Isifungo sobumongameli sesikhundla simi njengesinye semicikilisho ehlala njalo nenamandla kakhulu ekuphileni kwezombangazwe kwaseMelika. Kuyisikhathi sokweneka noshintsho, kusakazwa kuphila emhlabeni wonke, kubhekwa izakhamuzi nabaholi bakwamanye amazwe ngokufanayo. Nakuba umkhosi ngokwawo uthatha umzuzu owodwa, amazwi ashiwoyo abophe umongameli ozayo ukuba asekele isimiso esiyisisekelo sezimiso eziyisisekelo esiye saguqula isizwe iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Lesi sifungo siwuphawu oluphilayo lokusekela idemokrasi, isithembiso sasobala sokusekela umthetho, kanye nenkulumo yezwe eliseUnited States elizimisele ukusungula kwalo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela umongameli aqinisa ngayo umbuso wezwe waseMelika ngokwezentengiselwano embulukweni nasemisweni yawo emhlabeni wonke, esebenza njengophawu oluphilayo lwamandla embusweni wombuso wentando yentando yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Izimbangela Zomthetho - sisekelo ZeSikhungo Sikamongameli

Imfuneko yesifungo sobumongameli ifakwe ngokuqondile eSigabeni II, iSigaba 1, u-Claus 8 soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States. Umbhalo uqondile: “Ngaphambi kokuba angene ekukhishweni kweHhovisi lakhe, uzothatha lesisifungo esilandelayo noma isiqinisekisi: — ‘ Ngiyafunga ngokunamandla (noma ngivume) ukuthi ngizoyikhipha ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngiyoyifeza ngokungcono kakhulu kwekhono lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-Mpathilo we-United States.''" Lomusho owodwa umisa isifungo njengemfuneko esingakhonziwayo ukuthatha i-prezimente. Ayisona isithembiso noma inkulumo yezombangazwe; iwumsebenzi womthetho wonke.

Abafaki bamafomu bafaka ngamabomu lemfuneko eMthethweni-sisekelo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi umongameli, njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, uboshelwe ngokucacile emthethweni ophakeme wezwe. Ngokungafani nenkosi ezuza ifa lobuzibulo, umongameli waseMelika uthola igunya kuphela ngemva kokufunga obala ukwethembeka kumthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe. Lesenzo siguqula umuntu kulowo obhaliswe kulowo mfundi abe inceku yomthetho. Isifungo futhi sidala isikhathi esingokomthetho sokulandisa: uma kamuva umongameli ephula uMthetho-sisekelo, ifomu elifanayo linikeza izinqubo zokwenza inqubo − − mepiatementment, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, sibambe ukuthi umholi uyalandisa. Ngakho lesi sifungo sisebenza njengomgca wokuqala wokuvikela uhulumeni.

Ngokomlando, isifungo siye saqala ukusebenza nakuba amazwi aso engazange ashintshe. UGeorge Washington wanezela ngokudume kakhulu inkulumo ethi “ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu” ekupheleni kokunikezelwa kwakhe kokuqala, isiko elicishe libe ngumongameli wonke alandela kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungadingi ukukhomba okungokwenkolo, lo mkhuba usuye wagxila kakhulu kulo mkhosi. Lokhu kuqokomisa umehluko phakathi koMthetho-sisekelo wezwe kanye nempucuko yesizwe. Abanye abefundisi baye bakhetha ukuqinisekisa kunokuba bafunge, babonise ukuvumelana kwesifungo sabo ngalabo abanescruples ezingokwenkolo. Nokho, isici esiyinhloko sihlala njalo: isithembiso sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi iqembu, indawo yesifunda, noma isigaba somphakathi.

Ukusuka EWashington Kuya Kuyo Namuhla: Amasiko Nobungcwele

Ukunikezelwa kokuqala ngo-1789 kwamisa isibonelo esasishintsha wonke umcimbi olandelayo. IWashington yafunga uvulandi we-Federal Hall eNew York City, isandla sayo siseBhayibhelini sivulwe ngendlela engakhethi. Leso sithombe [1] umholi ozithoba obala ekubuseni umthetho − uye waboniswa ezikhathini zokuthula, zempi, nenhlekelele. Ukuqhubeka kwalomkhosi kunikeza umuzwa wokuzinza esimisweni esishintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngokhetho ngalunye. Ngisho nangemva kwemibhikisho yengxabano, isithembiso sibonakalisa ukubuyiselwa kabusha okuhlanzekile, sikhumbuza umphakathi ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zidlula noma ubani umuntu oyedwa.

