Ukuqonda Ukuhlobana Kwempova Ecindezelayo

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe akukona ukuhlola okusemthethweni. Ngokungafani nokucwaninga okuqinile kombono, okuzama ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okungacaci, ukuhlola okucindezelayo kuyithuluzi lokuxhumana kwezombangazwe elifihlekile njengendlela yokuhlola. Kuqala ngokulandelelana kwemibuzo ebanzi ethwetshulweyo ethi “ukungcolisa”, kodwa kushintshela ngokushesha kumbuzo owenemiphumela elimazayo ngombhalisa noma ngenkambiso. Ngokwesibonelo, umbheki angase abuze, “Uma wazi ukuthi uCandida Smith ukhonjwe ngokwentela, okungakwenza ube nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba uyivotele?" lelisu lifaka icebo elibi lokuxhumana okulimazayo ngokwengqondo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuphikisa kuyiqiniso noma kuyiqiniso. Inhlangano yaseMelika yokucwaninga yomphakathi (AFOR) [FExter] ikwehluza ukuhlola okusemthethweni?[1] Izinhloso zokuphetho zazo, azikho ukupheka, futhi azikho ukuyeki ukuhlolwa kokuthiwe.[Fod]

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuvame ukwenziwa “izingcingo” noma abashayeli abahlalayo abadlula ngokushesha phakathi kombhalo, bagweme ithuba ngaliphi iliphi ishende lokubuza imibuzo noma ubufakazi obufunwayo. Umsindo wocingo ugcinelwa esifundeni esithile noma ekumisweni kwabantu, ukuhlasela ngaphandle noma ukuvota okuguquguqukayo. Ngoba izingcingo zimfushane futhi umxhasi ngokuvamile zifihlekile − zenza iqembu lokucwaninga elizimele liqaphele ukuthi liye lasetshenziswa. Lendlela yokukhohlisa yenza impoqoqo ethonyayo yezombangazwe elulaza ubuqotho benkulumo yedemokrasi.

Okwenza Ukuqaphela Kube Okubucayi Ngentando Yeningi

Umonakalo obangelwa ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe udlulela ngalé komjikelezo owodwa wokhetho. Uma abavoti bechayeke ekwazisweni okungaphikiswayo noma okusontekile, ukuthembela kwabo enqubweni yokukhetha kuyawohloka. Ukuhlolwa konyaka ka-2019 kwePew Research Center kwathola ukuthi abangaphezu kwengxenye yamaMelika bakholelwa ukuthi ukwaziswa okunganembile “kunethonya elikhulu" noma“ elikhulu emiphumela yezombangazwe [[. Ukuhlola kokuxosha kubhethelisa lokhu kubangelwa yimida yamanga ngaphansi kwesayensi. Ngaphandle kokuqaphela okukhulu, ngisho nezakhamuzi ezinezinhloso ezingaqondile zingathonywa yimibuzo ezwakala sengathi zinomuzwa onenjongo kodwa empeleni zishintshe izingqondo zazo.

Izindleko eziphansi nezinga eliphansi lenhlolo-zincwadi eziphoqelelwayo zizenza ithuluzi elikhangayo lemikhankaso yokuphelelwa yithemba. Ngokungafani nezikhangiso ezingokwesiko, ezingase zihlolwe futhi zisabele obala, zisunduze ukuvota ezithunzini, zifinyelele abantu ngabanye ezingxoxweni zocingo. Okuwukuphela kwesilinganiso esisebenzayo siwumphakathi ongaqaphela futhi ulahle lamacebo ngaphambi kokuba aqale. Ngakho imikhankaso yemfundo ayisona isidingo esingcono sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo esinempilo.

Ukwakha Umkhankaso Wemfundo: Izinhlangano Zokufundisa

1. Ukufunda Ngezindaba Ezikoleni

Isivikelo esihlala njalo ekuhloleni okuphoqelelwe ukuchayeka ekuhloleni kobuphengululi kusekuqaleni ukucabanga okugxekayo ngezindlela zokuhlola. Isikole singahlanganisa ama-patton aphathelene nezimiso zokuhlola, ubandlululo, nomehluko phakathi kokulinganisa umbono kanye nokusebenzisa imibono. Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi bangahlaziya imibhalo yesibonelo eminyangweni ephoqelelwe ngempela ephoqelelwe (lapho bethola imininingwane esusiwe) futhi bayiqhathanise nemidweliso evela ekuhloleni okusemthethweni okwenziwa abahloli abadumile abanjengoGallup noma i-Pew Research Center. Lendlela ekhona ifundisa abafundi ukubona imibuzo eholayo, ukuphoqelelwe ukuba i-ice polsingsting, nokungabikho kwemibuzo emisha yokuhlola abantu abakhona.

