Ukuzisungulela Kwabantu Benkolo Nezinqumo Zomshado Ezingokobulili Obufanayo

Ubuqaba bungenye yezindlela ezinethonya kakhulu kodwa eziphikiswana kakhulu zokuchazwa komthetho-mthetho-mthethweni e-Melika. Ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nomshado oxubile, ukucabanga kwakuqala kuye kwafakwa kokubili ukuba kubekelwe inselele futhi kuvikelwe ukuqaphela ukulingana komshado njengelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda indlela u-Bhostism esebenza ngayo − nendlela abasekeli bayo abaphikisana ngayo ukuze baqonde indawo engokomthetho eyaveza izinqumo ezifana ne- Obergecfell v. Hods (20) kanye nelungelo eliqhubekayo le-ligiotables ezizungeze i-LBTQ.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izinkolelo eziyisisekelo zobuQhobosheli bokuqala, ukusebenza kwayo eMhlelweni weSichibiyelo weshumi nane weSichibiyelo seSikhawulo sika-Claus, imibono eminingi nephikisanayo obergefell[, kanye nempikiswano ebanzi yengqondo yokuthi i-ronaryism ingavumelana yini nokuqonda okungaqondani kwenkululeko nokulinganayo.

Ukuqonda Ukuqamba: Umbhalo, Ukuhlosa, Nencazelo Yomphakathi

Ukuqala kokuqala akuyona imfundiso eyodwa, efana neyodwa. Kuhlanganisa izindlela eziningana ezihlobene nesibopho sokulungisa incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa. Imicu emibili evelele iyinhloso yokuqala ne esho umphakathi wokuqala.

Incazelo Yomphakathi Yokuqala

Inhloso yokuqala ifuna ukuqonda izinjongo ezicatshangelweyo ze-flamers kanye ne-ratifiers. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi lendlela ixhomeke emibhalweni engokomlando engaphelele futhi ikhuthaza imibono yeqembu elincane elivelele ngokuqonda umphakathi obanzi. Incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi, ngokuphambene, ihlola indlela umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokuhlola aqonda ngayo umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo. Lenguqulo, elwelwe nguMahluleli u-Anton Scialia nezazi zemfundo ezinjengoRandy Barnett, igwema ezinye zezihibe zokuhlaziya okusekelwe embonweni ngesikhathi esaqhubeka nokuchaza ngomlando omisiwe.

Zombili lezi zimo zivumelana nenkolelo eyisisekelo: incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ayishintshi ngokuhlanganisa imithetho yezenhlalakahle. Uma ilungelo lingaqondwanga ekuqaleni njengelivikelwe, abahluleli akumelwe balidale ngokuchaza. Lokhu kungqubuzana ngokuqondile nokucabanga okuku [[FLT: 0]] Obergefell[.

Okwenza Ukuzisungulela Kwabantu Kubaluleke Emshadweni Ongokobulili Obufanayo

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane leSiphendulo, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, siqukethe i-The Active Process Clause (noma yimuphi uMbuso ozoncisha noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho”) ne-Umeal Protection Claus (“nakanye uphika noma ubani onegunya lokuvikela okufanayo kwemithetho”). Abasekeli bemishado abaphikisa ukuthi lemisho iqinisekisa ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada imibhangqwana efanayo. I-Equalistrist yabuza: abaxhasi be-ratifiy Rendements baqonda ukuthi “iround" noma“ isivikelo esilinganayo sokuhlanganisa i-sthex ?

Umlando: Kusuka EDOMA Kuya Emkhathini

Impi engokomthetho elwisana nomshado ongowesilisa akuzange kuqale obergefell. Yalolongwa amashumi eminyaka yokuthakathiswa, umthetho, nombono womphakathi oshintshayo.

I - Defense of Marriage Act (1996)

Congress yadlulisa i-DOMA ngo-1996, ichaza umshado wezinjongo zikahulumeni ngokuthi ukuhlangana kwendoda eyodwa nowesifazane oyedwa. Ingxenye 3 yeDOMA yaphika ukuqashelwa kukahulumeni ngemishado efanayo engokobulili eyayenziwa ngokomthetho ezizweni ezazivunyelwe ngokomthetho. Lesi senzo sasiyimpendulo eqondile ekutheni kungenzeka i-Hawaii noma ezinye izifunda zingaqaphela imishado efanayo yobulili futhi ziveze izinzuzo zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Fil Leliv neCreaste.

United States v. Umoya (2013)

Esinqumweni esingu-524, iNkantolo Ephakeme yalahla i-Candelo 3 leDOMA njengephulwa kwezimiso ezifanele zenqubo yesihlanu ezisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni. IJaji uKennedy yagcizelela ukuthi injongo yeDOMA “kukuhlukanisa nokulimaza” imibhangqwana efanayo exhunyiwe, ngaleyo ndlela ibeka “isigma” ebuhlotsheni bayo. Isinqumo asizange sigunyaze ukuthi isho ukuthi umshado ongokwesibili, kodwa samisa isigaba esilandelayo sokuhlomela ukudilishwa.

