Isimiso sokufa kabili siyisivikelo esiyisisekelo esingokomthetho esisekelwe eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu somthetho, sinikeza ukuthi akukho muntu ozobekwa "ezingeni elifanayo lokungalungi noma lokufa." lemfundiso isebenza njengendlela ebucayi yokuhlola amandla ombambeli, ukuvimbela uhulumeni ekubekeni umuntu engozini, izindleko, kanye nokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo kwezilingo eziningi zokungalungi okufanayo. Ukusebenza kwayo kuba okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kuxabana kakhulu (nempikiswano) lapho ukuziphatha kwayo kwemithetho yombuso nohulumeni wezwe, kuveza ukuqubuka okulandelanayo ngokulandelana kwezikhundla ngokulandelanayo. Ukuqonda indima yokuvinjelwa okuphindiwe kabili kokuvikelwa ngokuphindwa kabili kokuvikelwa umthetho kahulumeni ngenxa yobugebengu obuphindiwe, ukuncintisana komthetho, ukubusa kwayo okuhlukene, nokunye ukubekwa kwayo kuveza ukufaneleka okungacacile kwemithetho enkantolo yomthetho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokweqa Icala Okukabili

Ukwenqatshelwa kwezingozi ezimbili kungesinye sezivikelo ezindala kakhulu nehlonishwa kakhulu e-Anglo - American jurisprudence. Umsuka waso ubuyela emuva emthethweni wasendulo wamaGreki namaRoma, futhi kwakuyisimiso esimiswe kahle eMthethweni wesiNgisi ngaphambili kokusungulwa kwe-United States. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sibizwa ngokuthi i-Bible Jeoparty Claus sagunyazwa ngo1791 njengengxenye yeSigqebezelo Samalungelo, esibonisa ukungathemba okujulile kwabasunguli kwegunya likahulumeni elingalawulwanga. I-Gregorithi elivamile alimane nje linqabela ukuboshwa kwesibili; livikela ukuhlukunyezwa okuhlukile: ukumangalelwa okwesibili ngenxa yecala elifanayo ngemva kokuvinjelwa, ukumangalelwa okwesibili ngenxa yecala elifanayo, nesijeziso esiphindaphindisiwe ngenxa yecala elifanayo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yabambelela ngokungaguquguquki ekutheni izingozi eziphindwe kabili zikhona lapho ijaji libekwa futhi lifungela ukukhokhwa, noma lapho ijaji liqala ukuzwa ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala ebhentshini. Uma izingozi zixhumene, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa yicala. Uma ummangalelwa efuna ukuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukunqanda ummangalelwa ngemva kokuba enecala, inkantolo kumelwe ikhiphe icala ngaphandle kokuba isetshenziswe i-pane. Lesivikelo asikhona nje i-procractura; sibonisa isahlulelo esingaphansi sombuso esine ngokuvikelwa imingcele yegunya likahulumeni. Njengoba iNkanto yamacala eshiwo ku- United States ne-v [FLT]. Inkantolo kumelwe i-Diault:[FLD [FUF1], 449.S.180], i-Jeoplausdiusdius, ingu engumbaxakibili, i-"ibon, isivikelo secala secala secala secala secala secala se-"enzekakhulu le-"

Okubalulekile, i-patment memode divisions isebenza kokubili kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni ngokufaka imfundiso. ku-Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 [1969], iNkantolo Ephakeme yeNkantolo isekela ukuthi i-Sected Procement Claus yeSichibiyelo se-145 Claus yenza i-Jeopardy Clause ngokugcwele esemthethweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho hulumeni ongamfaka ummangalelwa ngemva kwecala eliyedwa noma ukuqiniseka kuleyonkantolo. Nokho, umbuzo wokuthi inkantolo ingalandela isimo sokushumayeza i-Geneth Reappey Claus (noma ububi obungamele) ekwahlukaniswe ngaphandle, okuye kwabangela ukuphikisana okuphawulekayo.

