Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wase-United States osebenza ngayo kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi esifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. UMthetho-sisekelo wahlukanisa uHulumeni waba amagatsha amathathu: ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukulawulwa kweziphathimandla, nokwahlulela. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo, esasungulwa oFata abasunguliwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule, siyaqhubeka sihlela indlela imithetho esungulwa ngayo, ephoqelelwa, futhi echazwa eMelika namuhla. Ngokufunda ngendima ethile yegatsha ngalinye, amandla, nokulinganiselwa, izakhamuzi zansuku zonke zingaqonda kangcono ukuthi izinqumo zikahulumeni zithinta kanjani ukuphila kwazo futhi zazi ukuthi iziphi izikhulu ezingathintana nazo lapho zidinga usizo.

Kungani Amagatsha Amathathu Efilosofi Ehlukanisa Amandla?

Iphuzu lokuhlola nokulinganisela laliwukuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elalingakwazi ukulawula amandla amaningi kakhulu, futhi ladala ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Lokhu kwakungesona isinqumo esiwumthetho ozimele ngabahleli boMthetho-sisekelo. Umfundi wezombangazwe uBaron Charles de Montesquieu wayebhale ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibono yemibuso eminyakeni ecishe ibe yikhulu ngaphambili. OFathering, bebone ubushiqela bamandla aphakeme ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani, babezimisele ukwakha isimiso lapho kungekho muntu noma iqembu elibusayo elingabusa uhulumeni.

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kwamandla sasibalulekile "ekusebenziseni kabi amandla," njengoba uJames Madison aphikisa lapho esekela ukunqanyulwa koMthetho-sisekelo. Ukulawula kakhulu ezandleni zanoma yiliphi lamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni abekwe kumthetho-Programme – umthetho - ngokomthetho, umphathi nokwahlulela – kungabeka engozini ngokungenakugwenywa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, wesaba. Lokhu kukhathalela ngamandla aphezulu kusebalulekile namuhla, njengoba ukulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha kuqhubeka kuvivinywa futhi kucwengisiswa.

Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu noma iqembu eliyoba namandla amakhulu kakhulu. Isimiso saklanywa ngokuqonda ukuthi imvelo yomuntu ihlanganisa ukulangazelela nokwazi ukonakala. Ngokuhlukanisa amagunya kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene, ngalinye linekhono lokuhlola amanye, uMthetho-sisekelo wakha uhlaka oluye lwabonakala luqinile futhi luvumelana nezimo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Abameleli Besizwe

Imiswe yiSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo, iGatya i-Gaza eliyiNdlu yabameleli neSigele, ezihlanganisa i-United States Congress. Njengoba igatsha lokuqala elibekwe kuMthetho-sisekelo, iSishaya-Mkhandlu kwakulindeleke ukuba libe yigatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu. Wonke amandla omthetho kahulumeni abekwe eSishayamthetho eSishayamthetho, okusho ukuthi iyingxenye yodwa kahulumeni engenza imithetho emisha noma ishintshe imithetho ekhona.

Ukwakhiwa Nokumiswa Kwezingqungquthela

I-Congress isebenza njengendlu yomthetho ye-bimateral, okusho ukuthi inamakamelo amabili ahlukene anezici ezingafani nemithwalo yemfanelo. Indlu yabameleli yakhiwa amalungu akhethiwe angu-435, ahlukaniswa phakathi kwezifunda ezingu-50 ngokwengqikithi yabantu abakhona. Lokhu kulinganiswa kuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abaningi kunamazwi amaningi endlu, abonisa isimiso sokubusa kweningi.

Amalungu akhonza amagama athatha iminyaka emibili futhi akhethwa ngokuqondile yizigodi ezivela ezifundeni zawo. Lobubude obufushane busho ukuthi abameleli kumelwe babuyele kaningi kubavoti ukuze baphinde bakhethwe, bawagcine ehlangene kakhulu nezinkathazo nezidingo zemiphakathi yabo yendawo. Indlu ihlanganisa noSpeor, okhethwa yizimemezeli futhi ukhonza njengesikhulu esiphethe igumbi.

