Table of Contents
Imikhankaso yokuqapha umphakathi iye yaba isisekelo secebo lanamuhla lokunqanda ubuphekula, iguqula izakhamuzi ezivamile zibe abantu abakhuthele ekuvikelekeni kwesizwe. Ngokutshela nokufaka iziphathimandla emphakathini, zingathuthukisa ukuvinjelwa, ukuthungatha, futhi zithuthukise ukusabela okuphumelela kakhulu ekusongelwani amaphekula. Lemikhankaso isebenza ekwakheni abantu abaqaphile, abanolwazi abaqaphela ukuziphatha okusolekayo, abaqonda inqubo yokubika, nokuthembana komthetho ngokwanele ukuba uhlanganyele ulwazi olugxekayo. Enkathini yobuphekulapha okuhloniphekile, udwe olusheshayo, imizamo yokuqapha umphakathi ayiseyona eyenzeki kalula, futhi ayibalulekile.
Ukuziphendukela Kokuqapha Komphakathi Ngokumelene Nezehlakalo Zobuphekula
Emashumini eminyaka, ubuphekula babuyindawo enkulu yezinhlangano zobuhlakani namaphoyisa, futhi umphakathi wawubheka ngokuyinhloko njengezisulu. Ukuhlasela kwango-September 11, 2001, kwaphawula inkathi eshintshayo, ebonisa ukuthi ngisho nezimiso zokuhlakanipha ezinakekelwe kakhulu zingalahlekelwa izimpawu ezibucayi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke baye baqaphela ukuthi umphakathi umelela iqoqo elikhulu, elingaphenyekile lemishini yokusebenza kwemishini. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-United States “Uma Ubona Into, Say Thint®” neUnited Kingdom’s“ Say Ithi, Yayi, Yaziwe, Ihleliwe . Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwabonisa ukuqonda okukhulu okukhona ebumnyameni – ukuthi ukuqaphela umphakathi kungakhanya ukukhanya kwemisebenzi yokusola, ukuhlasela, ukusongela, ukusongela, ukusongela kwe-uningcertyty, nokusongela kwe-United Kingdom’s.
Izinhloso Zokuqashelwa Komphakathi
Imfundo Ngezimpawu Zosongo
Umgomo oyinhloko wanoma yimuphi umkhankaso wokwazisa uwukufundisa umphakathi ukuthi yini okumelwe uyibheke. Lokhu kudlulela ngalé kokucela okungacacile ukuze “kubikwe umsebenzi osolekayo.” Izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zinikeza isiqondiso esiqondile, esisebenzayo sokuziphatha okungase kubonise ukuhlelwa kokusebenza: isithakazelo esingavamile ezilinganisweni zokulondeka, imishini yokuhlola, ukuthola iziqhumane, noma imizamo yokuthola izikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, i-webhsayithi ye-U’s Counter Terrorism Policing inikeza incazelo ecacile yomsebenzi osolekayo ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene (izindawo eziminyene, ukuziphatha okunelayini). Ngokususa izimpawu zosongo, imikhankambiso, ukuqinisa izakhamuzi ukuba zenze ngokuzethembana kunokuba zesabe.
Ukubika Okukhuthazayo
Ukwazi ukuthi yini okumelwe ibhekwe kuyingxenye yenombolo. Umphakathi futhi kumelwe ushukunyiselwe ukubika ukuphawula kwawo. Izithiyo zihlanganisa ukwesaba ukuchitha isikhathi samaphoyisa, ukungathandi ukuhileleka, noma ukusola iziphathimandla. Ukulwa nemikhankaso yobuphekula kukhuluma ngale migoqo ngokuzenza ingabikho okuvamile - ukuphinda ukuthi “akubizo kuwukuchitha isikhathi” nokuthi ukubika kuwumsebenzi womphakathi. Izindaba eziphumelelayo, njengokubhucungwa kwecebo lika-2018 lokuqhumisa isikhungo sokuthenga lapho isihloko selungu lomphakathi sasibalulekile khona, ziqinisa umyalezo obika ukuphila.