Ukuthuthuka Okungokomlando Kwemfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa

Imfundiso yokubusa okumbaxambili yavela emacaleni okuqala eNkantolo Ephakeme ekhuluma ngobuhlobo phakathi kombuso nohulumeni abaphethe. Icala lesisekelo lingu-United States v. Lanza, 260 U.S. 3722), lapho iNkantolo yathi umuntu angamangalelwa khona yizo zombili izigebengu zikahulumeni waseWashington nohulumeni wezwe ngesenzo esifanayo sokusungula nokuthengisa utshwala. Inkantolo yacabanga ukuthi isenzo singase sibe icala kubabusi ababili abahlukene − isifundazwe nesizwe esingesodwa. Imfundiso isekelwe embonweni yokuthi uhulumeni nohulumeni wezwe uhulumeni uhlukene, iveza amandla awo wonke ahlukene ezombangazwe, isigaba ngasinye esihlukene emithonjeni yabo. Ubugebengu nesithunzi sokuthula nesithunzi singesona somthetho esimelene nesizwe esihlangene nesizwe, uma nje singekhona lesinye iSigabeni sesizwe.

Imfundiso yokubusa okumbaxambili yaqinisekiswa futhi yanwetshwa ku-Barkus v.Illinois, 359 U.S.1959), lapho iNkantolo yathi uhulumeni unelungelo lokugwetshwa kwebhange alizange livale ukuquliswa kwecala okulandelayo lokuphanga okufanayo. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi ohulumeni ababili banezithakazelo ezizimele ekusebenziseni imithetho yabo siqu. Ngokufanayo, u-Abbate v. [United States, 359], U. 187.1959), inkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi ukuqiniseka kokucekwa kwempahla engavimbelanga uzungu lokubhikiselwa kwezindawo. Lezizindaba ezithiyo azisunguli uhulumeni uhulumeni uveza uhulumeni wezomthetho ohlangene kodwa uveza ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho ewusekelayo. Ize imvume efanayo futhi imvume ebumbene yemithetho engokomthetho.

Muva nje, iNkantolo Ephakeme iqala ngoku. iUnited States, u-587 U.S. 678 (2089), iphinde yaqinisekisa ngokucacile imfundiso ehlangene yobukhosi. Inqaba impikiswano yokuthi imfundiso embaxambili i-Jeopy Claus. Umthetho ubhala iningi, waphawula ukuthi umbhalo wesigebengu u-Alabamomomese futhi wabekwa icala elifanayo. INkantolo, esingu-7-2, yalahla impikiswano yokuthi imfundiso ehlukene yenkolo u-Jeophy Claus. Isinqumo, ibhalwe izinqumo zezikhulu ezivunyiweyo kanye nezingulo zeNkakhulu. Isinqumo esivunyiweyo, izikhulu zeNkakhulu zeNkakhulu.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa Iyasetshenziswa

Imfundiso yokubusa ehlukene isho ukuthi, ngaphansi komthetho wamanje, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngokuvamile azimvikeleli umuntu ekumangalelweni uhulumeni kahulumeni ngenxa yokuziphatha okwakuseyindaba yokuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu kusebenza ukuthi uhulumeni uqhubekela phambili ngokulahlwa, ukuqiniseka, noma ngisho nokuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu kusebenza ukuthi umuntu ongatholakali enecala lobugebengu bukahulumeni angabhekana namacala kahulumeni amacala afanayo, uma nje umthetho kahulumeni ufihla ukuziphatha kwakhe. Ngokufanayo, umuntu omangalela icala lobugebengu obubomthetho kamuva angalahlwa ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Lokhu kwenza isimiso lapho uhulumeni ungenza khona ngokuphumelelayo njengongwengwengwengwezi lwesibili, ngokuvamile ngesijeziso esikhulu.

Imfundiso yobukhosi ehlukene isetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi, kuhlanganise nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukushushumbisa izibhamu, ubugebengu obunobudlova, nokukhwabanisa okumhlophe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokushaywa yiNkosi uRodney, amaphoyisa amane aseLos Angeles akhululwa emacaleni kahulumeni okuhlasela nawamandla adlulele, kodwa kamuva abekwa icala enkantolo kahulumeni ngenxa yokwephula amalungelo eNkosi esizwe. Ngokufanayo, abamangalelwa emacaleni okukhwabanisa angaphezulu kakhulu kwezezimali bangase babhekane nakho kokubili ukumangalelwa kwezelelelo lokukhwabanisa nokukhwabanisa ngecala elifanayo. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uvame ukuthathwa njengezinyathelo lapho ukumangalelwa kungenamandla noma lapho ukuziphatha kubhekwa njengokungafanelekile kwezindawo eziphambili zomphakathi, njengasekwezentengisweni yezentengo yezenteko noma izinhlangano.

