Ukuqonda Indima Yezinkolo Zezombangazwe Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ayizinhlangano eziyisisekelo zemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi yanamuhla, esebenza njengemishini eyinhloko yokuhlela ukuthatha isinyathelo sezombangazwe esihlangene. Ihlanganisa izithakazelo, imibono ecacile, futhi inikeza abavoti ngokukhetha okuvumelanayo phakathi kwabazo ezizothatha iziteshi nezimiso. Ngaphandle kwamaqembu, isimo sezombangazwe singahlukaniswa, kwenze kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukuba zigcine ohulumeni benesibopho sokulandisa noma izikhulu ezikhethiwe zimise izibopho eziqinile. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ehlangene yezinhlangano zezombangazwe ekuhleleni imiqondo nezimiso, ukuziphendukela kwazo, imisebenzi yazo engokomlando, ithonya ekubuseni, nasezinkingeni zanamuhla ezibhekene nazo.

Ukuchaza Ukuthi Yimiphi Imikhosi Yezombangazwe

Iqembu lezombangazwe liyiqembu elihleliwe labantu abahlanganyela izimiso, izindinganiso, nemigomo efana nsé ngokuphathelene nokubusa komphakathi. Amadili afuna ukuthonya isimiso somphakathi ngokuwina okhetho nokulawula izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngokungafani namaqembu anezithakazelo, asekela izimpikiswano ezithile ngaphandle kokufuna ngokuqondile isikhundla, amaqembu ahlose ukuthatha izici zomthetho kanye namandla aphethe. Izici ezichazayo zamaqembu ezombangazwe zihlanganisa ukuhlangana kwemibono, ukuthatha isigaba esingokomthetho, ukuvota, nokulawula isigaba semithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu anjenge-Didemocratic Party eUnited States noma i-Labour Party eUnited Kingdom ilondoloza izikhundla ezicacile zemibono eziqondisa izikhundla zawo zezentengozo zezezomnotho, zezenhlalo, nesimiso sokuzinyelelana.

Ukuncipha Kwemiqondo Yokucabanga Nemingcele Yayo

I-dedemocratic cohesition iyingcina ehlanganisa umbuthano, kodwa ayivamile ukuphelela. Amaqembu angaphakathi ngokuvamile ayavela, emelela amaphiko ahlukene eqembu elifanayo . Njengabantu abathuthukayo abaphakathi kwe-Democratic Party noma abanciphile kakhulu ngokulandelana kwezimiso zezenhlalo ngokumelene namahlala njalo phakathi kweRiphabliki. Lokhu kuhlukahlukahluka kwangaphakathi kungaba namandla, kuvumele amaqembu ukuba athathe izicelo zokhetho olubanzi, kodwa kungaholela futhi ekuxabaniseni nasekuvaleni. Amaqembu aphumelelayo alawula lengxabano ngezimiso zokubusa zangaphakathi, njengezinqubo zokulawula, ama-prigins, ama-caucse, kanye nemihlangano emikhulu emikhulu.

Izakhiwo Zenhlangano: Kusuka Endaweni Kuya Esizweni

Amaqembu ezombangazwe asebenza ngamazinga amaningi: izinhlangano zendawo, izifunda, nezwe. Izinhlangano zendawo zijoyina abazosebenza emikhandlwini yedolobha namabhodi esikole, kuyilapho amakomiti esizwe exhumanisa imikhankaso yomongameli noma yamaphalamende. Lesi sakhiwo sesidleke siqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu ahlala ehlangene nezimpande ze-osstherot ayazikhathaza kuyilapho egcina umyalezo wesizwe uhlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, iGreen Party yaseCanada inamaphiko ezwelonke asebenzisanayo enkambisweni yendawo ezungezile kodwa ngezinye izikhathi awehla ngezindaba zendawo yendawo. Inhlangano enamandla ivumela amaqembu asebenza ngokuphakamisa izimali, izinhlangano zezisebenzi zokuzithandela, kanye nezokuvota i-offair.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwezidili Zezombangazwe