ISigele, ngokuphambene, sinikeza izimpawu ezilinganayo kuzo zonke izifunda-mazwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinabantu bani. ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, futhi isifundazwe ngasinye simelelwa ngokulinganayo yizikhulu ezimbili eziphethe imibandela yeminyaka eyisithupha. Lesi sakhiwo sasiyingxenye "Yenzile" yokuhlehla" eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, ilinganisa izithakazelo zezifunda ezinkulu nezincane. Ekuqaleni zazikhethwe yizishaya-mthetho, izigebengu ziye zakhethwa ngokuqondile umphakathi kusukela iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu semithetho yamiswa ngo-1913.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yegatsha Elingokomthetho

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza iKhomishane igunya lokumisa umthetho nokumemezela impi, ilungelo lokuqinisekisa noma ukulahla ukumiswa kukaMongameli okuningi, kanye namandla amakhulu ophenya. Lemibuso yenza iSishaya - mthetho sibe namandla amakhulu ekulolongeni isimiso sesizwe nokuqondisa amanye amagatsha.

Phakathi kwemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu i-Congress ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni. Phakathi kwemibuso, igatsha lenza yonke imithetho, limemezela impi, lilawula ukuhwebelana kwezwe nakwamanye amazwe futhi lilawula ukukhokhiswa nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho. Le "igunya lesikhwama" linikeza ithonya eliqinile kuhulumeni osebenza, njengoba kungekho mali kahulumeni engenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlanganisa.

Amagumbi amabili eSishaya-mthetho anemibuso ehlukile futhi ayindlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wemali, futhi yiSigele kuphela esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ezivumelanayo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokuhlukene nesivumelwano esifanayo ngaphambi kokuba asinikeze kuMongameli. Lemfuneko yesivumelwano se-bidaral iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthathwa ngokunakekela okukhulu ngezindlela eziningi.

Indlu yabameleli inamandla ayo siqu, kuhlanganise namandla okuletha izihloko zokungathonyeki kuMongameli wase-United States. Okwamanje, iSigele sinamandla ayingqayizivele futhi, kuhlanganise namandla okumisa izivumelwano ze-raify futhi siqinisekise ukumiswa okwenziwa ngumongameli. Lemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile ibonisa indima ehlukene yegumbi ngalinye eliyidlalayo enqubweni yemithetho.

Indlela Ibhili Eliba Ngayo Umthetho

Ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuyinkimbinkimbi nokucabangisisa okuhilelekile ekumiseni umthetho kahulumeni. Amalungu oMkhandlu kuphela angamisa umthetho. Uma sewasungulile, umthetho uqala uhambo olude ngamakomiti, izibopho, izimpikiswano ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanye namavoti ngaphambi kokuba kube umthetho.

Ngemva kokwethulwa, kubhekiselwa isikweleti ekomitini elifanele lokubukeza. Kunamakomiti eNgqungquthela ayi 17, namakomiti angaphansi angu-70, namakomiti endlu angu-23, kanye namakomiti angaphansi angu-104. Lamakomiti avumela amalungu oMkhandlu ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso futhi anikeze umthetho ohlongozwayo ukuhlolwa okunemininingwane ngaphambi kokuba afike egumbini eligcwele ukuze avote.

Uma isikweleti sidlula ngempumelelo ngekomiti futhi sithola imvume egcwele eMzini noma eNdlwini yeSigele, kumelwe ukuba idlule ngenqubo efanayo kwelinye igumbi. Amagumbi amabili ngokuyisisekelo alinganayo ezindima nasemisebenzini yawo yokushaya umthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bobabili kumelwe bavumelane ngolimi olufanayo ngaphambi kokuba isimemezelo sithunyelwe kuMongameli.

Khona - ke uMongameli unezindlela eziningana. UMongameli angase adlulise izikweleti zemali, kodwa uMkhandlu ungathatha futhi indawo ngevoti yama-32 kukho kokubili iSigele nendlu yabameleli. Lokhu kuthatha i-veto esikhundleni samandla kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu uyaqhubeka unegunya lokugcina umthetho, nakuba umnyango ophezulu wenza ukuba inqaba.

Ukuqondisa Nokuphenya Okusemhlanganweni

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, uKhongolose unendima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni igatsha eliphethe futhi uphenye izindaba zomphakathi. Uma umthetho usumisiwe, uMkhandlu unelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza ukumiswa kwezimiso, futhi amakomiti awo ahola kulomzamo. Lo msebenzi wokwengamela usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho inqunywa njengenjongo yeBhungane nokuthi izinhlangano eziphethe zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngaphakathi kwegunya lawo.