Phakathi neminyaka, indawo nemininingwane kuye kwahluka. IBhayibheli laseWashington liye lasetshenziswa abalandeli abaningana; amongameli kusukela kuThomas Jefferson kuya kuDonald Trump baye bakhetha amaBhayibheli ahlukene. Abanye baye bafunga eCapitol, abanye eMzini omhlophe noma ngisho nasemoyeni weButho Lodwa. Isifungo esidume kakhulu esithathelwe kude kakhulu senzeka ngo-19636, lapho uLyndon B. Johnson wafushaniswa emoyeni we-Air Force One ngemva kuka-John F. Kennedy. Lesithombe esine esiphezulu sikaJohnson ngesandla sakhe esiphakanyiswe ngesandla sakhe, esizuzwe ngensiza, sabonisa ukuthi isifungo singathathwa noma kusiphi isikhathi, ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kukahulumeni. Izikhathi ezinjalo zigcizelela ukuthi isifungo asisona nje isifungo esiwumkhuba kodwa isiphephetha esisebusweni esihlanganisa ngisho nesizwe esiphakathi phakathi kwesizwe.

Ukuqinisa Izimiso Zentando Yeningi Emakhaya

Phakathi kwe-United States, isifungo somongameli sisebenza njengesikhumbuzo sansuku zonke sokuthi umongameli akawudluli umthetho. siqinisa izimiso ezintathu eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi: umthetho, ukulandisa, nokushintsha kwegunya ngokuthula. Ngasinye salezizimiso sibalulekile empilweni yeriphabliki, futhi isifungo sibuyisela isiphathi kubo obala ekuqaleni kombuso.

Ukubusa komthetho kusho ukuthi akukho muntu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla, okhululekile ekuvinjelweni okungokomthetho. Ngokufunga ukuthi “uvikela, uvikela futhi uvikela uMthetho-sisekelo,” umongameli wamukela ukuphakama kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo phezu kokukhetha komuntu siqu noma kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kuphambene ngokuqondile nezimiso zobushiqela lapho abaholi bengabhala khona imithetho ngokuthanda. Isifungo futhi sisikisela ukuthi umongameli uyoyikhipha ngokwethembeka yonke imithetho edluliswa yisishaya - mthetho, ngaphandle kokuba ahlatshwe njengengagunyazi umthetho. Lokhu kuthembeka komthetho kudala ukuphumelela nokuthemba, kokubili okubalulekile ekuchumeni kwezomnotho nokuzinzile kwezenhlalo.

Isifungo Njengokuhlola Amandla Okubusa

Isifungo sobumongameli asisona nje isibopho sokuziphatha; sinemiphumela yangempela engokomthetho. Umongameli othatha isifungo futhi kamuva enze isenzo sokuchitha uMthetho-sisekelo angahlolwa “ubugebengu obukhulu nobudumendi.” Ukuqulwa kwecala lika-Andrew Johnson, uRichard Nixon (oyephule phambi kwevoti), uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump bonke basho ukuthi umongameli uphule isifungo sakhe sesikhundla. Endabeni ngayinye, isifungo sanikeza indinganiso eyahlulelwa ngayo i-Hulumeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifungo sakha isibopho sokujezisa isizwe. Izazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi isifungo siphoqelela isibopho somthetho-mthetho sokuvikela izwe ekusongelwa kwamanye amazwe nasekhaya, futhi ukuthi lo msebenzi awunakunikezwa noma unganakwa. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nehlazo leWatergate, iKomiti ye-Day Judiary yaveza ngokucacile ukuthi ukusebenzisa kabi kukaMongameli Nixon amandla njengokwephula isifungo sakhe. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlasela kweCapitol kwaholela ekumangalelweni kwesibili kukaMongameli uTrump, ngokumangalela iNdluyalo ethi “waye eCrimentine naseMisdea ngokukhuthaza ubudlova kuHulumeni wase-United States ekulahleni isifungo sakhe. Lezi zibonelo zokufuno ziyisibopho esingokomthetho.

