izinga lokusabela.

Ukunqanda ukuqina

Umbono wobuLungu[: amathuluzi ezibalo asebenzisa ukubusa ngokwentando yeningi ukuthatha isinyathelo sezombangazwe:

• Ukukhokha imali encane kunciphisa ukuthembela ezithakazelweni ezicebile
• Imithombo yezindaba exhumana nabantu inikeza izwi emaqenjini ayengawazwa ngaphambili
• Ukuhlela isithiyo nge - Internet kunciphisa imingcele yokusebenza ndawonye
• Ukwaziswa kusakazeka ngokukhululekile, kuphula abagcini - masango bemithombo yezindaba

Umbono wokungaguquguquki[: Amathuluzi ezibalo enza izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa:

• I - micro - efakwayo idala amagwebu okuhluza kanye nokuphola
• Imikhankaso yokungaqondi isakazeke ngokushesha kuneqiniso
• Amaqembu emali amnyama ayazifihla nge - Internet
• Amabhothi nama - akhawunti okukhohlisa kudala inkohliso yezimpande eziwutshani ezisekelayo ("ukufuya")
• Abadlali bangaphandle bangazenza amaqembu asekhaya

Ubuqiniso[: Zombili imishini ekhona kanye. Amathuluzi ezibalo asiza ukunyakazisa kotshani obuqinile njenge pheshi yeMinis (ukulawula isibhamu) kanye noMatshi woMnyaka ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuhlikihla kotshani obuyinkohliso kanye nokuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke: Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Kwezinye Izinkolo

Ukuhlola [[QLT:0] kweqembu lezombangazwe [ kwamanye amazwe kukhanyisa lokho okuhlukanisayo ngesimiso saseMelika.

Izimiso Ze - corpotast: IYurophu

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yaseYurophu inobuhlobo obuhleliwe phakathi kukahulumeni nezithakazelo ezihleliwe:

uGermany ne Scandinavia: Izinyunyana zezisebenzi, amabhizinisi, nohulumeni zixoxa ngokusemthethweni izinqubo ezinkulu ndawonye. Lendlela "yokuxhumana" inikeza amaqembu anezithakazelo indima ezingokomthetho ekwenzeni inqubo kunokuba ziphoqelelwe ukuba zifune ukuqashelwa ngaphandle.

[[Umthetho:0] Ama-adwoli[[Umthetho:1]:

• Unciphisa ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezishisayo
• Kuqinisekiswa ukufakwa kwenqubo okubonisa isibambiso
• Isungula Ukuvumelana Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo Ngokushelelayo

[[Umthetho:0] Ama-Distadlavies[[Umthetho 1]:

• Ungafaki amaqembu ngaphandle kwezihlalo ezisemthethweni etafuleni
• Kwangathi kungahlanganiswa amandla akhona
• Ingabe ukusungulwa kwenqubo okuthatha isikhathi

Imithetho Yezimali Ehlukahlukene

I-Public Finanzing: Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi isekela umphakathi ngemali emikhankasweni nasemicimbini, inciphisa ithonya leqembu lenzalo ngeminikelo:

• IJalimane inikeza amaqembu imali yomphakathi esekelwe ekuvoteni
• ECanada kunezikweletu zentela ngeminikelo yezombangazwe
• I - UK inemingcele eqinile yokusebenzisa imali kanye nezikhathi ezimfushane zomkhankaso

Ukuzingela iMiyalo: Amanye amazwe amisa imingcele eqinile:

• I - EU idinga ukuthandwa nokuqashelwa
• ICanada inemingcele yomnyango eqinile
• I - UK ilinganisela izindleko zomkhankaso wesithathu ezisetshenziswa ngaphezu kwe - U.S.

Izimiso Zasephalamende

Izakhiwo zentando yeningi zePhalamende zithinta amasu esithakazelo eqembu:

Party Discipline: Ukuqondisa okuqinile kweqembu ezimisweni zephalamende kusho ukunxusa ukufakwa kobuholi beqembu nekhabethe kunoma iziphi izishayamthetho.

Fewier Access : Izimiso ze-Mongameli ezihlukanisa imibuso, uhulumeni, nezishaya-mthetho ze-kameral zinikeza amaphuzu engeziwe okungena ethonyeni lesithakazelo.