Iqembu lezombangazwe lanamuhla lavela ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka njengoba imithombo yezindaba yanda futhi yasungulwa. E-United States, amaqembu e-Federalist kanye ne-Democratic-Republican ayeyizibonelo zakuqala, zilandelwa amaqembu ahlalayo e-Democratic and Republican. EYurophu, i-socialism, i-socialist, ikhululekile, futhi idla izinkolo eziqinile zakhiwa ngokumelene nezimpi zesigaba. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaqembu ashintsha ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana (*) esuka emapheshanani nasemihlanganweni yezokuxhumana kuthelevishini nasemphakathi. Ukuqonda le mbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani amaqembu anamuhla encintisana ne-digic redition redition, amalungu encipha, nokunyuka kwezinhlangano.

Imisebenzi Yemikhosi Yezombangazwe

Lemisebenzi ingaphezu nje kokuphikisana nokhetho ukuze ihlanganise ukumelelwa, ukumiswa kwesimiso senqubo, ukujoyina abazongenela, ukuthonywa kwezombangazwe, nokulandisa.

Ukumelela Nesithakazelo

Ihlanganisa izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zezakhamuzi ezihlelwe ngokwezimiso ezihambelanayo. Emiphakathini ehlanganisa izitebhisi, akukho mbutho owodwa ongamelela wonke amaqembu, kodwa iqembu ngalinye lizama ukwakha iqoqo labasekeli ngokulinganayo embonweni owodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-African National Congress eNingizimu Afrika ifaka izithakazelo zamaqembu ahlukahlukene ezinhlanga, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, nemiphakathi yasemaphandleni ngaphansi kwendabuko ebanzi yenkululeko. Lo msebenzi uqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi amancane awanciphikiswanisiwe ngokuphelele, njengoba amaqembu kumelwe alinganise izicelo eziphikisanayo ukuze awine nokhetho. I-octives ephawulekayo yangaphandle ye-i-intelligion. [FLT:] I-ITMPARC] I-SCM, i-A Commentpartment Active At syme syme syst [[FLD:1]

Ukulawula Umthetho Nokuhlela I - agenda

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ayizingcweti eziyinhloko zomthetho womphakathi. Akha iziteshi phakathi nemijikelezo yokukhetha eziveza iziphakamiso eziqondile zentela, ezokwelapha, ezemfundo, ezokuzivikela, nendawo ezungezile. Lapho eseburhulumenteni, abaholi beqembu nezikhulu zemithetho zamahlelo bazama ukwenza lezo zimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Social Democratic Party yaseSweden iye yasekela inhlalakahle enkulu, kuyilapho iConservative Partition eUK yezenterst. Amapali ahlanganyela futhi ekuhleleni izinto ezihleliwe ngokuhleliwe, okufaka izimpikiswano ezikhona engxoxhibeni yomphakathi. Iqembu elithile licabanga ukuthi inqobile ukuhlolwa kwezenhlalakahle noma isimiso sokucwaninga ukuze lizise lezi ziteji. Ngenkathi ejulile yenkambisweni, bheka [FLT:]

Ukuncintisana Okuyi - candidate and Electoral

Ama-paries asebenza njengabagcini bamasango esikhundla sezombangazwe. Bafaka i-eversition, i-voet, futhi basekela abahambisana nezindinganiso ze-partist. Lenqubo ihlunga abantu abeqisayo noma abangakufaneleki, nakuba ingavimbela ukuhlukahlukahluka uma amaqembu elawula izigaba. Ukhetho oluyinhloko nezinqubo zokukhetha okuvulekile kuyizindlela zokukhetha ukulawulwa kwesigaba somjoyinano. Ngokwesibonelo, imincintiswano yobuholi e-UK Labour Par ihlanganisa womabili amalungu eqembu nezinyunyana ezihlangene. Ukujoyina okunelisayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukuncintisana nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zikulungele ukubusa.