Ukwakha Ukwethembana Nokuhlala Umphakathi Uqinile
Ubuphekula buvame ukuxhaphaza ukuhlukana emphakathini. Imikhankaso yokuqaphelisa umphakathi ehlanganisa abantu, esheshayo ukuzwelana, futhi eveza izimpawu zokusiza kwakha ukwethembana phakathi kwemiphakathi nokugcinwa komthetho. Ukuthembana kubalulekile ekuhlanganiseni kokuhlakanipha emiphakathini engase ibe nokungabaza ukubambisana. Imikhankaso yalowo osebenza nabaholi bomphakathi, izinhlangano zenkolo, nezinhlangano zobuhlanga izimpawu zokuthi ukulwa kwezephula umthetho kuwumzamo ofanayo, hhayi ithuluzi lokuhlola noma ukucwasa. Lendlela yokubambisana iqinisa ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo futhi inciphisa ukunxusa kwezehlakazelelwa kwezehlakazo zezenhlalo.
Ukumelana Nokumangalelwa Nenkulumo - ze Eyiphutha
Amaphekula athembele empucukweni ukuze athole, athathe izinto ezinkulu, futhi aphenye ukuhlasela. Imikhankaso yokuqaphelisa umphakathi isebenza njengethuluzi lokulahla ukulandisa okungamanga futhi inikeze ukwaziswa okunembile. Ngokwesibonelo, imikhankaso echaza indlela ubudlova bamaphekula obuphikisana ngayo nezimfundiso zenkolo, noma edalula amaphupho aqanjiwe akhuthazwa amaqembu anjenge-ISSIS, ingaba yizelela abantu abasengozini ekulweni nokulawulwa kwemithetho. Ohulumeni basebenzisa futhi imikhankankaso yokuqaphela ukuze balungise amahemu phakathi nokuhlasela, bavimbele ukuphamba kanye nokulimaza okulandelayo.
Indlela Ehlelekile Yokusebenzisa Izindlela
Ukungenela Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nezokuxhumana
Izezindaba zakudala – ithelevishini, umsakazo, izikhangiso zezezindaba - zihlala ziphumelela ekufinyeleleni izilaleli ezibanzi, ikakhulukazi inani labantu abadala. Nokho, ukugxila kuye kwadlulela kakhulu kumasiteji e-tecs lapho ushintsho luvame ukuqala khona. Imikhankaso yezokuxhumana isebenzisa izikhangiso ezihloselwe, ama-pecter, kunye nezinto ezihlanganyelwayo (iivideo, amaphepha ezithombe) ukuze zifinyelele izilaleli ezishaye. Ngokwesibonelo, iU.S. Department of Homeland Security's "Uma Ubona Into, Say Into ethile, Say Conte Chant®" igcina umkhankaso oqinile wokuxhumana nge-injini ye-injini (injini, i-injini ye-mediactives ]. Amathuluzi omphakathi avumela futhi iziphathimandla ukuba bamukele umzwelo wemizwano wemidansolo mayelana nezinso, ukusabela ngokushesha.
Ukuhlanganyela Nobuhlobo Bomphakathi
Awukho umkhankaso ophumelela ngaphandle kokuthenga umphakathi. Iminyango yamaphoyisa, izikole, abaholi bokholo, kanye namabhizinisi ziyizindlela ezibalulekile zokunikeza umlayezo. Amaholo omsebenzi, amahholo edolobha, kanye nezikhawu zokuqeqesha ezivumela ukuxhumana ngezindlela ezimbili: izakhamuzi zingaphakamisa ukukhathazeka, futhi iziphathimandla zingavumelanisa imiyalezo nezinsongo zendawo. United Nations Counter-Trorism Center (UNCT) iye yaqokomisa ukubophela isibopho somphakathi njengomkhuba ongcono kakhulu, hhayi leyo mishano ethuthukisa ukugeleza kokwaziswa futhi inciphise ihlazo ngokubika.
