Isisekelo Sokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi

Ukuqonda isakhiwo sikahulumeni wase-U.S. akuyona indlela engabonakali yokufunda, kuyithuluzi eliwusizo kunoma ubani ofuna ukwenza izwi lakhe lizwe. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda indlela i- elawulayo, isikhulu, ne- Judicial amagatsha asebenza ngayo, zingazibeka engozini yokudukiswa kwazo ngokuphumelelayo, zibambe izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziphendule, futhi zilawule izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi eziklama ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Lolwazi luguqula izibukeli ezikhuthele zibe abahlanganyeli abakhuthele abakwazi ukuthonya yonke into emithetho yombuso. Ngaphandle kwayo, ngaphandle kwayo, ngisho nezivumelwano eziningi zentukuthelo zifaka engozini yokudukiswa noma ukunganakwa.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bahlukanisa ngamabomu amandla ukuze bavimbele noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ingabuthinti. Lokhu kuhlukana kwakha amaphuzu amaningi okungena engxenyeni yezakhamuzi. Noma ufuna ukuveza umthetho omusha, inselele yesinqumo sesikhulu, noma ukubuza ngesinqumo senkantolo, ukuqonda igatsha elinegunya elihlobene negunya kuyinyathelo lokuqala. Lesi sihloko sihlola igatsha ngalinye ngokuningiliziwe, sichaza ukuthi lisebenzelana kanjani, futhi sinikeza amasu aqinile okuhlanganyela nalo ngokuphumelelayo.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni: Ukubukeka Okunemininingwane

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni alinganayo. Ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene, kodwa liklanyelwe ukuhlolana nokulinganisela. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zesimiso ziyaphikiswana futhi zicwengisiwe kunokuba ziphuthunyiswe noma zingahlangani.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

IGazethi i-Gavistative Branch iyindikimba yokwenza umthetho, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Bhunga. I-bamaral, ehlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. ISiphakamiso I semithetho yomthetho wonke amandla omthetho kuleligatsha, okusho ukuthi iKhongolo kuphela engakha imithetho kahulumeni, intela ye-levy, izivumelwano zokumemezela impi, futhi ivume izivumelwano. Izakhamuzi zisebenzisa ithonya lazo eliqondile ngokhetho nangokuxhumana ngokuqondile nabameleli.

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu angu-435], anezihlalo ezabelwe phakathi kwezifundazwe ezisekelwe emphakathini. Ummeleli ngamunye ukhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emibili futhi umelela isifunda esithile senhlangano. Ngoba amagama afinyele, amalungu endlu kumelwe ahlale esondelene kakhulu nezinkathazo zendawo. Leligumbi ngokuvamile liyindawo yokungena kwezimpande zotshani eziqinile eziqinileyo ezisezingeni elingu-accashi (htown, izingcingo, izingcingo, futhi izicelo zingafika ngokushesha ehhovisi lelungu lendlu.

ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, amabili avela esifundazweni ngasinye, asebenza iminyaka eyisithupha. Imithetho yeSigele ende nemithetho yaso yonke ivumela ukuthatha ijubane elikhudlwana. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, ivumela izivumelwano, futhi ibambe ukuqulwa. Izigele zivame ukuvalelwa kakhulu ekucindezeleni komphakathi okusheshayo, kodwa zisancike ekusekeleni kwevoti yemvume yokuvota, ukuze zingeneke ngokuthembisana okuqhubekayo.

UKhomishane futhi wengamela uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, uhlola izenzo zezikhulu, futhi ubamba izikhalo. AmaKomiti kuzo zombili izindawo ezisebenza empilweni, emfundweni, noma ekuvikeleni. Conreg.gov unikeza ithuba langempela lokuthola izikweletu, amavoti, nezinhlelo zekomiti, okwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukulandelela umsebenzi wezemithetho futhi zinikeze iziphetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe Ihhovisi

Igatsha Eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolo. Liholwa nguMongameli, lihlanganisa uMongameli, iKhabhinethi, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi neminyango. UMongameli ukhonza futhi njengoMkhuzi-Mphathi wamabutho ahlomile futhi uqondisa isimiso sangaphandle. Amandla alawulayo makhulu, kodwa alawulwa yizehlulelo zemithetho nokubukezwa kokwahlulela.