Ohulumeni abahlangene : Imifelandawonye yengxenye eziningi inganika amaqembu anezithakazelo amandla okusiza lapho ababambi bezwana.

Impikiswano Yokukhetha KwaseMelika

IUnited States ivelele:

• amaphathi ama-Weaker[: Ukuyala okuncane kwenza amaqembu afuna isithakazelo abe nesandla kakhulu kubashayi bemithetho ngabanye
• Amaphuzu amaningi okufinyelela : i-Federalism, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, kanye namaqembu ahloniphekile akha izindawo eziningi zokuthola ithonya
• Izindleko eziphakeme[: Izindleko zomkhankaso nezindleko ezikhishwayo zidlula kude ezinye idemokrasi
• impucuko yokuguqula [: Amaqembu aseMelika asebenzisa izinkantolo ngonya kakhulu kunabanye abantu
• Isichibiyeli sokuqala [: Izivikelo eziqinile zokuvikela ukukhuluma zilinganisela umthetho wokunxusa nokukhankasela osetshenziswa ngaphezu kwezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi

Ukuthi lesisimo saseMelika siveza imiphumela engcono noma emibi kakhulu kuseyimpikiswano enkulu.

Ikusasa Lamaqembu Anesithakazelo Esikhethekile: Ukuthambekela Okukhulayo Nezinselele

Izimo eziningana zibuye zilungise izombangazwe zeqembu ezithakazelelwayo eMelika:

Ukwanda Kokwanda Kokukhanya

Amaqembu anesithakazelo kokubili abonisa futhi asheshisa ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe:

UHlobo lokuHlakanisa: Amaqembu ake ahlanganisa amalungu ohlobo oluhlukene manje avumelana ngokucacile nezindawo. Amaqembu amabhizinisi asekela iRepublican; izinyunyana zezisebenzi zihlenga kakhulu amaDemocrat.

Izinselele ezisheshayo[: amaqembu athakazelayo asebenzisa izisongelo eziyinhloko ukuze ajezise ukuyekethisa, aqhube amaqembu adlulele.

Zonke-noma Azikho Izombangazwe[[FT:1]: Ukuyekethisa kuba nzima uma amaqembu ebheka abaphikisi njengezitha kunokuba abheke izitha eziphikisanayo.

Amaqamu esifekethiso: Ukujongisa izinombolo kusho abasekeli bezwa nje ukwaziswa kuqinisekisa imibono yabo, ukuqina kwezimo zabo.

Ubuchwepheshe Obukhulu Nokuvuselelwa

Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zibhekene nokucusumbulwa okukhulayo, zibangele izimpi ezinkulu ezilwela ukuhlasela:

[[Umthetho:0] I-antixbust: Ingabe amakhulu obuchwepheshe anganqanyulwa noma abhekane nokugcinwa okuqinile kokungathembi?

Privtacy: Imaphi imininingwane izinkampani ezingayiqoqa, futhi kumelwe ziyivikele kanjani?

Isilinganiso sokulinganisela: Uhulumeni angalawula ukuthi iziphi iziteshi zezokuxhumana ezivumela noma ezinqabelayo?

Ukukhetha 230: Ingabe ipulatifomu ingalondoloza ukuvikeleka ekusondweni komsebenzisi?

Lezimpikiswano ziphikisa izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ngokumelene nabasekeli bobuchwepheshe, amaqembu abambelele emingcele asho ukuthi anobandlululo, amaqembu athuthukayo akhathalela ukwaziswa okungeyikho, kanye nabashisekeli benguquko abamelene nokuthembana nhlangothi zonke.

Imali Emnyama Nokubona Ingaphandle

Ukunyuka kwemali emnyama""" ukusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe emaqenjini angadaluli abanikeli"----

501(c)(4) Izinhlangano: Inzuzo engatholakali "inhlalakahle yomphakathi" izinhlangano zingahlanganyela kwezombangazwe ngaphandle kwezembulo zabanikeli, bese zinikela kuSuper PACs.

Izikhonkwane zamaqophane [: izakhiwo ze-LLC zifihla imithombo yeqiniso yezimali.

Ukungaboni [: Abantu abacebile bahambisa imali ngezinhlangano eziningi ezifihla indima yabo.