Izinhlelo Zokufundisa Ezikoleni Nasemsebenzini
Ukubhebhethekisa ukuqapha kobuphekula ezifundweni zesikole ezingemva kwesikole – ezingeni elifanele-kahle kuyasiza ekugxiliseni ukuqapha ukuphila konke. Imoduli ingahlanganisa ukuphepha kwe-intanethi, iqaphele okunethonya elinamandla, nendlela yokufuna usizo. Emisebenzini, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni ephakeme njengezokuhamba noma izakhiwo ezibucayi, iziqeshane eziphoqelelwe ziqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi ziyazazi izinqubo zokubika ukuziphatha okusolekayo. “Izenzo (Izenzo zobuphekula) zentsha yisibonelo esisodwa.
Izaziso Zenkonzo Yomphakathi Nemikhankaso Ebonakalayo
Amachashaza amafushane, akhumbulekayo abekwe ezikhumulweni eziphezulu zezindiza ezihamba-hambayo – iziteshi, iziteshi, izikhungo zezemidlalo – zidonsa ukunakekela ngokushesha. [ [“Sibone, Sithi Sihlele” umkhankaso ohlelweyo [ usebenzisa ulimi olulula nolubonakalayo (izigqebhezana ezinomsila, iziqubulo ezibambayo) ukuze ubike kalula njengokukhumbula igama. LeziPS zivame ukuhambisana nezikhangiso ze-miliodio kanye nezimemezelo, zakha isikhumbuzo esingapheli, esiphansi somthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwayo.
Ukuthunyelelwa Kwamaqembu Asebusweni
Akuwona wonke amanani abantu asengozini yokuthatheka ngokulinganayo, kodwa abanye abafana nentsha ebhekene nokuthotshelwa emasikweni, iziboshwa, noma abantu abanezinkinga zempilo yengqondo abadinga imikhankaso ekhethekile. Lemizamo isebenzisa i-internediary ethenjwayo (izisebenzi zezenhlalo, imams, ngaphambili ababenobushiqela) ukunikeza imiyalezo. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwamaJalimane oluthi “Uyisho i-MNTLZ” (Izisulu ze-NTY) izisulu zezehlakalo ezisemgathelwe kuyi-intanethi (iiie), ngokunikeza izimesethi ezithembekile nangokubika ngokukhethekile iziteshi eziveza izinhlelo ezichaphayo.
Ukuhlola Icala Nomphumela Wemikhankaso Emikhulu
I - United Kingdom: “Bheka, Yisho, Uhlelekile”
Ngo-2016, lo mkhankaso waqalwa yiBritish Transport Police, ugxile ekuvikeleni kwesitimela namapayipi. Umyalezo waso ongagwegwesi - phutha - funa okuthile okungavamile? Yisho okuthile kuzisebenzi noma umbhalo weBritish Transport Police, futhi uzohlelwa ukuba ubonakale ukhumbuleka kakhulu. Lo mkhankaso ubika imibiko engaphezu kwengu 20 000 ephuma emphakathini minyaka yonke, nenani elikhulu eliholela ekusebenziseni ukuhlakanipha okungasebenza. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe eziphuzi kahle nezithombe ezilula kuqinisekisa ukubonakala okuphakeme ngisho nasezimweni eziminyene. [FLT]] uhulumeni ohlola imibiko egciniwe yomphakathi [
EUnited States: “Uma Ubona Okuthile, Thetha Okuthile®”
Ekuqaleni kwaqalwa uMnyango Wezokuvikela I Homeland (DHS) ngemva kuka-9/11, lomkhankaso manje useyisiqalo sesizwe sonke. Usebenza nezinhlangano zezemidlalo, amaketanga abathengi, neziphathimandla zokuthutha ukuze zisakaze isigijimi sawo. Impumelelo ephawulekayo kwakuyibhuloho lokudubula lamabhomu e-2016 New York City, lapho umabhalane wesitolo owaqaphela ukuthengwa kwamakhemikhali okusoleka kwabika emaphoyiseni, okuholela ekuboshweni. Amandla alo mkhankaso alele ekufakeni kwawo lula nasekunxuseni okukhulu, kodwa futhi uye wabhekana futhi nenseleleko yokuholela kwezinhlanga ekuqhubeni i-profilling – inselele ukuthi i DHS izikheli zezinto zokuqeqesha izinto ezigcizelela ukulandisa ukuziphatha. [[FLT:] [FLT]]
I - Australia: “Qapha, Ungathuki”
Isu le-Australia elimelene nokuqapha amaphekula ligcizelela ukulingana: kukhuthaza ukuqapha ngaphandle kokwesaba. Lomkhankaso unikeza isiqondiso sokubika imisebenzi esolekayo kuyi-inthanethi (i-National Security Hotline) futhi uhlanganisa nokuthumela imiyalezo elula yomphakathi. Inikeza nezinto ezikhethekile emiphakathini yabantu yezizwe ngezizwe, iqaphela ukuthi indlela eyodwa yokulungisa ingase imaqembu ahlukanisayo kakade angaqasheli ukugcinwa komthetho. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi lo mkhankaso uye wathuthukisa ukuqashelwa komphakathi kwe-National Security Hollie kanye nezinqubo zokubika.