Ukuthumela le mininingwane emaqenjini ezindaba noma emakilasini ezokuhlola kwezezindaba kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivota, ziyaliqonda iqhinga. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Media Literacy zinikeza imithombo yamahhala engalungiselwa lenjongo. Ngesikhathi lapho abavoti abasebasha behlangana nophenyo oluphoqelelwe emkhankasweni, kakade sebenethuluzi lengqondo lokuphakanyiswa noma ukulahla ukwaziswa.

2. Izikhungo Zomsebenzi Zomphakathi Nezikhungo Zomphakathi

Nakuba imfundo esekelwe esikoleni izuzisa abavoti besikhathi esizayo, abantu abadala kakade abadinga ukwaziswa okusheshayo. Izinhlangano zobuNonpartis, imitapo, nezikhungo zomphakathi zingathola amashabhu achaza ukusunduza ukuhlolwa ngolimi olulula. Izikhathi zokuhlela eziphumelelayo:

  • Umehluko phakathi kokuhlola umbono, ukuhlola kwezentengiselwano, nokuhlola okuphoqelelayo.
  • Izimpawu ezivamile eziyisixwayiso: umshayeli wesingcingo owenqaba ukunikeza igama lomxhasi, imibuzo eqala ngokuthi “uma wazi...”, nemibhalo engabuzi ukuthi abantu bakhona.
  • Indlela yokusabela: Awenqaba ngenhlonipho ukuphendula, acele igama nenhlangano yomninikhaya, futhi abike izimemezelo zokusola ezikhulwini zikahulumeni zokhetho noma eFederal Communications Commission.
  • Ukudlala indima engokoqobo lapho izakhamuzi zizama khona ukubuyisela emuva kumbhalo ofanisiwe.

Uma omakhelwane bexoxa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphenywa okuphoqelelwe, lelisu lilahlekelwa ikhono lokutshala ukudideka ngokuzihlukanisa. Izindaba zendawo zingandisa lezizindawo ngokufaka izindaba ezixwayisayo, okudala ithonya elikhulu.

3. Ukuqeqeshwa Kwezintatheli Nokubika Okuwumthwalo Wemfanelo

Izintatheli ziyizingqongqo zokuhlola amasango omkhankaso, kodwa eziningi azikuqeqeshi ngokuqondile ukuziphatha kokuhlola kwezombangazwe. Imithombo yezindaba ingazihlanganisa nezindikimba eziqeqeshiwe njenge American Association of Political Concators (AAAPC) noma izikhungo zokuphenya ezifundisayo ukuze zinikeze izikole ezimfushane zezintatheli. Amakhono abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Indlela yokubona inhlolo - vo esunduzwayo lapho umshayi wempepho enikeza umbhalo wokushayela.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: Hlola i - ID eshayela ucingo, ucwaninge enhlanganweni exhasayo, futhi uqhathanise le ncwadi nezindlela zokuhlola ezaziwayo.
  • Umbiko ohluzekile: Kunokuba unyathelise umbono oyiphutha wenhlolo - vo ephoqelelayo (ongase wandise isigijimi), bika ngeqiniso lokuthi umkhankaso wokuhlola ophoqelelwe ukhona futhi uqambe ozobhapathizwa noma iqembu eliwusekelayo.
  • Ukubhala lesisenzakalo ngendinganiso: ukuchazela abafundi ukuthi kungani ukuphenya okuphoqelelwayo kuyingozi nokuthi yini abangayenza uma beyithola.

Izintatheli eziqeqeshiwe zingaguqula isenzakalo sokuhlola esiphoqelelwe sibe umzuzu wokufundisa kunokuba sibe isihlazo esisakaza amanga ngokungaqondi. Iwebhusayithi AAPOR inikeza uhlelo olucacile lwezimiso zokuziphatha [[[FLT: 1] intatheli ezingabhekisela kuyo lapho zihlola izinqumo zokuhlola.

4. Ukushintsha Kwemishini Nemikhankaso Yokuxhumana

I-Internet ne-computer inikeza imishini ephansi, imishini engenisa kakhulu emikhankasweni yokuqaphelisa. Izinhlangano zingadala amavidiyo amafushane achazayo, abhalwe nge-metary, futhi zikwazi ukuhlanganisa izimpawu ezixwayisayo ngezimpawu ezikhumbulekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ividiyo yesitebhuli engu-30 yeTikTok ingabonisa ucingo olubuza umbuzo oholayo lapho umbhalo uvala i-flash: “Ingabe lokhu kuhlola okuphoqelelekile? Uma kuzama ukushintsha ingqondo yakho, yebo!” Lokhu kungasakazwa ngezimiso zokuvikela ze-volution, iNhlangano yendawo yeZikole Zoters, namaqembu ezokuhlangana.