Imizamo yokuguqula [: I-Campaign Center yasemthethweni namaqembu afanayo alwela ukuveza incazelo eqinile, kodwa izithiyo ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe zisekhona.

Isimo Sezulu Nezizukulwane Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuletha izinselele eziyingqayizivele kwezombusazwe ezithakazelayo:

Inkinga ye-Term-Term , Short-Term Politics: Umphumela wesimo sezulu uyenzeka phakathi namashumi eminyaka, kodwa imijikelezo yokukhetha iyiminyaka emibili kuya kwemine.

[ Ukuphikiswa okuncishisiwe, Izinzuzo ezidalekayo: Izimboni zikaphethiloli zinezisusa ezicacile zokumelana nesenzo sezulu; izizukulwane ezizayo ezingeke zizuze zivote namuhla.

I-Uth Activism: Izinhlangano zabafundi njengeMzabalazo weSun Translare zihlela amaMelika amasha azothwala imiphumela yesimo sezulu.

Ukutshala i-ESG : Ukusingqongileyo, umphakathi, kanye nokuphatha kuveza izisusa ezintsha zezomnotho, ezingase zishintshe izithakazelo zebhizinisi.

Izinselele Ze - popricis

Kokubili izinhlangano ezisekela ukubusa kweqembu lezombangazwe ezingokwesiko zingaba inselele kwezenkolo:

Anti-Estality Sentiment: iPopulist ihlasela amaqembu esithakazelo (ngokwengxenye uDonga, "i-Big Pharma," njl.) njengamaqembu aphakeme onakele.

[ I-Direct Democracy: Abanye ababheki bama-populism bakhetha i-endenda kanye nokuvota ngokuqondile phezu kwezimiso zabameleli abazibona zibanjwa yizithakazelo.

I-Sucial Media End-ex iyasebenza: Abezombangazwe baya ngokuya bedlula abagcini-sango bezenzuzo abangokwesiko, bekhanga abasekeli ngokuqondile ku-inthanethi.

Isiphetho: Indima Yamaqembu Anesithakazelo Esikhethekile Kwezombangazwe Zase - United States

[[QUT:0] inqaba yamaqembu anesithakazelo esikhethekile kwezombangazwe zase-U.S. ibalulekile futhi iyakhathaza, ngokuphikisana emnyombweni wentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Amaqembu anesithakazelo abalulekile ngoba intando yeningi idinga ukuhlanganyela okuhleliwe ngaphandle kokuvota komuntu ngamunye. Isakaza izithakazelo ezibuthweni elihlangene, inikeza ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisa ukumiswa kwezimiso, bumelela ukumiswa kokuthi ukuma kwezwe kuyalahleka, futhi busiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziphishekele izindinganiso zazo ngesenzo sezombangazwe. Intando yeningi ngaphandle kwamaqembu enzalo ingaba yintando yeningi lapho abantu abawenzile kuphela bebhekene nohulumeni onamandla nezinhlangano − okunganika izikhulu nezakhamuzi ezivamile amandla okuthula.

Kodwa amaqembu anesithakazelo ayakhathaza ngoba asiza ngokuhleleka phakathi kwezingahlelekile, abacebile kunabampofu, futhi bakhathalela kakhulu ukusakaza izimpahla zomphakathi. Uma izinkampani ezithaka imithi zichitha amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-100 lapho iziguli ezilwa nezindleko zezidakamizwa zingasahlangani, ukulingana kwentando yeningi kuyahlupheka. Lapho iminyango egelezayo idala ubuhlobo obufudumele phakathi kwabalawuli nezimboni ezilawulwayo, isithakazelo somphakathi siyancipha. Lapho iminikelo idala imibono − noma amaqiniso, ukholo ekwakheni imibuso ngokwayo.

Umlando ubonisa kokubili ukunqoba kwesithakazelo kanye nokungabi nanzuzo. I-Civil Rights Movement incike ekuhlelekeni kwezentengiselwano zobuhlanga obuqinile. Amaqembu endawo ezungezile asebenzisa iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho ukuze avikele imithombo yemvelo engenakuthathelwa indawo. Izinyunyana zezisebenzi zawina izivikelo ezadala isigaba esiphakathi seMelika. Kodwa ukugqugquzela kwezinhlangano zezezimali nakho kuye kwanciphisa imingcele yezimali ngaphambi kwezinkinga zezomnotho, amaqembu ezimboni aye avala izinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi, futhi izithakazelo ezicebile ziye zaguqula isimiso sentela ukuze kuzuze umphakathi ngezindleko.