I-European Union: “Inethiwekhi yokuqaphelisa ye-Ridabiation.” (RAN)
URAN akawona umkhankaso owodwa oveza umphakathi kodwa uyinxanxathela yodokotela nabacwaningi abasungula amasu okuphikisa. Isekela amazwe angamalungu ekwenzeni imikhankaso evumelana nendawo eqeda inkulumo - ze ethathelwanayo. “Amandla eMilomo Yamazwi” anikeza izifundo zezindaba namathuluzi okuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezingxoxo zansuku zonke. i-Commission’s plat[[ ifaka iscreen imithombo yemisebenzi yezisebenzi eziphambili.
Izinselele Nokucabangela Okufanele
Ukugwema Ukwesaba Okweqile Nokuzilimaza
Ukugxekwa okuphikelela kakhulu kwemikhankaso yokuqapha umphakathi kuwukuthi zingabangela ukwesaba okungadingekile noma zihlazise yonke imiphakathi. Uma imiyalezo igcizelela kakhulu izinga losongo noma igxile ngokungenakulinganiswa eqenjini elilodwa lenkolo noma lohlanga, basengozini yokuhlukanisa imiphakathi ebambisanayo. imikhankaso ekhuthazayo isebenzisa izikhombo ezisekelwe ekuziphatheni kunokuba ifake izikhangiso zenani labantu [ futhi ngokucophelelayo ukuze bagweme ukuphazanyiswa. Ukubheka ingozi yangempela (umz., “Iziqhawe zihlala ziyivela kancane, kodwa ukuqapha kuyasiza ukuba ihlale inesimo sengqondo esisekelwe kuleyondlela” kusiza ukuba ihlale inombono.
Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi
Imikhankaso ekhuthaza ukubika ingase iphakamise ukukhathazeka ngokuqapha nokusola. Uma izakhamuzi zibika zonke izinsolo ezincane, iziphathimandla zinganqotshwa ngokuhola okungamanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubika ngokweqile kungaphazamisa ekuzithekeni uma abantu bebikwa ngezenzo ezingabahloniphi (umz., ukuthatha izithombe). Iziqondiso zokubika – njengokubiza ukusola okuqondile yingxenye yemikhankaso evuthiwe. i-UN Global Counter-Troristy Strategy[ igcizelela ukuthi imingcele yokungaboni mbumbulu kumelwe ihloniphe amalungelo abantu kanye nomthetho womthetho.