Ukulinganiselwa Kobukhosi Obubodwa: Isimiso Sezigaba Ezizimele" Neminye Imidanti

Nakuba imfundiso yokubusa okumbaxambili ivumela ukuquliswa ngokulandelana kwezwe nombuso, uMnyango wobulungisa wase-U.S. sekuyisikhathi eside ulondoloza inkambiso yangaphakathi enqanda izenzo ezinjalo ezingekhoyo. Lenkambiso, eyaziwa ngokuthi "inkambiso yePetein" ngemva kwecala i-Petete ne-. United States, 361], U.S. 529 (1960), idinga abashushisi bakahulumeni ukuba bathole imvume yangaphambili kuMphathi-Athoricter General, ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukuqukunjelwa kwecala okusekelwe esimweni esifanayo kakade esimiswe umbuso. Isimiso sokugwema ukumangalelwa okungadingekile, ukulondolozwa kweminyango, kanye nokugcinwa komthetho wezekwayo. Nokho, isimiso sokulawula inqubo esingokomthetho, asigunyaziwe futhi asigunyaziwe, kodwa singenziwa ngokunye ukukhomba izisulu ezinkulu, kodwa, kunezi ezingoko ezingathini ezinkulu, ezihlangene, eziveza izivumelwano ezinkulu zezidakamizwa, kodwa, eziwubuthelelayo.

Ngaphezu kwenqubo yamaPete, kuneminye imigoqo engokomthetho neyomthetho-sisekelo engavimbela ukuqulwa kwecala kokwesibili. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni nohulumeni benzeka ngokuphambana kwe-colusition noma uma ukuquliswa kwecala kukahulumeni kumane kuyisigebengu esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukulahlwa, inkantolo ingathola ukuthi imfundiso yobukhosi ehlangeneyo ayisebenzi. INkantolo Ephakeme isikisela ukuba ukuphikisa okuhlukene kokubusa kungenziwa ngezindlela ezizimele uma ohulumeni ababili bengekho ngempela. Nokho, iNkantolo ayikaze ibhekene ngokuthi ukukhohlakala noma ukumangalelwa kulimaza izingozi eziphindwe kabili, futhi umthwalo wommangalelwa obonisa ukuthi ukugqelelwa kuphakeme ngokungavamile.

ICollateral Estopel Nempikiswano

Okunye ukulinganiselwa okubalulekile ekumangalelweni okulandelanayo kukahulumeni yisimiso sokuhlola i-estomal, esifakwe phakathi kwe-Biblic Jeopardy Claus. Ashe v. Senson, 397 U.S. 436 (1970), iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yasekela ukuthi i-Revictal Jeoparty Claus ibambela ukumangalelwa kwesibili futhi ivimbela ukuqulwa kwecala elifanayo futhi ivimbela ukumiswa kwanoma yiziphi izimpikiswano eziphethe kahle ezinqunyweni zommangalelwayo ngaphambi kokuqulwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma inkantolo ikhipha ummangalelwa emzamelweni wayo ihlelweni. Ilunga njalo inganikeza izigwebo ezimweni ezihlukene, futhi inganikeza izikhombi ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezihlukene njalo.

Isihluthulelo Esikhethekile Nokulinganiselwa Kokuvikelwa Okukabili Kwengozi

Isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sengozi, nakuba singesona esiyisisekelo. Izinga elimisiwe livumela ukuqulwa kwecala kokwesibili ngisho nakulelo gunya elifanayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kunqabela kubalulekile ekuhloleni izinga lesivikelo elikhona kubamangalelwa.

Ukukhishwa Kwezinkantolo

Uma icala liphela enkantolo engafanele ngenxa yokubonisa isidingo esisobala, ngokwesibonelo, i-jaji elilengiwe, iphutha elingokwesiko elingenakwelashwa, noma ukufa noma inqaba yejaji () ummangalelwa angaphinde abekwe ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi ezimbili. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala lommangalelwa kuvunyelwe kuphela uma kukhona "kwenyukela" kwesidingo, njengoba kuvezwe kushiwo ngokuphindiwe futhi. ] Arizona v. Washington, 434], U.S 497 (118.8). Uma abamangalelwa bevuma ukuvinjwa ngokungafanele, ukumiswa futhi kuvunyelwe ngaphandle kokuboniswa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvinjwa okuhlukile okungakho okungakho okungakhothwayo komthetho okungagwenywayo komthetho womthetho.