Amandla okungagunyaza anikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokuqeda ukonakala nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kwamanye amagatsha amabili. Nakuba ukuqasha kuyithuluzi elingavamile ukusetshenziswa, ukuba khona kwakho kusebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile emandleni aphethe nawakwahlulela, kukhumbuza izikhulu ukuthi zihlala zinesibopho sokulandisa kubameleli babantu.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Limisa Imithetho Yesizwe

Nakuba iKhongolo lenza imithetho, igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wokusebenzisa leyo mithetho. Igatsha eliphethe, ngezinhlangano zeFederal, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwansuku zonke nokuphatha imithetho ye-Federal. Leligatsha lithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela ekusebenziseni inzuzo yokuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe ekuqondiseni ukuphepha kokudla.

UMongameli: UMbusi Oyinhloko Noyinhloko Kahulumeni

Umongameli, isekela likamongameli, nekhabethe lomongameli bangamalungu egatsha eliphethe. UMongameli usebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni nenhloko kahulumeni, ehlanganisa izindima ezihlukene kwezinye imibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi. Njengesikhulu esiphethe, uMongameli wengamela izikhulu ze-gential enkulu kahulumeni futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu ikhishwa ngokwethembeka.

Imithwalo yemfanelo kaMongameli idlulela ngalé kokugcinwa komthetho wasekhaya. Njengomphathi-nhloko wamabutho ahlomile, uMongameli unegunya eliphelele emsebenzini wezempi, nakuba amandla okumemezela impi ehlala noMkhandlu. UMongameli usebenza futhi njengomphathi omkhulu wesizwe, omelela iUnited States ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke nezivumelwano nohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe.

La mandla avumela uMongameli ngamunye ukuba ahlele indlela yesimiso sikahulumeni nencazelo yomthetho iminyaka eminingi noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka ngemva kokushiya isikhundla, ikakhulukazi ngokumisa kokwahlulela.

IKhabhinethi Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Amalungu ekhathekthe asebenza njengesekela likamongameli. Ahlanganisa isekela likamongameli, inhloko yeminyango ephethe, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ezithatha izikhundla eziphakeme. IKhabhinethi ivame ukuhlanganisa abaholi beminyango emikhulu njengezwe, i-Community, i-Cetation, iMahluleli, nabanye, ngalinye liphethe indawo ethile yesimiso sikahulumeni.

Amalungu eKhathene akhethwa ngumongameli futhi kumelwe avunyelwe yiSigele. Lemfuneko yokuqinisekiswa kweSigele ingenye yezindlela igatsha elihlola ngazo amandla abaphathi abangokomthetho, liqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu eziyinhloko zisekela ngaphandle kokuthanda kukaMongameli.

Le minyango ye-Federal nezinhlangano zinemisebenzi ehlukene kakhulu, kusukela ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile kuya ekuvikeleni imingcele yesizwe. Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa izigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezifeza umsebenzi wansuku zonke kahulumeni, kusukela ekukhokheleni intela yokuqondisa ukuya ekuqhubeni ukucwaninga kwezesayensi ukuhlola imisebenzi ukuphulwa kwezokuphepha.

Ukuhleleka Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni Namandla Kamongameli

Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela iMiyalo Ephethe, efana nezimemezelo eziphethe umthetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela lezozenzo ngokungemthetho. Iziqondiso eziphethe zivumela omongameli ukuba baqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezimiso ngaphandle kokuqhubeka ngenqubo yomthetho, nakuba behlala bengaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela futhi bangagumbuqelwa abaMongameli abalandelayo noma amaKhomishane ngomthetho.

Kuye kwaphikiswana ngobukhulu bamandla okubusa kwamandla aphakeme kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ngezikhathi ezihlukene lapho kubhebhetheka ukwanda nokumiswa kwegunya lomongameli.

Amandla E - Veto

Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli egatsheni eliphethe angayifaka leyomithetho nge-Mongameli we-Vito. Leli gunya linye yeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu zikaMongameli emandleni ombuso. Amandla okushaya umthetho angathinta izindleko ezidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Ukwazi ukuthi uMongameli angawugunyaza umthetho, uMkhandlu uvame ukuxoxa neNdlu yabamhlophe phakathi nenqubo yomthetho womthetho wokwakha izivumelwano ezingazuza imvume kamongameli.