Ukufinyelela Imiphakathi Engathembisi Noma Engahlelekile
Imiphakathi eye yabhekana nobandlululo noma amaphoyisa amakhulu ingabheka imikhankaso yokuqapha njengethuluzi lokuqapha. Ukuze inqobe lokhu, imikhankaso kumelwe ivele nabameleli bomphakathi, idluliswe ngama-media athenjwayo, futhi ikhishwe ekuqinisweni kwezokufuduka. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-UK’s “Prevent” iye yagxekwa kakhulu ngemiphakathi yamaSulumane ephambukile; ukuphendula, ukuthatha isinyathelo kuye kwaqala ukuveza ukuqondisa okusobala kakhulu kanye nokuqondisa komphakathi okusekela isijeziso.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nosongo Olushintsha Ngokushesha
Amasu amaphekula asuka ngokushesha. Umkhankaso ogxila ekuqapheni okungokomzimba ungase ungabi namsebenzi uma abahlaseli besebenzisa imiyalezo eyimfihlo noma ukuzifaka kobumbombo kuyi-inthanethi. Imikhankaso kumelwe isheshe, ilungiswe njalo nge-authomu yezinhlangano ezihlakaniphile, futhi ikwazi ukujika-jika iye emapulatifomu amasha. Ukushintshela ekugijimeni okuhamba ngakwesokudla emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga kuye kwadinga imikhankaso yokulungisa imiyalezo yabo esongelayo kanye nezinhlangano ezilwa nenkulumo yenzondo kuyi-inthanethi.
Ukulinganisa Impumelelo Yemikhankaso Yokuqapha Umphakathi
Ukusebenzisa Imibala Nokuhlola
Ukuhlola ithonya kusenzima ngoba impumelelo yomkhankaso ingabonakala – udwendwe oluthiywe yisihloko ngeke luhlolwe kalula. Nokho, iziphathimandla zisebenzisa izingcingo eziningana zokushaya ibhodi: izingcingo zokubika izintambo ezishisayo, umthamo wokuhlakanipha okusebenzayo komphakathi, ukuhlola komphakathi, futhi ukuhlaziya lapho izinhlelo zakhona zanikela ekuphazamiseni izikhangiso. I-UK’s Counter Terrorism Policing imemezela njalo ukwaziswa okubonisa ukwanda kombiko womphakathi ngonyaka, ngokuhlola kobuphekulane okuhlobene nomphakathi manje. [FLT:] futhi isilinganiso sokukhumbula iziqubulo zomkhankaso kanye nezinhloso zokuziphatha (g.G.G.G.GS, umbiko onyukwayonyukwayo.]]
Ukuthola Imfuyo Nesigwebo Somphakathi Esiwubungane
Amaqembu abhekisisayo, izingxoxo, kanye nokuhlolwa komphakathi kusiza ekuboneni ukuthi imikhankaso ikha ukuthembana noma ibangela ukukhathazeka. Izimpawu ezinika ithemba zihlanganisa ukuzimisela okukhulu ukubambisana namaphoyisa, ukuncishiswa kwenkulumo - ze yamaphekula, nokuqonda okukhulu izinqubo zokubika. Ukuveza izinqumo eziphambene – njengokubona ukuthi umkhankaso usekelwe ekwesabeni noma ekuhlonishweni kokwesaba – ukhuthaza ukubukezwa kwemiyalezo. Imikhankaso yokuhlola iqinisekisa ukuthi imikhankanyo iyasebenza.
Ukushintsha Kokuziphatha Okuhlala Njalo
Umgomo oyinhloko awukona nje ukuqapha nje kodwa ukuqapha okuvamile. Imikhankaso eqinile ephinda imiyalezo eminyakeni eminingi, ehlanganisa isikole, futhi esebenzelana nabaqashi cishe ingenza ukushintsha kokuziphatha okuhlala njalo. Ngokwesibonelo, u-“ Bheka, They, They,Hlaziya” iye yaba ingxenye yempucuko yokuhamba e-UK, kanye nabagibeli belokhu bebika izikhwama ezingabekelwe ngozi. Lokhu kuphawula okuvamile kubonisa inguquko yesiko ekulondekeni komphakathi.
Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekuqapheleni Umphakathi Nezokumelana Nezehlakalo Zobuphekula
Ukuphenya Ukuhlakanipha Okuklanywayo Nezinto Eziwubuciko
I-AI ingathuthukisa imikhankaso yokuxhumana ngokuhlola i-methomu ye-methomu, ukuhlukanisa imizwa esengozini, nokuhlela imiyalezo enikezwa abantu abahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-ingxoxo anganikeza isiqondiso esisheshayo sokubika izinqubo, kuyilapho izifekethiso ezibikezelayo zingasiza iziphathimandla ukuba zisebenzise imithombo ezindaweni ngezimpawu ezikhudlwana. Nokho, izinqandatha zokuvikela ezingokomthetho zidingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kabi kokwaziswa nobandlululo.