Ukudlulisa Isikhalo Nokuvuselela

Ummangalelwa ofaka isiqinisekiso futhi athole ukubuyiselwa komthetho angaphinde avuselelwe ngaphandle kokuba ushintsho lusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele. Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1.7], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi inkantolo ivinjelwe uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi ubufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala abufanele ukusekela ngokusemthethweni ukumangalelwa. Nokho, uma ukwenqatshelwa kusekelwe ephutheni lokuvinjelwa kwecala (kodwa) njengemiyalo eyiphutha noma ukuvunywa okungafanele kobufakazi `ummangalelwa]. Lokhu kulinganisela isithakazelo sommangalelwa esibhekene nesithakazelo sokugcina sikahulumeni ekutholeni isithakazelo esingokomthetho ngemva kokuqulwa komthetho.

Iziphambeko Ezihlukile

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayibaleki ngokulandelana emacaleni ahlukene abangelwa ukuthengiselana. "Izici ezifanayo" ezisungulwe ku i-hitburger v. i-United States, 284 U.S.29], ibuza ukuthi icala ngalinye liqukethe isici esingenziwanga esinye. Uma imigaqo emibili idinga ubufakazi beqiniso elihlukile, ithathwa njengecala, futhi ummangalelwa angabekwa icala lazo zombili ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Isibonelo, ummangalelwa angamangalelwa ngakho kokubili ukuphanga nokubophanga okukanye nozungula ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo okungaphansi komthetho. [FF9], okungakhonziwe. [unyunyunyuke] [5], kodwa u-UFU.[4] [4], u-U.N.N.[4] inquluqu] inqulu, u-U.[4] inqumo, u-U.[59]

Ubukhosi Obubodwa Babuphinde Buthathiwe

Njengoba kuxoxwe, ukuhlukana kombuso okumbaxambili kuyinto ephawulekayo ekwahlukaneni kwezwe nombuso. Ivumela uhulumeni ukuba abeke umuntu icala ngisho nangemva kokufushaniswa kwezwe lonke, uma lokhu kuthatha kuphula umthetho kahulumeni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kulahla kululaza injongo eyisisekelo yokuzifaka kabili ngokuvumela ngokuqondile uhlobo lokushushisa lomthetho ophindiwe oklanyelwe ukuvimbela. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi uhlonipha izigaba ezihlukene zikahulumeni nombuso nokuthi womabili ohulumeni banesithakazelo esizimele ekulandeleni imithetho yabo. Inkulumo yenkulumo iyaqhubeka, kodwa njengamanje, imfundiso ehlangene ihlala iqinile eSihlalweni Esiphakeme.

Imisebenzi Yemvelo Nezindlela Ezifanele Zokunakekela

Ukuqubuka phakathi kwengozi ephindwe kabili kanye nokushunyayelwa kwenkantolo kahulumeni kubangela ukucabangela okusemqoka kokubili abashushisi nabameli abavikelayo. Kwezinye iziluleko, ukuqonda ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba uhulumeni athwese icala ngemva kwecala likahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu ekusunguleni icebo elibanzi lomthetho. Uma ikhasisimende libhekene necala lomthetho elimelene nomthetho kahulumeni futhi eliphula umthetho kahulumeni, iseluleko kumelwe siqaphele ukuthi ukulahlwa enkantolo yesifundazwe kungase kungapheli indaba. Kwezinye izimo, abameli bangafuna ukudlulisa isinqumo sembulunga yonke esixazulula kokubili imibuso kanye nokuchayeka kwezwe. Lokhu kungahilela isivumelwano esihlanganisa isibopho esivela kubashushicileli abangokomthetho kahulumeni sokungaphathisi izikhalo ezengeziwe, okumelwe kunikezwe noma yiziphi izimfuneko ezisebenzayo zikahulumeni.