Njengoba kungavamile ukuba umthetho ubekwe phezu kweveto kamongameli, uMkhandlu kumelwe uvumelane nesikhundla sikamongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo. Lokhu kudala isimiso lapho amagatsha okumelwe asebenze khona ndawonye, okungenani ngokwezinga elithile, ukuze kufezwe imigomo emikhulu yezimiso.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuhumusha Umthetho Nokuqondisa Ubulungisa

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengomhumushi womthetho futhi linakekela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Nakuba lingase libonakale lingabonakali kakhulu kunamanye amagatsha ezombangazwe zansuku zonke, ijaji lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni izingxabano, ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu, futhi linqume ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo usho ukuthini.

Izakhiwo ZeNkantolo Yesizwe

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sisebenza emazingeni amathathu ayinhloko. Phansi kunezinkantolo zesifunda, lapho kuqalwa khona amacala amaningi kahulumeni. Lezinkantolo zilalela ubufakazi, ziqhube amacala, futhi zenze izinqumo zokuqala zeqiniso nomthetho. Ngaphezu kwezinkantolo zesifunda kunezinkantolo zesifunda zesifunda ezihlola izinqumo zezinkantolo zesifunda, ezibukeza izinqumo zesifunda futhi zinqume ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa ngokunembile yini. Eqophelweni eliphezulu iNkantolo Ephakeme, inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli umisa izinkantolo zeNkantolo ePhakeme, amajaji amacala, nabahluleli benkantolo yesifunda abahlola le mibandela. Leligunya lokugunyaza linikeza omongameli ithonya elikhulu ejajini, nakuba iSigele egatsheni lemithetho siqinisekisa ukugunyaza kukaMongameli izikhundla zokwahlulela, futhi iSishaya-Mkhandlu singakhipha noma imuphi walabo bahluleli bese sibakhipha ezikhundleni.

Amandla Okubukeza Ukwahlulela

Enye yemibuso yejaji ebaluleke kakhulu ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, yigunya lokunquma ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Igatsha lomthetho lenza imithetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingayimemezela leyomithetho ngokungekho ngokomthetho. Lo mbuso, nakuba ungashiwonga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, wamiswa ekuqaleni komlando waseMelika futhi uye waba itshe eliyinhloko lendima yegatsha lokwahlulela.

AmaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme angagumbuqela imithetho engekho ngokomthetho. Leligunya lidlulela emithethweni edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, izenzo ezithathwa uMongameli, ngisho namalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho wezwe nemithetho. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme imemezela okuthile okungavumelani nemithetho, leso sinqumo siba isibonelo esibophayo izinkantolo eziphansi okumelwe zilandele.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela izenzo zoMongameli ezingavumelani nemithetho, ezizisusayo emthethweni. Igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela futhi imithetho edluliswa yiziKhomishane ukuba ingavumelani nemithetho ephelele noma ngokwengxenye. Lamandla enza ukuba ijaji libe yi-akekeli elibalulekile kokubili emagatsheni emithetho nawabaphathi, liqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zihlala zingaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho-mthetho.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezixazulula Ngayo Izimpikiswano

Ngaphandle kwemibuzo engokomthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izingxabano eziningi. Zixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe, phakathi kwezakhamuzi zemibuso ehlukene, phakathi kwabantu ngabanye nohulumeni, phakathi kwe-United States nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe. Izinkantolo zichaza iziqondiso zikahulumeni, zinqume ukuthi iziqondiso kufanele zisetshenziswe kanjani, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izenzakalo ezingokomthetho zilandela izinqubo eziqondile.

Inqubo yokwahlulela igcizelela ukucubungula ngokucophelela nokunamathela ekwakheni inqubo elandelayo. Abahluleli kulindeleke ukuba basekele izinqumo zabo emthethweni nasezicatshangelweni ezingokomthetho kunokuba basekele lokho abakuthandayo noma okucatshangelwayo kwezombangazwe.

Indima Ekhethekile yeNkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe indikimba yokwahlulela, ngezwi lokugcina empikiswanoni yomthetho kahulumeni nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. La majaji amiswa ngumongameli futhi aqinisekiswe iSigele. INkantolo ivame ukuqulwa amacala angaphansi kwekhulu ngonyaka, ikhetha ngokucophelela amacala aphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho ebalulekile noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zingaba nethonya elijulile nelihlala njalo emphakathini waseMelika, ezithinta yonke into kusukela emalungelweni omphakathi kuya ekuqondisweni kwezomnotho kuya okwahlulela kobugebengu.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Isimiso se-checks and Balances sinikeza igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni elinamagunya alo ngalinye ukuba lihlole amanye amagatsha futhi livimbele elinye igatsha ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu. Lesimiso asiwona nje umqondo ocatshangelwayo − isebenza njalo kuhulumeni waseMelika, ilolonga indlela enziwa ngayo nengasetshenziswa ngayo amandla.