Izinselele zanamuhla zikhulisa lokhu kucindezeleka. Amathuluzi amanani enza ukuba izinhlobo ezintsha zezimpande zotshani zihleleke kuyilapho futhi zisebenzisa amandla okuzishintsha ngokufakwa kwemicro nokwaziswa okungaqondakali. Izinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe zisebenzisa amandla okuthonya angenakulinganiswa lapho zibhekene nezinsongo zokuzingela. Imali emnyama ithonya imithombo njengoba nje abasekeli befuna ukuvezwa kwemisebe. Ukuqhakaza kwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukuhlehla ngisho nanjengoba izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zifuna ukuba injalo.

Ikhambi alikho ukususa amaqembu anenzalo − okungaqeda inkululeko yokuhlangana eyenza idemokrasi ikwazi. Futhi akulona ukholo olungenangqondo oluveza izithakazelo ezincintisanayo ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kunalokho, siyadinga:

[ Umehluko[: Ukwazi ukuthi ubani oheha imfihlo, yimuphi umkhankaso, nosiza ekusizeni izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine wonke umuntu enecala.

Uphawu olusasaziwe: ukunika amandla, amaqembu angenazimpahla ezingcono ("ngezimali zomphakathi, amathuluzi aphansi, nokusekela okungokomthetho) okuncintisana.

I-sazethi yezakhamuzi: Lapho izakhamuzi zinaka, zihlanganyela, futhi zivote zisekelwe kwizindaba ezingaphezu kwezinye, ithonya ledlanzalo lilinganiselwe. Ukudangala kusiza ukubamba.

Ukwakheka kwe-Institutional : Kumthetho. Imithetho yezezimali, imithetho yezezimali, iziyalezo, izimfuneko zezimiso, nezakhiwo zikahulumeni, konke kubumba indlela amaqembu enzalo asebenza ngayo. Imithetho engcono ingathonya ngokukhiqiza kakhulu.

Izindinganiso zedemocratic: Ekugcineni, amaqembu enzalo abonakalisa izindinganiso zethu. Uma sizisa inzuzo emfushane yesikhathi esizayo, izinzuzo zangasese ezidlula izimpahla zomphakathi, noma intuthuko yesizwe sethu phezu kwenhlalakahle eyodwa, amaqembu enzalo azonikeza lokho kanye. Ubuntu obubusa ngedemocratic bubumba imiphumela yentando yeningi.

Kubantu abahlala kule ndawo, ukuqonda isithakazelo esikhethekile kusho ukuqaphela kokubili indima yabo engokomthetho kanye nokukwazi kwabo ukuxhashazwa. Kusho ukusekela kubangela ukuba ukholelwe ngokuhlela ukuqashwa kuyilapho ufuna ukuba wonke amaqembu ahlanganiswe (8) asekelayo ngokubonisa sobala kanye nangedemokrasi. Kusho ukuhileleka empilweni engokoqobo yezombangazwe ezithakazela ubuningi kunokuyekelela ekugxekeni noma ekufuneni amakhambi.

Amaqembu akhethekile ayizithakazeli ahamba ndawo. Umbuzo uwukuthi ayoba izinceku zentando yeningi noma abaphathi bayo. Impendulo ixhomeke kumaqembu ngokwawo kunakubantu abathi bayawamelela. Umphakathi oyazi, othembise oqonda indlela amaqembu enzalo asebenza ngayo, afuna ukulandisa, futhi ahlanganyela ngenkuthalo angaqinisekisa ukuthi izithakazelo ezihleliwe zifeza izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Umphakathi ongawanaki amathonya avumela amaqembu ukuba aphishekele izigidi ezincane ngezindleko zomphakathi.

Intando yeningi idinga ukuhlelwa. Amaqembu anesithakazelo ayayinikeza. Umthwalo wethu uqinisekisa ukuthi inhlangano ikhonza abaningi, hhayi abambalwa kuphela − ukuthi izithakazelo ezikhethekile azizona kuphela ezithakazelelwayo. Ukuqonda indima yabo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekusebenzeleni idemokrasi kunokuba imelane nayo.