Ukushintsha Kwezombangazwe Nemfundo Yezinti Zomuzwa

Amaqembu ezombangazwe afundisa izakhamuzi ngezindaba, izimiso, nesimiso sezombangazwe. Ngemibuthano yemibuthano, izincwadi, izikhangiso, nemithombo yezenhlalo, izigidi zilula izihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zisize abavoti benze izinqumo eziwulwazi. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi lapho ulwazi lwezezezakhamuzi lungase lube luphansi khona. Nokho, amaqembu angasakaza ulwazi olunganembile lapho efeza izithakazelo zawo ezikhethiweyo. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwemfundo nenkulumo - zenkulumo - zezentengiselwano kuyinselele eqhubekayo. Izimo ezinjengale .org Vatote.org platifomu yezecurpulture [ eUS isebenza eduze namaqembu afuna ukuvota abafundileyo.

Ukulandisa Nokuqondisa Kukahulumeni

Amaqembu aphikisayo abheka iqembu elibusayo njengelinobuthakazelela umthetho, ngokuhlola abefundisi, nangokuveza ukuhluleka. Ezimisweni zephalamende, lokhu kuhlelwa ngezikhathi zokungatshazwa, iziqu zomthetho, namakhabethe asemagunyeni e-partence. Ezimisweni zomongameli, amaqembu aphikisayo asebenzisa imithombo yezindaba nokuphikisa ukubekela inselele izenzo zezikhulu. Ngaphandle kwamaqembu aphikisayo, ohulumeni bafaka engozini yokungasabeli futhi yonakele. I-National Institute’s ye-democratic Institute eqinisa iqembu lezombangazwe [ igcizelela ukulandisa njengengxenye eyinhloko yomsebenzi wezeluleko.

Ithonya Lezigaba Zezombangazwe Ekubuseni Nasemithethweni

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yawo yangaphakathi, amaqembu ezombangazwe ayihlela kakhulu indlela ohulumeni abasebenza ngayo nalezozimiso ezimisiwe.

Ukumiswa Kwemithetho Nokuhlanganiswa Kwemithetho

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, isiyalo seqembu siqinisekisa ukuthi abamisi-mthetho bavote eqenjini, bafaka imvume yokungena kwesimiso sokuhlela esivumelanayo. Lokhu kubambisana kunamandla kakhulu ezimisweni zephalamende lapho umphathi ethathwa khona kumthetho wendlu yomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane, amaqembu amakhulu (DEU/CSU, SD, Greens, ne FDPhenfoct iziqondiso zokuvota ngokusemthethweni ngezindaba zemali. Ku-US Congress, i-partress, ijekssss thist, nakuba amalungu athile enziwa ngezikhathi ezithile akhubazekile. Umphumela uwukuthi imiphumela ibonakalisa iziteshidi ezikhundlayo zeqembu kunokuba ibonise iziphuzo zomthetho ngabanye, inikeza ukuvota okusobala kokulandisa.

Isakhiwo Esiqinile Nokuhlehla

Ezimisweni eziningi, akukho mbutho ongawina iningi, ufuna ohulumeni abahlangene. Lokhu kuphoqelela amaqembu ukuba azwane futhi avumelane nenqubo. Amahlelo angazinzile, njengoba kubonakala eJalimane nase Netherlands, noma abuthakathaka, njengase-Italy nakwa-Israel. Inqubo yokwakha ihlangene ngokuvamile iholela ezimisweni ezixubile ezihlanganisa izingxenyeni eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, umfelandawo ephakathi eFinland ngo-2019 ekhiqiza uhulumeni ohlangene isivikelo sendawo ezungezile nokuncintisana kwezomnotho. Izombangazwe ze-Coalition zingaba nemibono elinganiselwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu kufanele athathele izigqi ezihlangene. Ekuhloleni okugcina icala, bheka [[FLT:] CBribribridge ukuhlolwa nge-ultyworket [FF:]