Izikhangiso zezenhlalo zezokuxhumana ezihloselwe ukuguqula amazwe noma izifunda ezikhuthaza ukuvelela ngokomlando zinganciphisa imfundo. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuphoqelela ukuhlasela kuvame ukuhlasela izinombolo ezithile zomlando, imikhankaso yamanani ingabekwa futhi kulezozindawo, iqinisekisa ukuthi isigijimi esiqashelwayo sifika ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho ukunxusa kokuhlola kuqala. Ukuhlohla ijubane nokuhlasela kwenza imisebe yemishini ibe yingxenye ebalulekile yendlela ebanzi.

Ukulinganisa Umphumela Wemikhankaso Yokuqaphela

Ukuze bathethelele ukuxhaswa kwemali nemizamo yesilinganiso, othisha kudingeka bahlole ukuthi imikhankaso iwushintsha yini ngempela yini ukuziphatha.

  • Inkumbulo enzima[: Ngaphambi nangemva komkhankaso, abavoti bayabuzwa ukuthi bazi ukuthi ukuvota okuphoqelelayo kuyini. Ukwanda kokuhlukanisa okulungile (umz., “ucingo oluzama ukusakaza ukwaziswa okungakhi ngaphansi komklamo wokuhlola”) lubonisa impumelelo.
  • [ Isinyathelo esikhishwe imibiko[: Ukulandelela ukuthi bangaki abantu abathi bangaphakamela noma babike ukuhlola kokusunduza. Ukuhlola kokulandela kungalinganisela amazinga angokoqobo okubika, nakuba ubandlululo lwezikhangiso kumelwe lubalwe.
  • .I-Diaclease ekuphumeleleni: Ekuhloleni okulawulwayo, abacwaningi bangalingisa ukucupha izibalo futhi bahlole ukuthi ukuqapha kunciphisa izinga lapho abaphenduli beguqula khona imibono yabo. I-meta-analysis eyakhishwa Journal of Political Merkinging[[] ithole ukuthi ukungenela okufushane kokuhlola ukufunda kwezehlakazeli kunciphe ithonya lokuphenya ngo-15=30%.
  • Imininingwane echazayo: amabhodi okukhetha nomthetho we-FCC ukukhononda ngezingcingo ezisolekayo. Isikhonkwane sezikhalazo ngemva komkhankaso wokufundisa singaba uphawu lokuthi umyalezo uyaqhubeka, ushukumisela izakhamuzi ukuba zenze isenzo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma izikhangiso ze - digital ziveza inkumbulo ephakeme kodwa zingabi namanani aphansi, zingashintshwa ukuze kugcizelelwe ukuthi kufanele zibhalwe kanjani nokuthi zikuphi, kunokuba kuqondwe ukuthi zibhalwe kanjani.

Izinselele Nezingozi Okufanele Zicatshangwe

Izithiyo eziningana zinganciphisa ukuphumelela kwazo:

Ukunganaki Nje Kuphelile Futhi Kugcwele Umthwalo

Imishini ihlaselwa ngokwaziswa phakathi nenkathi yokukhetha. Isigijimi esisodwa esiphathelene nokuphoqelelwa kokuhlola singalahleka kalula emsindweni. Imikhankaso kumelwe iphinde izimpawu eziyinhloko ezixwayisayo ezisezindleleni eziningi futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukusebenzisa amahlaya noma i-poprase ekhumbulekayo (umz., “Uma izizwa njengesikhangiso esibi ekuhloleni, kuyinto yokuhlola ephoqelela” ingathuthukisa inhloso.

Ukuzihlaziya

Amanye amaqembu aqhuba iziphetho zokuhlola aqala ukucupha, esebenzisa izingcingo ze-ID eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivela ku-oda bendawo. Amanye aqala ukuhlanganisa u-dislay shadi ekupheleni kocingo (ngemva kokuba imibuzo ethonyayo ibuzewe. Lelisu linelisa izimfuneko zokwembula okungokomthetho kwezinye izizwe kuyilapho kusafinyelelwa umgomo. Othisha kumelwe bahlaziye izixwayiso zabo zonke njengezindlela zokuhlola eziphoqelelwe ukuvela.

Ukumelana Ne - partisan

Ezindaweni ezinesimo esikhudlwana kakhulu, abanye abavoti bangawulahla umkhankaso wemfundo njengengxenye yezinhlelo zezombangazwe. Ukuze bagweme lokhu, izigijimi kufanele zidluliswe yi-opartisan, amazwi endawo athenjwayo /(cbic baholi, izikhulu zokhetho, noma oprofesa baseyunivesithi (_rather kunezindawo zokukhetha) zesizwe. Ukubeka lendaba njengendaba yokuthembeka kokhetho, hhayi inzuzo yeqembu, kunganciphisa ukumelana.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Inzuzo engakhi kanye nezindawo zokuvikela abavoti ngokuvamile zinemali elinganiselwe. Kumelwe banqume ukuthi izotshala imali ekuqhubeni imfundo yokuvota noma ezinye izinto eziza kuqala njengokubhalisa ivoti noma ukulwa ne-intanethi. Imishini esebenzelana nezinkampani zezokuvota, izinkampani zetelcom, nezisekelo zokuphana kungasiza ekukhokheleni izindleko. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani yocingo inganikela ngobuchwepheshe bokukhokha izitini ze-othocall kuyilapho ifundisa abathengi ngokubona ukuthi bangabona kanjani ukuhoxa.