UMongameli unikeza iziyalo eziphethe, ezinamandla omthetho kodwa ezingase zigumbuqelwe yiKhomishane noma zibekwe inselele enkantolo. UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa, nonobhala bamakhabethe, ngaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho. I-pactial(aments) enjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency noma uMnyango Wezemfundo . Lemithetho ngokuvamile inemininingwane yezikhathi zokukhulumela komphakathi, inikeza izakhamuzi ithuba lokuthonya inkambiso ngaphambi kokuba isebenze.

Ohulumeni bahulumeni bahlobisa lesi sakhiwo nababusi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, namahhovisi ehhovisi ezindawo. Ukuhlanganyela negatsha eliphethe kungahlanganisa ukuvota kukhetho lomongameli, ukuxhumana nendlu yabamhlophe, ukuthatha izimemezelo zomphakathi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, noma ukufaka isicelo sezikhundla kuhulumeni. iWebsite yeWhite House [ inikeza iziqondiso ngendlela izakhamuzi ezinganikeza ngayo izinkulumo ngemithetho kahulumeni, amarekhodi esicelo, noma ukuthatha iqhaza kumakomiti ezokuphatha.

3. Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi iyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Lihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi, kuhlanganise neziNkantolo zeSithili neziNkantolo zeZikhalo. Amajaji aMayela amiswa ukuze aphile, avikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe kodwa futhi asho ukuthi izakhamuzi azikwazi ukuyikhetha noma ukuyikhumbula ngokuqondile. Nokho, inqubo yokumiswa ingaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigebengu, futhi ingenza ifilosofi yokwahlulela ngokuvota uMongameli noSenator abangenza nokungagunyazi lutho.

INkantolo Ephakeme iqunga amacala angu-80 unyaka ngamunye, ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho, izimpikiswano zomthetho kahulumeni, noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Izinqumo zayo zimisa izenzakalo ezithinta zonke izinga lohulumeni. Izinkantolo eziphansi zisingatha amacala amaningi, kusukela ekumangalelweni kwamalungelo omphakathi ezikhankanyweni zobugebengu. IBhalume Lezemthetho alikho neze ukutholakala ngokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile, kodwa izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokulandela izikhungo zenkantolo, zinikeze ama-acure (umngane wenkantolo) amafushane, noma zihlanganyele emsebenzini wejaji. Inkantolo Ephakeme yezenkantolo inikeza ukwaziswa nemithombo yezivakashi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zisingatha izindaba zomthetho, kuhlanganise nomthetho womkhaya, izingxabano zempahla, nokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu. Ukuqonda inkantolo enegunya kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna amakhambi angokomthetho noma osekela izinguquko zesimiso ngokukhipha isigwebo.

Indlela Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela Okuwakha Ngayo Amathuba Ahlukahlukene

Ukudlala phakathi kwamagatsha kudala amaphuzu amaningi acindezelayo esenzo somphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho owuphikisayo, unganxenxa uMongameli ukuba awubeke inselele, noma ungawubekela inselele enkantolo ngemva kokumiswa kwesivumelwano. Uma uMongameli enikeza umyalo kamongameli ongavumelani naye, unganxusa i-Congress ukuba idlulise umthetho owehlulayo, noma ungasekela ukumangalelana okubekwe amaqembu alwayo. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi ukuvinjelwa noma ukuqhubekiselwa phambili kwenqubo ngokuvamile kudinga icebo elihlangene kuwo wonke amagatsha amathathu.

Isibonelo esivelele i-Affordal Care Act ka-2010. Ngemva kokudlula kuMkhandlu ngokusekela kukaMongameli Obama, umthetho wabekelwa inselele enkantolo. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela amalungiselelo amaningi ngo-2012, kodwa izenzo zezikhulu ezalandela zashintsha ukugcinwa kwemithetho, futhi kamuva iSishaya-Mkhandlu sashintsha izintela nezijeziso ezithile. Izakhamuzi ezaziqonda amagatsha zazingahlasela imizamo yazo: ukubhalela abameleli phakathi nenkathi yokumiswa kwemithetho, ukukhulumela ngemithetho phakathi nenqubo yokushaya umthetho, nokuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezifushayeni phakathi nezinselele zenkantolo.