Ukushintsha Ngokuthula Njengesibonelo Sembulunga Yonke

Ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla kuyisici esivelele sokubusa kwentando yeningi, futhi umkhosi wesifungo sobumongameli uwukubonakaliswa kwawo okubonakala kakhulu. Ngemva kokhetho ngalunye, umongameli ophumayo nomongameli ozayo bahlala ndawonye − kaningi eqophelweni elifanayo(ukubona isifungo). Lokhu kudluliselwa kwegunya obala kuthumela isigijimi esinamandla okuphela ngaso ebhokisini lokubusa kwezombangazwe nokuthi lowo olahlekelwayo uvuma umnqobi. E-United States, lesisiko siye saba esiqinile, sisasele ezimpini, ukubulala, ngisho nokhetho olunombango luka- 2000 oluxabanayo lwaxazululwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ngo-2020, lelisiko labhekana novivinyo olunzima kakhulu lapho uMongameli Trump enqaba ukuvuma futhi abasekeli bakhe behlasela iCapitol ngoJanuary 6, 2021. Naphezu kwalokho kudilika, inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo eyagcinwa. Ngo-January 20, 2021, uJoe Biden wafunga izifungo ezifanayo ezinyathelweni zikaCapitol ezaziye zadlula amasonto amabili ngaphambili. Lomkhosi ngokwawo wawuwukuvuselelwa kabusha: isimiso sasihlaselwe kodwa ekugcineni. Ushintsho olunokuthula, nakuba sisabhidliwe. Lokhu kufana kanye nalokho iSifungo soMthetho-sisekelo esimelela ngakho ukulangazelela komuntu ngamunye. Umfanekiso kaBiden wathatha isifungo ngokuhloma okukhulu ukuba khona kwesizwe esidalweni sasiyisikhumbuzo esiqinile sendlela yokubusa kwentando yeningi, kodwa futhi indlela esaba namandla.

Ithonya Lomhlaba Wonke Nokumiswa Kwesimiso Sentando Yeningi

Izwe lonke, isifungo sobumongameli sisebenza njengempahla elula ye-United States. Uma umholi wesizwe esinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni efunga obala ukuthi uzosekela umthetho-budemokrasi, usho izimpawu ezizweni ezihlangeneyo neziphikisanayo ukuthi idemokrasi yaseMelika iqinile futhi iyazilungisa. Lomkhosi usakazwa ngezilimi eziningi, usakazwa nge-ingosi ye-inthanethi, futhi uhlaziywe yimithombo yezindaba yangaphandle. Kumazwe alwa nokuthathelwa ubukhosi ngedemokhrasi, umfanekiso wokudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla ungaba umthombo wesikhuthazo noma ibhentshi efuna ukulingwa yiyo.

Isifungo siqinisa futhi indima ye-United States njengomgqugquzeli wokubusa kwentando yeningi. I-Agency ye-International Development, i-National Endowment for Democracy, nezinye izinhlangano zivame ukusho isibonelo saseMelika lapho zisekela ukuthembeka kokhetho nomthetho-sisekelo kwamanye amazwe. Isivumelwano sobumongameli sisetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zemfundo ukuze kuvezwe idemokrasi ukuze kuboniswe indlela umholi okufanele azinikele ngayo obala emikhawulweni engokomthetho. Ezindaweni ezinjenge-Iraq, Afghanistan, nase-Ukraine, izinqubo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho zisebenzise isibonelo saseMelika sokuzifungo zesikhulu sobukhokha. Nakuba lezozizwe zibhekene izinselele zazo, umkhosi wesimemezelo lwendlela umholi angalandisa ngayo ukuthi umholi angathatha ngayo icala kanjani ekuthatheni isikhundlani kwakhe ihhovisi lokuqala lokuqala.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Athambile Nokuyi - diplomatic

Umqondo kaJoseph Nya we- “soft " ubhekisela ekhonweni lokuthonya abanye ngokukhanga kunokuphoqelela. Ukumiswa komongameli kuwukubonakaliswa okugcwele kwamandla athambile aseMelika. Isifungo ngokwaso sihloniphekile futhi sihloniphekile, sidlulisela umuzwa we-gravitation ohlonishwa ezinye izizwe. Uma amongameli besebenzisa amakheli abo okumisa ukuze bagcizelele izindinganiso zentando yeningi, njengoba uJoe Biden enza lapho ebiza “ubunye” kanye nokuvikela idemokramente, umyalezo uvuse emhlabeni wonke.