Ukungaguquguquki Kwesimiso Nokushintsha

Amaqembu ezombangazwe anezela ekuzinzisweni kwezimiso uma ehlala ebusa isikhathi eside. Ngokwesibonelo, iLiberal Democratic Party yaseJapane yabusa cishe ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngo-1955 kuya ku-2009, idala ukungaguquguquki kwenqubo yezezimboni neyohwebo. Ngokuphambene, uma amandla eshintsha phakathi kwamaqembu anemibono ehlukene kakhulu, isimiso siyashintsha yenzeka cishe njengomthetho we-Affordal Care Act ku-US ngaphansi kwe-Democrates kanye nemizamo yokuyibuyisela ngaphansi kweRepublicran. Lokhu kushintsha kungaholela emjikelezweni wenguquko nenguqulo, ngezinye izikhathi kulula ukuphumelela kwenqubo yesikhathi eside.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezibhekene Nezinxushunxushu Zezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe namuhla kumelwe alawule isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe esiphawulwa ukuwohloka kwezindawo, ukuncipha kokwethembana, ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe, nokushintsha kwenani labantu.

Ukwehla Kwelanga Ne - Gridlock

Kuyidemokrasi eminingi, amaqembu aye eqisa kakhulu ngokwemibono, anciphisa indawo yokuyekethisa. E-United States, igebe phakathi kweRepublican neDemocratic ezimweni eziyinhloko liye landa ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ngawo 1970, kuholela ekuvinjelweni kwemithetho yomthetho kanye nokuvinjelwa kukahulumeni. Ukubekwa kwegazi kubangelwa ukuhlukaniswa kwemithombo yezindaba, lapho amaqembu axhumana ngokuyinhloko athintana nezikhungo zawo siqu, futhi kuvuzwa izimiso eziyinhloko ezinikeza incazelo emhlophe.

Ukungakhathaleli Kwamalungu Okucekela Phansi Nokungakhathaleli Kwezindwangu

Amalungu eqembu aye ehla kancane kancane embusweni wentando yeningi osumisiwe phakathi kwengxenye yekhulu elidlule. Ku-UK, amalungu e-Conservative ne-Labour aye ehla kusukela esigidini ngasinye ngawo-1950 kuya ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa namuhla. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuxhumana kwamaqembu otshani nezisekelo zokuzithandela. Ukunganaki, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha, nakho kukhathaza. Izakhamuzi eziningi zibheka amaqembu angcolileyo noma angabalulekile, kuholela ekuncipheni nasekusekeleni izinhlangano ezimelene ne-populist noma ezimelene nezimiso zezenkolo ezilahla izakhiwo zeqembu lamaqembu.

Izingxabano Zangaphakathi Nezenzo Ezibi

Izimpi ezihlukene zingaphazamisa ukwenza izinqumo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Democratic Party e-US ilwa phakathi kwamaphiko ayo asesilinganisweni nathuthukayo, kuyilapho iRiphabliki ihlukene phakathi kwabasunguli be-topulalist abadla i-Trump. EYurophu, amaqembu amaningi ezenhlalo abhekene nezimpi zangaphakathi zentando yeningi phakathi kwabameleli bemisebenzi yakudala nabaxhasi bezentengiselwano zesimanje. Lokhu kuhlukana kunganciphisa ukusebenza kokukhetha futhi kukwenze kube nzima kumaqembu ukuveza isimiso sokuhlela.

Ukungasetshenziswa Kwezinombolo Nokwaziswa

Ama-operatein aguqula indlela imikhankaso yemikhosi nokuxhumana. Nakuba imithombo yezokuxhumana ivumela abavoti ukuba bafinyelele ngokuqondile futhi ngokushibhile, yenza futhi ukuba kusakazeke ukwaziswa okunganembile, ukuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe, nokusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano. Ngezinye izikhathi izimemezelo ngokwazo zihileleka emikhubeni yokukhohlisa, njengokusebenzisa amabot noma ama-akhawunti okuqamba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehla kobu mlando kusho ukuthi amalungu angazifihla imithombo yezindaba edumile futhi alawule izindaba zawo, kodwa lokhu futhi kunciphisa ukulandisa. Ukukhangisa nge-intanethi kwezokukhangisa kwezombangazwe kusethintana, emazweni anjengeCanada naseJalimane asebenzisa imithetho eqinile.