Ama-critique angokoqobo agxila ekungabini nabuphi ubufakazi obungokomlando bokuthi isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sasiqondwa sivikela ubuhlobo obufanayo obungokobulili. Ukungavumelani kukaMahluleli uScalia wamangalela iningi lokusungula ilungelo lomthetho-mgaqo ukuthi “abantu base-United States babengazi ngisho nokwazi ukuthi kwakukuMthetho-sisekelo.”

Obergefell v. Hodges: Isinqumo sophawu

Obergefell v. Hodges, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sifuna ukuba zonke izifundazwe zivume imishado phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo futhi ziqaphele imishado efanayo ehlangeneyo eyenzeka ngokomthetho kwezinye izizwe. Umbono wabaningi, ophinde wabhalwa nguMahluleli Kennedy, usekelwe ezinsikeni ezimbili: inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esilinganayo.

Ukucabanga Okukhulu Kwalo

UMahluleli uKennedy waveza “izimiso namasiko” abonisa isimo esiyisisekelo somshado: (1) ilungelo lokuzikhethela komuntu siqu ngokuqondene nomshado lizuzwe ngomqondo wokuzibusa komuntu; (2) umshado usekela inyunyana enezintambo ezimbili ngokungafani nanoma yimuphi omunye; (3) uvikela izingane nemikhaya; futhi (4) uyisihluthulelo sokuhleleka kwezenhlalo. Khona - ke waphetha ukuthi lezizimiso zisebenza ngokufanayo emibhangqwaneni efanayo encamini engabantu abangokwasengathi, ngoba “ilungelo lokushada liyifa lemfanelo eliyisisekelo enkolisekweni yomuntu, nangaphansi kweSitetho soMbukiso neSivikelwa sikaClaus weMidlaliziwe yeNhla yeshumi nambili yesihlanu esihlangene.

Iningi lakwenqaba futhi ukuphikisa kokuthi incazelo yomshado kumelwe inqunywe ngezinqubo zentando yeningi noma ishiyelwe ezifundazweni, lisho ukuthi “amalungelo angokwengqondo angase angangeniselwa ekuvoteni; ancike emphumeleni wokhetho.”

Ukungavumelani Kwakuqala

IJaji eliyinhloko uRoberts, uMahluleli Scalia, uMahluleli uThomas, noMahluleli u-Alito ngamunye wabhala izimpikiswano ezihlukene.

Ukungavumelani komthetho womthetho kuScalia [ kwakunombono oqonde kakhulu. Waphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo “awuqinisekisi ilungelo lokungena emshadweni ofanayo wobulili” ngoba“ akuyona into yokuqala ukufunda ilungelo lokushada ngokulinganayo eSigqini seminyaka Engamashumi Amane.” Scalia waklolodela ukuthembela kweningi “encwadini” njengomqondo okhululekile, exwayisa ukuthi“ ibeka inkantolo ecaleni likahulumeni wabantu, hhayi imithetho.”

Ukungavumelani kukaThomas kwagcizelela ukuthi incazelo yokuqala ye- “liberbory” eMhlelweni we-Claus elinganiselwe ekukhululekeni ekuzithibeni. Waphikisa ngokuthi iningi laliguqule inkululeko yaba “isizathu sokuchaza umshado noma umuntu ebona ufaneleka kangakanani,” umbono awulandeleli ekuphelisweni kwencazelo yomthetho.

UMahluleli oQuquzelelwe uRoberts waveza ukungavumelani kwakhe ngokuphathelene nomthetho wokwahlulela kanye nemingcele yesibonelo. Waphawula ukuthi “ukunqwabelana kweNkantolo yezimpikiswano zokuzalana kobuhlobo bocansi obulili obufanayo kuphawuleka kakhulu ngenxa yokungabi nabufakazi bokuthi imibhangqwana efanayo engobulili obuhlukile isengozini kakhulu kunasemishadweni ehlukene yokuzala abantwana.”

Justice Alito waphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo “awukhulumi ngendaba yomshado ohlangene obulili obufanayo,” nokuthi umbuzo kwakufanele ushiyelwe enqubweni yezombangazwe. Waxwayisa ngokuthi lesi sinqumo sasizoba nemiphumela efinyeleleka kakhulu yenkululeko engokwenkolo nenkululeko.

Ingabe Ubufandamentali Bungawuthola Umshado Ofanayo Nowesilisa?

Nakuba ukungavumelani [ku [FLT: 0] obergefell kuvame ukukhonjwa njengesikhundla esiqondile sakuqala, inani elandayo lezazi liphikisa ngokuthi u-status /atmast /awuqondakali ngokufanele umshado ongathi shwna. La “bavikeli bokuqala” be basho ukuthi u-Oberge wawehlela[[ ezimpikiswaneni eziningana.