Ukukhetha ulimi nemifanekiso. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Barack Obama wafunga nge-Lincoln Bible, wazixhumanisa ngamabomu nomongameli owalondoloza i-Union. UMongameli uTrump wasebenzisa kokubili iBhayibheli leLincoln kanye neBhayibheli unina ayelinikwe ngunina, ehlose ukuxhumanisa nomlando kanye nesisekelo sakhe sobuvangeli. Lokhu kukhetha okungokomfanekiso akulahlekeli ezibukelini zomhlaba wonke; kuxhumana ukuqhubekela phambili, ukholo, kanye nezimpawu zobuzwe. Emazweni lapho abaholi bevame ukuthumba amandla ngempoqo noma ukukhohlisa, imikhosi yaseMelika ifana nesikhumbuzo sokuthi ivela emvumeni yokubusa, hhayi esihlalo sobukhosi noma ekubusweni kwebutho.

Izinhlangano Ezikhuthaza Intando Yeningi Ziyavela Kwelinye Izwe

Phakathi nekhulu lama-20 nelama-21, isifungo sobumongameli base-U.S. siye saba umthombo okhuthaza abashisekeli bobushiqela bombuso we-productrand emhlabeni wonke. Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, i-Law of America izikhululo zemikhosi yokumisa izakhiwo ezafinyelelwa ngemva kweKhithi le-Iron, ebonisa izakhamuzi zamazwe aseSoviet ukuthi ukudluliswa kombuso ngenkululeko nangokuthula kwakungenzeka. Ngo-1935, abafundi baseChina eTiananmen Square bakha i-Signice of Liberty, kodwa futhi babheka nesibonelo sika-Washington sobuholishalo ngokomthetho.

Muva nje, phakathi ne-Arabian Spring, abashisekeli abaningi baveza amasiko entando yeningi aseMelika njengezibonelo. EGibithe, eTunisia, naseLibya, abashisekeli benguquko babhebhezela ukumiswa kwemithetho elinganiselwe ngokulandela umthetho-sisekelo ngezivumelwano zesikhundla. Nakuba lezo zinqumo ziye zaba nemiphumela ehlukene, isibonelo saseMelika siseyikhombe. Ngo-2014, umongameli wase-Ukraine uPetro Poroshenko wafunga ngesiqu sakhe ngesandla esingokomthetho wase-Ukraine, isifungo esicacile somkhosi we-U.S. Ngisho nasemazweni anjenge-Myanmar ne-Hungary, lapho idemokhrasi isongela khona, umfanekiso kamongameli waseMelika usetshenziswa umphakathi wokuvikela umthetho-sisekelo wesizwe ukuze uphikise ukuhlola amandla empahleni.

Imibono Eqhathanisayo: Ama - oath Kwezinye Izici Zokukhulekela

I-United States ayiyodwa efuna isifungo sobumongameli, kodwa inguqulo yayo icacile futhi igxile kumthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuphambene, umongameli waseFrance ufunga ukuthi “uzohlonipha futhi asekele uMthetho-sisekelo,” kodwa futhi unezela“ ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwesizwe nokuthembeka kwendawo yaso.” Isifungo sikamongameli waseNdiya sihlanganisa isithembiso ‘ sokuvikela, ukuvikela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho” futhi “uzinikele enkonzweni nasenhlalakahleni yabantu baseNdiya.” Umongameli waseJalimane uthembisa“ ukuvikela uMthetho Oqinile” kanye nelungelo labantu baseJalimane.”

Okuhlukanisayo isifungo se-U.S. ukwenqaba kwaso okusobala ukwethembeka kumbusi, iqembu, noma umbuso wezizwe. Isifungo sisekuMthethweni kuphela. (_hayi kubantu, isizwe, noma unkulunkulu). Lokhu kubonisa ukusola okujulile kwabahleli amandla aphezulu. Kubantu abaningi basepalamende, abefundisi abakhulu abafuni nakancane isifungo esingokomthetho sokuthatha isikhundla; kunalokho, bafunga ukwethembeka kumbusi. Umongameli wase-U.S. u-R. u-republicanism umkhiqizo wokusungulwa kwe-Melika nenkulumo eqhubekayo yokuthi i-Preciocestralicle iyisidalwa somthetho, hhayi umthetho womuntu siqu.