Abashushisi banikeza ithuluzi lokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buyenziwa ngisho nalapho izindaba zikahulumeni zingahambi kahle. Nokho, abashushisi bakahulumeni ngokuvamile bayanqikaza ukuletha icala ngemva kokulahlwa uhulumeni ngenxa yezinkinga zezombangazwe nezisebenzayo. Isimiso se-Petete sidinga ukuboniswa kwesithakazelo esiqinile sikahulumeni, njengokudingeka kulwelwelwe amalungelo omphakathi kahulumeni noma ukuxoxa ngenqubo yokuziphatha okubi izwe eliye lahluleka ukujezisa. Ngokwenqubo, abashushisi bakahulumeni basebenzisa leli gunya ngokungenangozi, bagcinele uma kuqulwa icala elibalulekile.

Enye i-procedtural reconstruct ebalulekile ihlanganisa isikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni. Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayibambele ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni eliqaliswe ngaphambi kokuba icala likahulumeni liqedwe. Eqinisweni, ukumangalelwa kukahulumeni nohulumeni kungaqhubeka kanyekanye, uma nje ummangalelwa engafakwanga engozini ngaso sisodwa. I-Piegy Trial Act nemithetho yokuqulwa kwecala esheshayo ingaphoqelela ukuvinjelwa, kodwa ukumangalelwa okungaguquguquki ngokomthetho kungadala izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuchachachachachamba ngokuphindwe kabili, lapho ummangalelwa ebhekene nesigwebo esihlukene futhi ezimbili ezingabekwanga. I-Sendlinelingling Guidensing Dirensiness nezimiso zokugwema kwezwe kwezwe kazwelotime zingalandisa noma zingangalandisi ngenxa yemiphumelo enjalo, okuholela ekulahleni imiphumela ekwaneni kwemithetho.

Ukugxeka nokushintsha kudinga inguquko

Imfundiso yokubusa ehlukene iye yathola ukugxekwa okuphawulekayo kwezazi ezingokomthetho, abameleli benkululeko yomphakathi, ngisho nabanye abahluleli. Impicabadala eyinhloko iwukuthi ichitha injongo eyinhloko yengozi ephindwe kabili ngokuvumela ukumangalelwa kwesibili ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuqiniseka. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi le mfundiso ingowenkathi edlulileyo yobuzweli bobuzwe nokuthi kufanele ibekwe umthetho olinganiselwe. IJaji elidlulile uRuth Bader Ginsburg, eliphikisayo e [[FLT:]] ukuvumela ukumangalelwa kwecala kwesibili ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuqinisekiswa. [i-FLTY:1], libizwa ngokuthi inkolelo yokungaqondani, ibhalwe ukuthi "kungafanelekile noma kulinganiselwe ngesivikelo sika-Jeopard Clauslausskaskas.] Ezinye izimiso zokuthiwamu ukuthi ihlelwe ukuba i-mthetho owenziwayo ngemva kwemithetho ewumthetho ofanayo, kodwa ayithintinye, kodwa ayithintile imithetho yemithetho.

Iziphakamiso zokuguqula inguquko ziye zahlanganisa umthetho we-Congresssion ukuze kunqandwe ukuqulwa kwemithetho yesifundazwe nohulumeni ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo, ngaphandle kwamacala ahilela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi noma ezinye izithakazelo ezicatshangelwe kahle zikahulumeni. I-bipartan "Umthetho we-Rebivince Jeopardity Claritiation Act ka-2021" wafakwa eNdry of Deactifices kodwa awuzange uqhubeke. Ezinye iziphakame zifuna ukuba uhulumeni uhulumeni uvimbele wonke amakhambislaze ngaphambi kokuletha ukuqulwa kwecala okukasha okukathathu okukathathulwa okunganqotshwa kuphela ngobufakazi obucacile besithakazelo sikahulumeni. Noma iziphi izinguquko ezinjalo ziyo ziyo ziyo zingenze zingapheli zingaqinisekile, kodwa umba isithakazelo phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho nabahlazi bezinga.