Indlela Igatsha Ngalinye Elibheka Ngayo Abanye

Ikhono legatsha ngalinye lokusabela ezenzweni zamagatsha elinye yisimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Lokhu kuhlola kusebenza ezindaweni eziningi, kwakha ulwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lokulandisa.

Igatsha lemithetho lihlola umphathi ngezinqubo eziningana. UKhongolose uqinisekisa noma ukwenqaba omongameli. Lokhu kuqinisekisa kusebenza kumalungu omphathi weKhabhinethi, abahluleli bombuso, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu eziningi zesigaba esiphakeme. UKhongolo lulawula nemali kahulumeni, okusho ukuthi uMongameli akanakukwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ngaphandle kokuxhasa izivumelwano. Ingasusa futhi umongameli esikhundleni ezimweni ezikhethekile.

Igatsha lemithetho lihlola futhi ikomiti yamajaji. Kumelwe ivume ukumiswa kwamajaji e-Federal, okuwenza akwazi ukuthonya labo abaphethe isikhundla egatsheni lokwahlulela. ISishaya-mthetho singasiphula futhi sisuse amajaji, sisungule izinkantolo ezintsha, futhi sinqume ngisho nokulinganisela ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezithile.

Igatsha eliphethe lihlola i-Congress ngokuyinhloko ngamandla. Umongameli angakhipha umthetho owenziwe yi-Congress. Nakuba i-Congress inganqoba ama-vetoes, umnyango ophakeme ofunekayo wenza lokhu kube nzima, unika uMongameli ithonya eliqinile phezu komthetho. UMongameli futhi unokuhlakanipha kokuthi imithetho iphoqelelwe kanjani futhi angasebenzisa iziyalezo zokulawula ukumisa inqubo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho okhona.

Ikomiti yamajaji ihlola womabili amanye amagatsha ngamandla ayo okuhlola ikomiti. Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho edluliswa uMkhandlu nezenzo ezithathwa uMongameli uma ephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lomandla aqinisekisa ukuthi amagatsha akhethiwe ahlala ngaphansi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, ngisho nalapho ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kungase kuwaphoqelele ukuba adlule igunya lawo.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zamasheke Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asiyona nje inkolelo-lwazi ecatshangelwayo, kodwa idlalwa njalo kuhulumeni waseMelika. u-Alvarez uyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sendlela amagatsha amathathu asebenzisa ngayo igunya lawo. I-Legistative Branch – Congress – idlulise i-Stolen Vallor Act ka-2005, ijezisa labo abathi bamukele inhlonipho ephakeme yamabutho. Igatsha leJaji – iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States – yabusa ngo-2012 ukuthi i-Act yayingaliphathiswanga lungelo ngenxa yokuthi yaphula ilungelo lokukhuluma ngenkululeko yeSichimbiso Sokuqala. IBhunga Lombuso we-Pentagnon – uMongameli - – wathatha isinyathelo phakathi nenyanga yesinqumo seNkanto ephakeme yeNkantongala ephakeme kahulumeni wombuso wokumisa i-empelo yesizwe enikeza imvume yokuphatha i-inqununu yempi.

Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela amagatsha asebenzelana ngayo: ISishaya - mthetho sashaya umthetho osingatha inkinga ethile, izinkantolo zawuhlola lowo mthetho futhi zawuthola ungekho emthethweni, futhi igatsha eliphethe lathola enye indlela yokusingatha udaba olungaphulanga amalungelo omthetho. Igatsha ngalinye lafeza indima yalo efanele, futhi isimiso sasebenza ngendlela eklanywe.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuye kwavimbela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphamba. Omongameli baye babona izenzo zabo zivinjelwe izinkantolo noma zidunyazwa yiSishaya-mthetho. Imithetho iye yashaywa izinkantolo noma yacishwa yiziNkantolo. Izinkantolo ziye zagxekwa futhi zacindezelwa amanye amagatsha kodwa zalondoloza ukuzibusa kwazo. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siye savivinywa izikhathi eziningi phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka adlule futhi samelana novivinyo lwesikhathi.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Amagatsha Kubaluleke Kubantu Abahlala Kuwo

Kuzakhamuzi zansuku zonke, ukuqonda amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kuphela, kodwa kubalulekile ukuze ulwele ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphumelelayo somphakathi. Ukwazi ukuthi yiliphi igatsha eliphatha imithwalo yemfanelo elisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise ukukhathazeka kwazo endaweni efanele futhi ziqonde ukuthi zingazithonya kanjani izinqumo zikahulumeni.