Ukushintsha Isayensi Yezibalo Nesayensi Yezinto Ezivamile

Ama-society aqala ukuhlukahluka ngokwezinhlanga, ngokohlanga, nangokohlanga. Amaqembu ezombangazwe kumelwe azivumelanise nokumelela lenani elishintshayo labantu. Ngokwesibonelo, e-US, i-votorate iya ngokuya ikhula futhi ayimhlophe, iphoqelela amaqembu ukuba axazulule izindaba ezinjengokuguqulwa kwezindawo zokufuduka, ukushintsha isimo sezulu, nobulungisa bezenhlalo. EYurophu, amaqembu alwa nokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo zabafuduki kanye nokukhula kwamaqembu amelene nokuncintisana kwemizwano. Ukuhluleka ukukhokha inguquko yenani kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezindawo ezihlukene ezingokokwakhelwa kwezindawo kanye nokuncikelelwa kwezindawo ezithile.

Ikusasa Lezidili Zezombangazwe

Ukuze ahlale efanelekile, amaqembu ezombangazwe kumelwe aqonde indlela ahlangana ngayo nezakhamuzi, abafuna ukujoyina izakhamuzi, futhi athuthukise isimiso. Ezinye izifekethiso ezifanele ukuhlolwa zihlanganisa iziteshi ezivulekile ukuze kwandiswe ukungenela, iziteshi zezibalo zokwenza izinqumo zangaphakathi, nokwakha izinhlangano zomphakathi. Ukuphakama kwamaqembu amasha, njenge-Five Star Movement e-Italy ne-Pirate Party e-Iceland, kubonakalisa ukuthi ezinye izinqubo zenhlangano zingaphumelela. Nokho, imisebenzi eyisisekelo yezinhlangano zeqembu (aggglement), inqubo yokwakha, nokubeka inqubo yomphakathi iyakulandisa ngohulumeni okubalulekile ngenxa yedemocrali.

Ukutuswa Kwezinguquko

  • khuthaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwangaphakathi: ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela kakhulu ekukhetheni umgomo nokuthuthukisa isimiso nge-inthanethi nangezinto ezithatha indawo.
  • sho incazelo esobala:[ Ukungaqiniseki ngemithombo eseduze yezimali nemisebenzi ekhuthaza ukunciphisa ukonakala nokubuyisela ukwethenjelwa komphakathi.
  • Ingenelela emfundweni yomphakathi: Umngane nezikole nezinzuzo ezingakhi ukuze kufundiswe izakhamuzi ukuthi imicimbi isebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani ihilelekile.
  • [ Ubuchwepheshe be-embrace ngokuhluza: Sebenzisa ukwaziswa okungaqondakaliyo ukuze uqonde kangcono okukhathaza umvoti kuyilapho uvikela imfihlo yemfihlo futhi ulwa nokungavumelani.
  • Buka imifelandawonye exhunyiwe: izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-akheli njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokungalingani kwezomnotho okudinga ukubambisana okungaphezu kwezindawo zomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Amaqembu ezombangazwe asalokhu ebalulekile ekuhleleni imiqondo nezimiso zentando yeningi. Anikeza isakhiwo esidingekayo ukuze izakhamuzi zihlangane ziphishekele imigomo efanayo, abangela ukuba ohulumeni balandise, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zimelelwa. Naphezu kokubhekana nezinselele ezingathi sína − ukuma kwezentengiselwano, ukuncipha kokungathembani, ukuphazamiseka kwezibalo, nokungalingani kwenani labantu kubonise ukukwazi ukumelana nokuzivumelanisa. Ukuqonda indima yamaqembu ezombangazwe kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuphumelela enqubweni yentando yentando yeningi nokufuna izinguquko eziqinisa lezi zinhlangano ezibalulekile. Njengoba amazwe ayaqhubeka esabela komphakathi kuyo kuqhubekela ukulungisa ikusasa lokubusa. Ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo ngokuziphendukela kwezombangazwe, [[FLD] [FLD] CD ibika ezinhlanganweni kwezombangazwe nakubusayo] [FFO1]