Abasekeli bemfundiso yokubusa okumbaxambili baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqedwa kwayo kungacindezela ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni ngokungafanele futhi kululaze izithakazelo ezibalulekile zikahulumeni. Bakhomba ezimweni lapho ukuquliswa kwamacala kukahulumeni kuye kwadingeka khona ukuze kubekwe abenzi bobubi icala ngemva kokuhluleka kukahulumeni, njengasekumangalweni kwamalungelo omphakathi nasemacaleni ahilela ukonakala komphakathi. Baphikisa futhi ukuthi lemfundiso ihlonipha imvelaphi ehlukene yombuso namandla kahulumeni nokuthi isenzo esisodwa singalimaza ngempela kokubili umbuso nesizwe. Ukuphikisana phakathi kwalemibono ephikisanayo kubonisa ukulinganisela okuqhubekayo kokulinganisela okufanelekile kwegunya esimisweni sombuso.

Izibonelo eziwusizo nocwaningo lwezehlakalo

Ukuze kuboniswe indlela izingozi eziphindwe kabili nokubusa okubili okusebenza ngayo, cabangela izindaba eziningana eziphawulekayo. Ngemva kokushaywa kuka-1991 Rodney King, amaphoyisa amane aseLos Angeles akhululwa ekuhlaseleni kukahulumeni nasemacaleni acindezela kakhulu ngo-1992. Uhulumeni wakhona washushisa amaphoyisa ngaphansi kuka-18.S.C. 76 242, okwenza kube icala ukuncisha umuntu amalungelo awo omthetho ngamabomu ngaphansi kombala womthetho. Ngo-1993, amaphoyisa amabili abekwa icala enkantolo yombuso futhi agwetshwa ejele. Imfundiso embaxakazini yavumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba ulwelethe nesithakazelo sombuso ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi ngisho nangemva kwezwelo olusemthethweni. Lendaba ihlala iyisibonelo esinamandla sokusetshenziswa kwemfundiso yobulungisa, ngisho nanjengomfanekiso wekhono lokugwetshwa ngokubhekwa ngokulunga.

Esinye isibonelo sihilela ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Uhulumeni kahulumeni ngokuvamile usebenzisa imfundiso yobukhosi ehlukene ukuze aqulule abantu abaye baboshwa enkantolo yecala lezidakamizwa, ikakhulukazi lapho izigwebo zikahulumeni zithathwa njengeziyekelela kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwe-guvernet "drug malpin" umthetho, abashushisi bamazwe bangaletha amacala ahlanganisa amaphuzu afanayo njengecala likahulumeni kodwa baphethe izigwebo ezinde kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, abashushisi bamazwe baye bafuna isigwebo sokufa ngenxa yokubulalana kwezidakamizwa okwase kubekwe enkantolo kahulumeni. Icala eliphakeme lezidakamizwa likaJoaquín "El Chamán" Guzmán lihilela kokubili i-Mexico kanye ne-U. Umthetho wombuso womhlaba wonke, nakuba ukuhlaziya okuhlangene kwakunzima ngenxa yemithetho yomhlaba wonke.

Isibonelo sesithathu sihilela ukonakala komphakathi. United States v. Bruno, owayeyisikhulumi se-New York State Assembly, Sheldon Silver, waboshwa enkantolo kahulumeni ngenxa yenkohlakalo, ngisho noma ezinye zezenzo zaba yindaba yophenyo lwezimiso zikahulumeni olwalungakhipheli icala. Icala likahulumeni lasekelwa ekudluliseleni icala, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphikiswa. Lendaba ibonisa indlela uhulumeni ophethe ehlukene ngayo amacala okonakala ngisho nalapho iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zenqaba ukwenza isenzo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka okuhlala njalo kwezingozi ezimbili

[[Inani] Ingozi ephindwe kabili ihlala iwusivo esibalulekile kuhulumeni ophathwe kabi nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla abashushisi. [[F] Kuwo wonke: [F1] i-F] iveza inzuzo engokoqobo ye-memone ye-conostics kanye nokuhlangana kwezwe. Imfundiso ehlangene idala isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi somthetho lapho isenzo esisodwa singaholela ekumangalelwe kaningi. Nakuba lemfundiso iye yagxekwa ngokususa iziphetho ze-Revictive Jeodary Clausleaste, iveza inzuzo ye-memo ye-meontactive ye-joaism futhi ifeza izithakazelo ezinzile [F1], njengoba i-F1] i-Foffe, iyaqhubeka i-ephandle engokomthetho, i-F: umuntu obalulekile ekukhetheni kwezehlulele iziphane.[10]