Ukwazi Ukuthi Ongaxhumana Nabani

Uma izakhamuzi zifuna ukuthonya noma ukuxazulula izinkinga, zidinga ukwazi ukuthi igatsha eliphi okufanele lingene. Uma ufuna ukushintsha umthetho noma ukunikeza umthetho omusha, abameleli bakho eKhongolose bangabangane abafanelekile. Uma unokukhathazeka ngokuthi umthetho uphoqelelwa noma udinga usizo luni nenhlangano kahulumeni, igatsha eliphethe liyindawo yokusetshenziswa. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho omthetho we-mthetho we-gray aphuliwe noma umthetho usetshenziswa ngokungafanele, igatsha lokwahlulela linikeza i-produm ukuze lifune ubulungisa.

Ukuqonda amagatsha kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele imingcele yalokho ngamunye angakwenza. uMongameli ngeke kamuva ashintshe imithetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingakanani ayifuna. UMkhandlu awunakuphoqelela imithetho noma ukwephula isigwebo. Izinkantolo azikwazi ukwakha imithetho emisha noma ziqale izenzo zokuqinisekisa. Ukuqaphela lokhu kulinganiselwa kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibe namathemba angokoqobo futhi ziqondise imizamo yazo ngokufanelekile.

Ukuhlanganyela Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Izakhamuzi zisebenzelana namagatsha ngezindlela ezihlukene. Kulelogatsha lemithetho, izakhamuzi zingavotela abameleli bazo, zithintane namalungu eSishayamthetho ngezindaba ezizikhathalelayo, zifakazele ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi, futhi zihlanganyele emahholo amadolobha nakwamanye ama-orm. Lokhu kuhlangana okuqondile phakathi kwezakhamuzi nabameleli bazo abakhethiwe kuyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ku-ofisi ephethe, izakhamuzi zingavotela uMongameli, zikhulume ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, zisebenze nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene, futhi zisebenzise i Freedom of Information Act ukucela izincwadi zikahulumeni. Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zinezimpendulo zomphakathi lapho zimisa imithetho emisha, zinikeza izakhamuzi igunya lokuthi imiswe kanjani imithetho.

Ku-gatsheni lokwahlulela, izakhamuzi zingasebenza ezinkantolo, zilethe amacala lapho zinezikhangiso ezingokomthetho, futhi zifake ama-axis ama-icus ezimweni ezibalulekile. Nakuba izakhamuzi zingavoti amajaji kahulumeni, zingazisa imibono yazo kubameli phakathi nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa abameleli bokwahlulela.

Ukuvikela Inkululeko Ngolwazi

Lokhu kulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kuyinhlolo - vo ebalulekile ekufuneni izifiso namandla abaholi kunoma yiliphi igatsha elifuna ukweqa igunya labo elingokomthetho futhi ekugcineni lilulaze inhlalakahle yeriphabliki yethu. Ukwaziswa kwezakhamuzi kusebenza njengenye inqubo yokuhlola uhulumeni, okwenza izikhulu zizizwe zinecala futhi zifune ukuba zihloniphe imingcele engokomthetho.

Ekugcineni, ukulinganisela kusebenza kuphela lapho abantu abanesibindi emagatsheni abo beqonda indima yabo, befeza imithwalo yabo yemfanelo, bevimbela izifiso zabo siqu, futhi beqinisa ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo nowaseMelika. Izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile kulesi simiso ngokuhlala zinolwazi, zihlanganyele okhethweni, futhi zikhulume lapho zibona uhulumeni ephamba noma esebenzisa kabi igunya.

Imibono Evamile Engalungile Ngamagatsha

Imibono eminingi eyiphutha ngamagatsha amathathu iyaqhubeka enkulumweni yasobala. Ukuqonda okuyiqiniso nokungasizi izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye izenzo zikahulumeni kanye neziphakamiso zezombangazwe.