Omunye umfanekiso inqubo yendawo ezungezile. I-Cease Air Act yadluliselwa yi-Congress, yaphoqelelwa yi-Nzalo yokuvikelwa kwezwe (igatsha elibulalayo), futhi yachazwa izinkantolo. Lapho izakhamuzi zifuna imithetho eqinile, zanxusa i-EPA. Lapho i-EPA ihluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo, yamangalela. Lapho inkantolo iphumelela, yabe isivikela imithetho ngokumelene nokuhlasela kwe-Congregation. Lomjikelezo ubonisa ukuthi kungani ukubophela kwezakhamuzi kumelwe kube yigatsha le-arealcure.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Amagatsha Kuqhubeke Kuhlanganyela

Ulwazi ngesimiso sikahulumeni luyithuthukisa ngokuqondile imfanelo nokuphumelela kwezakhamuzi. Nazi izizathu eziyinhloko:

  • [ I-Advocacy evedd: Ukwazi ukuthi liphi igatsha elinalo ithuluzi odinga ukulidonsa livimbela ukuthatha umzamo ophazanyisiwe. Uma ukhathazekile kungumthetho kahulumeni, thintana nommeleli wakho, hhayi ijaji lendawo.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Izilinganiso zeBallot, ukhetho lokwahlulela lokuzigcina, nonoshela ngokuvamile kuvela ngasemijahweni yabacela ukubhapathizwa. Ukuqonda lokho isikhulu ngasinye esikhethiwe esikwenzayo kukusiza ukuba uhlole ukusebenza kwabo futhi ufake amavoti ethuma kuqala.
  • Ukukhomba umbango: Izakhamuzi zingalandela indlela abameleli bazo abavota ngayo, indlela uMongameli aziphatha ngayo, nendlela abahluleli ababusa ngayo. Amarekhodi omphakathi enza kube nokwenzeka ukwenza izikhulu ziboshelwe ebhokisini lebhola.
  • Isakhiwo se-Coalition: Amaqembu aneziqu zobufundisi avame ukugxila emagatsheni athile. Ukujoyina iqembu elisebenza ekufuneni izintambo zomthetho, elinye emazwini okuqondisa, futhi elinye elisemini yokuzihlela lingandisa ithonya lakho.
  • [ Ukuvumelana ne-Diagnostic: Ukuqondisisa okuqinile kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zingabaze ukusho okungamanga okuthi “uMongameli angagumbuqela izinqumo zenkantolo” noma“ I-Conal ingayidlulisa iveto neningi nje.”

Ukucwaninga okungaguquki kubonisa ukuthi ulwazi lomphakathi luvumelana nomvoti ophakeme nonyukela kakhulu ekuthembiseni. Ngokwemininingwane evela e-Annenberg Policy Center, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela yamaMelika angaqamba wonke amagatsha ohulumeni [1]a aqokomisa isidingo semfundo engcono yomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda amagatsha, zisengozini enkulu yokuhlanganyela emisebenzi eminingi, kusukela ekuyeni emahholoni edolobha kuya ekukhonzeni emabhodini endawo.

Izindlela Eziwusizo Zokuhlanganyela Negatsha Ngalinye

Igatsha ngalinye linezindlela eziningi zokuhlanganyela kulo futhi amasu alandelayo angasetshenziswa izakhamuzi eziningi.