Ukuqinisa Ubudlelwane Bomphakathi
Izinkampani zezobuchwepheshe zibaluleke kakhulu ekunqandeni ukuqashelwa kobuphekula. Ama-Platform anjengo Facebook, X (eyayiyi-witter), kanye no-YouTube aye asebenzisana nohulumeni ukufushanisa okunamasu anamandla okuthathelwana nomphakathi futhi akhuthaze izithakazelo eziphikisanayo. Imikhankaso yesikhathi esizayo ingathembela kakhulu kulokhu kubambisana, isebenzisa izikhangiso ezihloselwe ukuphikisa okuqukethweyo esikhathini esingokoqobo. I-Internet I-FUM to Countrictionism (GIFCT)[FFF:1] iyisibonelo esiphambili salokhu kubambisana.
Gxila Ekuzinzeni Kwazo Nge - Internet Nokufunda Ngezinombolo
Njengoba kuthatha inguquko enkulu kuyi-intanethi, imikhankaso yokuqaphelisa umphakathi kumelwe ifundise ukukwazi ukuzilungisa ngokwezinombolo: indlela yokuqaphela abashisekeli bemithetho, ukuqonda imithetho ekhulisa okuqukethwe yizeqisayo, kanye nokuthola imithombo yokuguqula i-deradical. Izinhlelo ezinjenge ye-EU] “Digital Literaccture for Counting Extrem"[ iqondisa izimo zezinhlelo zezifundo zezikole. Imikhankani yesikhathi esizayo ingasebenzisa futhi“ i-auterraters" – eyakuqala imizwa ethembekile – ukuhambisa imiyalezo emapulatimendeni lapho iziteshi zenkulumo zichuma khona.
Ukuthuthukisa Impilo Yengqondo Nokusekela Izenhlalo
Imikhankaso yokuqapha umphakathi iqaphela kakhulu ukuthi ukuchayeka ekufuneni impumelelo ngokuvamile kubangelwa izikhalo zomuntu siqu, ukulimala, noma ukuzihlukanisa. Imizamo yesikhathi esizayo ingahlanganisa izici eziqondisa abantu ezinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, ukunikeza izinhlelo, noma usizo lwemisebenzi – ukunikeza ukuqapha ukuqapha hhayi nje nokulondeka, kodwa njengokunakekela komphakathi. Lendlela yokuzilawula inciphisa ukukhanga kwezindaba ezithathelwanayo ezinikeza amakhambi ezinkinga zangempela.
Isiphetho
Imikhankaso yokuqapha umphakathi iye yasuka eziqukweni ezilula, ezinezinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezisetshenziswayo ezifundisayo, ezinika amandla, nezivikela umphakathi. Ngokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenze ngokumelene nezenzo zobuphekula, lemikhankaso iqinisa ukuqashelwa, yakha ukumelana nenkulumo ephakamiso eyingozi, futhi yakha ukuthembana okusekela ukubambisana okuphumelelayo. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokwesaba ukuhlobana, izinkathazo zomuntu siqu, nokufinyelela izinhlangano ezingathembiwe ezikhona ezisangulukiyo ezihlala, umklamo wokuhlobana ngokucophelela, nokuhlola okuqhubekayo okungaguquguqukiyo. Izindlela zamaphekulaleli kokuzisisa izikhali kumelwe zivumelane nokuthatha amathuluzi asebenza ngokushesha, ukuvikela izimiso zokuziphatha, nokungalahlekelwa umbono womgomo obalulekile: umphakathi lapho wonke umphakathi uzizwa ulondekile futhi unecala kuwo wonke amaphekulahla. Ubufakazi obuvela emhlabeni wonke ubufakazi obusobala busobala obungakho.