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba: Umkhankaso KaHulumeni Wokuphehla Izinyawo Ka - 2020

Isibonelo esiphawulekayo somkhankaso wokufundisa ophumelelayo wenziwa phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli wase-U.S. eMichigan, eWisconsin, nasePennsylvania. Inhlangano yamaqembu angewona amapartis, kuhlanganise neNhlangano yaMawomen Voters ne-Campaign Legal Center, yasungula i-slective ephawulwe ngokuqondisweyo ngoAugust 2020. Yaveza ividiyo eyi-90-second chaza ukuthi i-teprip eziteshini zekheli futhi ithuthene kwimithombo yezenhlalakahle. Le video yabonisa ucingo oluhlekisayo: “Lena iphimbozobungane esheshayo, ungavotela u Smith uma wazi ukuthi usekela intela iphulwa izicebi?” Khona umbhalo ochaza izimpawu zezembulayo.

Isivumelwano sasakaza izimpukane ezikhungweni zomphakathi futhi samisa ucingo olushisayo lombhalo lapho abavoti bengabika khona izingcingo ezisolekayo. Ngesonto elithile ngemva kokuthuthwa, i-fleatline yathola imibiko engaphezu kwengu-4000. Ukuhlolwa kwezingcingo kwaqinisekisa ukuthi abaningi abaziwayo bahambisana nemibhalo yokuhlola. Lomfelandawo wakwazi ukuqamba obala iqembu elihlolayo elingemva kwezingcingo, okwabangela ukunyuswa kokusakaza okuqhubekayo komyalezo wemfundo. I- Post-ocompution yathola ukuthi ukuqaphela ukuphoqelelwa kweminya phakathi kwabavoti kulawomazwe kungenzeka kwaphakama kusukela ngo-3% kuya ku-62 ngo-Okthoball, nesilinganiso sika-Ropera abathi bahlolele ekuhlolweni okusolwayo okusolwayo kunyuke kusuka ku-19% kuya ku-19%.

Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuveza imiphumela ye-cayusal emkhankasweni owodwa, umzamo ka-2020 ubonisa ukuthi isinyathelo sokufundisa esisetshenziswa kahle, esihamba ngephakethe singashintsha ulwazi nokuziphatha komphakathi ngenkathi emfushane. Izici eziyinhloko kwakuyimpendulo ecacile, ukwethembana kwendawo, nelula, ethatha isinyathelo (ukubhala i-panel eshisayo).

Isiphetho: Umdlalo Omude We - Voter Resilieve

Ukuhlola kokucindezela akupheli. Uma nje amaqembu omkhankaso efuna izindlela ezishibhile, ezingenakufinyelelwa zokuthonya abavoti abangahloniphi, lelisu liyosinda futhi liziphendukele. Ikhambi alikona ukucusumbula noma ubuchwepheshe kuphela. I-ID ekhasimende elihlolwayo lingase lixazululwe ngemithetho eyengeziwe, kodwa izikhalazo ezintsha ziyovela. Ikhambi elihlala njalo liyizakhamuzi eziqaphela isikhali futhi zenqabe ukuba yisisulu saso.

Imikhankaso yemfundo iyisisekelo salelo khambi. Ngokuzinika ulwazi lwezezindaba ezikoleni, ngokuqeqesha izintatheli, sihlanganyela emiphakathini ngamashabhu, futhi sisebenzisa amathuluzi emishini ukuze sinikeze izixwayiso, sidala ulwembu lokuqaphela okwenza ukuvota kungasebenzi futhi kungakhangi kakhulu. Wonke umvoti ophakami, wonke umcosheli odalula umbhalo, uthisha ngamunye ohlola umehluko phakathi kokuhlola kwangempela kanye nokuhlola okuphoqelelwe ngemishini. Izindleko ezisheshayo, imithombo, intengo eqinile, izindleko, izindleko ezilinganayo, izindleko ezilinganayo, izindleko ezilinganayo, ezilingana nezindleko ezithatha isikhathi eside zokulahlekelwa ukwethenjwa kwenqubo yokhetho. Ngokhetho, ukuthunywa kucacile: ukufundisa, ukufundisa, ukufundisa, futhi ungazange ucabange ukuthi ukuphenyaza okulandelayo akufinyelelwa isivikelo kakhulu.