Ukuhlanganyela Negatsha Elingokomthetho

Ukuhlanganyela Negatsha Eliphethe

  • [[I-FLT:0] Igugu likaMongameli nombuso ophethe: Isenzo esiyisisekelo kakhulu. Cwaninga amarekhodi nezihlongozo zabazohlolwa.
  • Comment on Propaced Mithetho: Lapho inxusa likahulumeni njenge-EPA noma uMnyango wemfundo limisa umthetho, kumelwe likhiphe isaziso kuyiFederal Register futhi lamukele izimpendulo zomphakathi. Imiyalo.gov ikuvumela ukusesha nokufaka iphinduva.
  • Ukufuna ukuThicotshwa kukaHulumeni: Thina bantu sicela eWhitehouse.gov singavusa ukusabela komthetho uma befika emnyango othile wesignesha.
  • Ifuna amaKomiti okufundisa: Izinhlangano eziningi zifuna ukufakwa komphakathi ngebhodi lezokuhlola. Hlola amawebhusayithi enhlangano ukuze uthole izivulo.
  • Paricipate in Public Livings: Izimo eziphuthumayo zilalela imithetho emikhulu. Ungaya cishe kumuntu noma cishe ukuze udlulisele imibono yakho.

Ukuhlanganyela Negatsha Lokwahlulela

  • Inkonzo kuJury: iwuhlobo oluqondile lokuhlanganyela esimisweni sokwahlulela. Iqinisekisa izinqumo ezibonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi.
  • U-File Amicus Briefs:[ amaqembu athakazelo futhi ngisho nabantu bangafaka abangane abathatha isikhashana sekhohlo uma bengahlanganyeli. Lokhu kufushaniswa kunikeza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezengeziwe nemibono.
  • Icala lenkantolo elilandelayo:[ Sebenzisa i-PACER ukuthatha amabhukwana enkantolo kahulumeni. Funda amacala aphezulu-profile ukuze uqonde indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo imithetho.
  • Inkantolo ephethe: Icala eliningi nokuphikisa kuvulekele umphakathi. Ukuqaphela lenqubo kwakha ukuqonda nokulandisa.
  • Izinhlangano zeReformation Organizations: Amaqembu anjenge-Alliance for Justice noma iNational Center for State Courts asebenzela ukuba sobala nokufinyelela ekwahluleleni.

Ukunqoba Izithiyo Zokuhlanganyela

Izakhamuzi eziningi zizizwa zesaba noma zingenamandla lapho zisondela kuhulumeni. Imingcele evamile ihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kwesikhathi, ukuntuleka kolwazi, nokugxeka. Lokhu kunganqotshwa ngezinyathelo ezincane, ezingaguquguquki. Qala ngokuthola umba odingayo ngezemfundo(-maybethba shodar shonds), izindleko zempilo, noma isimiso sezulu. Ukucwaninga okunegatsha elinegunya eliyinhloko. Khona - ke khetha isenzo esisodwa: incwadi ebhekiswe kummeleli wakho, ukukhulumela, noma umnikelo eqenjini lokuphatha umthetho.

Uhulumeni wendawo uyisici sokungena esifinyeleleka kakhulu. Imikhandlu yedolobha, iziphakamiso zesikole, kanye nezindawo zombuso zenza izinqumo ezithinta indawo ohlala kuyo ngokuqondile. Ukuya emhlanganweni owodwa kungasusa inqubo futhi kwakhe ukuzethemba. Njengoba uthola ithuba, ungandisa ukuthembisana kwakho nombuso nombuso. Ubuchwepheshe futhi buyasiza: izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza izixwayiso ezikutshela ngokuqondile ukuthi kufanele wenzeni.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda amagatsha kahulumeni akuyona into ephambili, kodwa kuyisidingo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwakha kokubili ubunkimbinkimbi kanye nethuba. Ngokufunda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenza ngayo, indlela elihlolana ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezingalingena ngayo, ushintsha usuka kumdlali. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umusha noma umdala, uthanda ukuthatha imingcele eqinile, noma ukhululekile, izindaba. Amathuluzi akhona.

Ukuthembisana nge-pic kungukuphila okungenayo kwerepublic. Incwadi ngayinye ebhaliwe, yonke ivoti ekhankanyiwe, yonke imihlangano eyaya kuyo iqinisa isimiso. Qala namuhla ngokuhlola enye yemithombo ehlangene kulesi sihloko. USUSA.gov ukucaciswa kwamagatsha[ kuyisiqalo esihle kakhulu. Khona - ke thatha isinyathelo esilandelayo. "''' phawula ummeleli wakho, phawula umthetho, noma ubonise enkantolo ukuthethwa. Amagatsha kahulumeni aphethe.