I - oath Ezikhathini Zenhlekelele Yesizwe Nokuvuselelwa Kwayo

Eminye yemicikilisho ekhumbulekayo kakhulu iye yenzeka phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele yesizwe, lapho isifungo sasinesilinganiso esengeziwe.

Isici Sesibili SikaLincoln: Ukubuyiselwa Kokuziphatha

UAbraham Lincoln wathatha isifungo sakhe sesibili ngoMarch 4, 1865, njengoba iMpi Yangaphakathi yayisondela ekupheleni. Ikheli lakhe lokuvula libhekwa njengenye yezinkulumo ezinkulu kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, kodwa isifungo ngokwaso sasisifushane. Nokho, umongo wasenza saba silula. ULincoln wayeseye wahola isizwe eminyakeni emine yempi; uMthetho-sisekelo wawusuvivinywe njengakuqala. Ngokusho isifungo, uLincoln waphinde waqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nasempini, umongameli wahlala eboshwe isisekelo somthetho wemithetho. Ikheli lakhe, ngokubiza kwakhe “esingabhekisi kunoma yisiphi” futhi“ isithembiso sabo bonke,” wasenza isifungo sokuphilisa. Ngomfanekiso kamongameli wesikhathi sempi, ngokufaka isandla sakhe ekulondolozeni iBhayibheli nokufunga ukuvikela isibopho sesizwe.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Sempi Se - FDR: Ukuqina Lapho Kuqubuka

Franklin D. Roosevelt wamiswa kane, ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye umongameli. Ukunikezelwa kwakhe kwesithathu ngo-1941 kwafika lapho iMpi Yezwe II ihlasela eYurophu nase-Asia, nakuba i-U.S. yayingakabi umlwi. Eyesine ngo- 1945 yaqala ukulwa, futhi impi isaqhubeka. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, isifungo sanikeza isikhashana sokuzinza kwesizwe esasibhekene nokungaqiniseki okukhulu. Ikheli le-Roselt laliyindeka ka-1945 kodwa isithembiso sakhe ‘ sokuvikela, nokuvikela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo” sathwala isisilinganiselo somholi owayese wandisa kakade amandla ombuso nge-New Deal nangezingalo yesikhathi sempi. Imikhosi yaqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yentando yezwe iyaqhubeka ngisho naphakathi kwempi yomhlaba wonke.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukukhetha Kwama - 2020 Nesiko Elicindezelekile

Ukunikezelwa kwango-2021 kwakuyisikhumbuzo esiqinile sokuthi amandla esifungo abonakala kakhulu uma isimiso siphansi kakhulu. Ngemva kwesiphithiphithi seCapitol, ukulondeka kwakungakaze kushintshwe ngaphambili. UMahluleli uBrett Kavathaugh, owafunga uMongameli Kamara Harris, naye ngokwakhe wayeyinqaba. Umkhosi wasuswa izixuku ezivamile ngenxa yobhadane nokhuseleko. Noma kunjalo isifungo sasingakashintshiwe. Umongameli omusha wathembisa ukuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, nomshini kahulumeni waqhubeka. Ngalowomzuzu wabonisa ukuthi isifungo asisekelwengaso embukisweni noma ekuvumeni; siyindawo engokomthetho engokomthetho futhi ephethe ngisho nalapho umkhumbi uhamba ngobudlovuvu.

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Esithembiso Esiwujuqu

Isifungo sobumongameli singaphezu kakhulu kwensalela yenkonzo. Siwumthetho - sisekelo osebenza njengesisekelo sokulandisa kwezikhulu, umcimbi oqinisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi, nophawu lwembulunga yonke lwesibopho saseMelika sokubusa umthetho. Njengoba ezinye izizwe zilwa nentando yeningi futhi ziqala ukudamba ne-democracy futhi zinyusa i-commal eqaphelisiwe, isifungo saseMelika sisikhumbuza ukuthi umsebenzi wokuqala womholi awuwona owegunyaza amandla akhe kodwa awukho ukuphakama kwezimiso. Ngomqondo ophezulu, isifungo asisona nje isiko esingokomthetho.