Umbono Oyiphutha: UMongameli Angawenza Imithetho

Okunye ukungaqondi okuvamile ukuthi abaMongameli bangakha imithetho ngeziqondiso zezikhulu noma ngezinye izenzo. Nakuba iziyalezo zezikhulu zingamathuluzi anamandla, azinakuyilawula noma ziyiphikisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Iziqondiso eziqondisayo ziqondisa indlela igatsha eliphethe elisebenzisa ngayo futhi liphoqelele imithetho ekhona, kodwa azinakwakha izibopho ezintsha ezingokomthetho ezigunyaziwe uMkhandlu. Uma abameli bedlula leligunya, izinkantolo zingaziqeda futhi ziqede izenzo zabo.

Umbono Oyiphutha: INkantolo Ephakeme Inamandla Angenamingcele

Enye inkolelo eyiphutha iwukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingenza noma yini eyifunayo. Eqinisweni, izinkantolo zinganquma amacala angokoqobo alethwa phambi kwazo, “‘ azinakuveza imibono noma ziqale ukuhlola kwazo. Izinkantolo futhi zincike egatsheni eliphethe ukuze ziphoqelele izinqumo zazo naseSikhungweni soMkhandlu ukuba zixhase imali nokulawula kwazo.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Igatsha Linye Libaluleke Kakhulu Kunamanye

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi igatsha elilodwa libaluleke kakhulu noma linamandla kunamanye. Eqinisweni, amagatsha aklanyelwe ukuba alingana, ngalinye libe nesikhundla salo. Nakuba amandla alinganiselwe amagatsha eshintshwa kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuhlukanisa imibuso sihlala siqinile. Alikho igatsha elingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokubambisana, noma okungenani ukuvumelana, kwamanye.

Izinselele Zokuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuqonda lezi zindaba kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye izimpikiswano ezikhona manje ngokuphathelene namandla kahulumeni nokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukwanda KoMbuso Ophethe

Enye intuthuko ephawulekayo kuye kwaba ukukhula kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa izishaya - mthetho, izikhulu, nokwahlulela. Lezi zikhungo zibhala imithetho (imisebenzi ye-quasi-legislative), ziphoqelela lezo zimiso (imisebenzi yokuphatha), kanye nezimpikiswano ezilandelanayo ngazo (imisebenzi ye-quassi-judicial). Izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe zikhipha iziqondiso ngegunya eligcwele lomthetho, kodwa lezi zingaphansi kwegunya lemithetho ebekwe yi-Congress. Lokhu kufakwa kwamandla ezinhlanganweni kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nendlela ukwahlukana kwemibuso ebusa ngayo.

Ukusebenza Kwezikhungo Zokuhamba Kwemikhumbi Nohulumeni

Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwezombangazwe ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ngamagatsha ukuba asebenze ndawonye ngokuphumelelayo. Uma uMkhandlu noMongameli belawulwa amaqembu ahlukene, kungaphumela, lapho igatsha ngalinye livala izinyathelo zomunye. Nakuba lokhu kubonisa isimiso esisebenza ngokuklanyelwe ukuvimbela isenzo sokuxhamazela, kungakhungathekisa futhi izakhamuzi ezifuna uhulumeni ukuxazulula izinkinga ezicindezelayo.

Uma elinye igatsha lingawenzi umsebenzi walo, noma uma elinye igatsha lingawunaki omunye, singase singene enkathazweni yomthetho - sisekelo.

Amandla Aphethe Ezimo Eziphuthumayo

Izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe, kusukela ezimpini kuya ezinkingeni zezomnotho, ngokuvamile ziholela ekwandisweni kwamandla okulawula. Nakuba kudingeka ukuvumelana nezimo ezithile ukuze kubhekwe ezinsongweni eziphuthumayo, lokhu kwanda kungaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi amasheke namagalelo afanelekile ayalondolozwa yini. Izakhamuzi namanye amagatsha kumelwe zihlale ziqaphe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla aphuthumayo awabi ahlala njalo futhi imingcele engokomthetho iyahlonishwa ngisho nasezikhathini ezinzima.

Amagatsha Esikhungweni Sikahulumeni

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ngokuyinhloko kuhulumeni kahulumeni, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ohulumeni bakahulumeni bamazwe balandela isimiso esifanayo esineziqu ezintathu eziqinile. Umbuso ngamunye unombuso owenza imithetho kahulumeni, umbusi omisa leyo mithetho, nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziyichazayo. Ukuqonda isimo sikahulumeni wakho kubalulekile njengokuqonda isimiso sikahulumeni, njengoba ohulumeni besingatha izindaba eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekufundiseni ukuya ekuthutheni uyokwenza ubugebengu.

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni imisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso efana noMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, nakuba amandla nezinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwezwe ngalinye. Ezinye izifundazwe zinika ababusi bazo amandla engeziwe kunamanye, ezinye zinezakhiwo zemithetho ehlukene, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinezinga elihlukene lokuzimela negunya. Ukufunda ngesimiso sikahulumeni wombuso wakho kukusiza ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo kwezombangazwe nesimiso sombuso.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Kubantu abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo amagatsha amathathu, kunemithombo eminingi. Amawebhusayithi asemthethweni egatsha ngalinye anikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nokwakheka, imisebenzi, nemisebenzi yamanje. Conrever.gov unikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nomthetho, imisebenzi yamakomiti, nenqubo yokushaya umthetho. Iwebhusayithi yeWhite House inikeza ukwaziswa ngezinto eziza kuqala zikaMongameli nemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Iwebhthi ye-judiary's's e . ichaza indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo futhi inikeza imithombo yemfundo.

INational Constitution Center, i-Library of Congress, namayunivesithi amaningi anikeza izinto zemfundo ngohulumeni waseMelika nangomthetho - sisekelo. Imitapo yezincwadi yendawo ivame ukuba nezinhlelo eziphathelene nemfundo yomphakathi, futhi imiphakathi eminingi inezinhlangano ezizinikele ekukhuthazeni ukuthembisana nokuqonda uhulumeni.

Izinhlangano zezindaba ezihlanganisa uhulumeni nezombangazwe zingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlale zinolwazi ngalokho igatsha ngalinye elikwenzayo.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ohlala Njalo Wokuzibusa

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni waseMelika amelela okunye komzamo ophumelela kakhulu ekutholweni kwentando yeningi. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho, abaphathi, nabezokwahlulela, futhi anika ngalinye ikhono lokuhlola amanye, abasunguli bakha isimiso esiye sabonakala siqinile futhi sivumelana nezimo ngokuphawulekayo.

Kuzakhamuzi zansuku zonke, ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane ngokuphumelelayo nentando yeningi. Ukwazi ukuthi uMongameli wenza imithetho, futhi ukuyichaza kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise ukukhathazeka kwazo ngokufanelekile futhi ziqonde indlela izinqumo zikahulumeni ezenziwa ngayo. Ukuqaphela indlela umsebenzi ohlolayo nolinganiselayo okusiza ngayo izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani uhulumeni ngezinye izikhathi uhamba kancane nokuthi kungani ukuhlehla kudingekile.

Isimiso asiphelele, futhi sibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezisukela ekuhlukaniseni kwezombangazwe, ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokususa izisongelo ekulondekeni kwesizwe. Kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo (ukuthi amandla kufanele ahlukaniswe) nokuthi igatsha ngalinye lihlole amanye) lihlala lisebenza namuhla njengoba kwakunjalo ngesikhathi uMthetho-sisekelo ubhalwa.

Izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni lesi simiso. Ngokuhlala zinolwazi, zihlanganyela okhethweni, zithintana nabameleli bazo, futhi zifune ukulandisa, izakhamuzi zisebenza njengenye i-cheke engeziwe embusweni kahulumeni. Ukuthembisana nolwazi kubalulekile ukuze kuhlukaniswe imibuso ngendlela ehloselwe ukusebenza ngayo.

Ukuqonda amagatsha amathathu akukona nje ukudlula ukuhlolwa kwezakhamuzi kuphela, kodwa kungokokuba isakhamuzi esiphumelelayo eriphabliki yentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhathazekile ngendaba ethile yenqubo, ufuna ukuthonya izinqumo zikahulumeni, noma ufuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wakho asebenza ngayo, ulwazi lwemithetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela anikeza isisekelo sokuhlanganyela okunenjongo kwezembutho.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuye kwasebenza kahle eMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, kuvumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo lapho kugcinwa izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo. Ngokuqonda nokusekela lesi simiso, izakhamuzi zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izoqhubeka ivikela inkululeko futhi iqhube ukubusa okuphumelelayo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, vakashela USA.gov[, i-web ye-web ye-omkhandlu kahulumeni, enikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngawo wonke amagatsha amathathu nendlela yokusebenzelana nawo.