“ Isivikelo” Indlela

Abanye abasunguli bezindaba zokuqala, njengoProfesa Steven Calabresi, baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yokuqala ye-Exlimate Protection Claus ivimbela ukucwaswa okubangelwa ubulili. Njengoba ukuhlelwa okusekelwe ekuthambekeleni kobulili ngokuvamile kuvumelana nobulili, baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho ekhipha imibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo emshadweni iwuhlobo oluthile lobandlululo lobulili. Ngaphansi kwalombono, i-Ecult Protection Claus eqondwe ekuqaleni ingayiqeda imithetho enjalo, ngisho noma abafuli bengacabanganga ngobuhlobo obufanayo obungokwezilili.

I - “Foundary Rights” Indlela

Enye impikiswano iveza incazelo yokuqala ye- “i-[FLT: 0].” UProfesa Randy Barnett, isazi se-cordist, uye waphikisa ngokuthi isiHlulo se-Ninth, sihlangene namalungelo ombuso noma ama-Immunitunio Claus, sivikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu ejule kakhulu. Nakuba uBarnett engakuvumi ngokugcwele [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] , uye wasikisela ukuthi ilungelo lokushada nomuntu okhethwe nguye lingase libe yinkululeko enkulu, uma nje lingaboniswa ukuthi “lisekelwe kakhulu kulomlando weSizwe namasiko awenziwe ukuba uvivinye.[FLD:] [FLD:]bergefer [FFF:3] [FM] ahluleke ngokufanayo ngenxa yomshado othandwayo ngokomthetho wombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso womhlaba wonke.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala “Nomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo”

Indlela yesithathu, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi “izindlela zakuqala zobuProfethi,” ikholelwa ukuthi umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa izindinganiso ezithile ezithi zishintshe njengoba umphakathi uthola ukuqonda okusha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwenqabela kweSichibiyeli se-Eighth ekutholeni“ isijeziso nesijeziso esingavamile” kwaqala ukuqondwa ukwenqabela izijeziso ezicasulayo eziguquguqukayo zokuziphatha okuhloniphekile. Abanye abaqondisi bokuqala baphikisa ukuthi inkululeko yeSichibiyelo seshumi Eline nesilinganiso somthetho weSimemezelo sinezingakhombanga ngokufanayo nesiqinisekiso solimi oluvulekileyo oluhloselwe ukusetshenziswa ezimweni ezintsha. Lombono uphikisa ngokuthi ubuProstolistism buhlala bukhona noma bushisiwe ngokomlando.

Izinselele Nezimo Zokusungula Emncintiswaneni Womshado Ongokwabesifazane Abafanayo

Ukubheka izinto njengezingabalulekile kubhekene nokugxekwa okuphawulekayo, kokubili okuvela emphakathini ongokomthetho nakubalandeli bezindlela ezihlukile zokuchaza.

Inkinga Yobufakazi Obungokomlando

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umlando uvame ukuba nomqondo odidayo. Ukuveza “incazelo yomphakathi yakuqala” ye-“liber” noma“ isivikelo esifanayo” ngo-1868 kunzima kakhulu. Ama-ratifier cishe ayengenanjongo eqondile ngokuphathelene nokushada okushelelayo okufanayo. Abasekeli benkolo abathi iSichibiyelo seshumi Eline nesine sisusa umshado ofanayo owenziwe ngokuthula, okungasolwa ngendlela engokobuchwepheshe.

Ukuzisungulela Kwabantu Nesiqalo

Ubufandamentali abuyona indlela yokubheka yonke into. Abasunguli abaningi bamukela indima yendatshana ekuchazeni ngokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMahluleli Scalia wavota ukusekela Roe v. Wade ngaphansi kokubukwa kwedecisis ngisho noma ayekholelwa ukuthi isinqumo sanqunywa ngokungalungile. Ukubhekiswa ku Obergefell[, umsunguli wesinqumo angavuma ukuphikisana kwesinqumo ngencazelo yokuqala kodwa nakuba kunjalo wasamukela njengomthetho olungisiweyo. Lokhu kungathi kulokhu kungathi indikimba ephindaphindwayo yesazi solwazi.

Ukungavumelani Nezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Abaqondisi bemfundiso yenkolo bavame ukuphikisa ngokuthi uma umphakathi ufuna ilungelo elingavikelwanga ekuqaleni, kufanele liqede uMthetho-sisekelo (hhayi uncike ekuchazeni kabusha kokwahlulela. Lempikiswano yalawula ukungavumelani [[FLT: 0]]] Obergefell[]. IJaji eliyinhloko uRoberts laphawula ukuthi “abasekeli bomshado ofanayo wobuzwe baye baphumelela kakhulu ngenqubo yombuso wentando yeningi” nokuthi ukungenela kweNkanto yale nqubo kwaleNkantolo kwafinyelela leyo.

Abaphikisi balombono baveza ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa kunzima kakhulu (ifuna ama-3 ezindlu nezindlu zombuso ezineziqeshana ezintathu), nokuthi amalungelo amancane aye avikelwa ngokomlando izinkantolo ngisho nalapho zingasekelwa kakhulu. Umbango phakathi kobuProthesm nelungelo le-ocessing awanakwanga.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nemiphumela

Kusukela obergefell, ukucabanga kwakuqala kuye kwasetshenziswa ezicabeni ezilandelayo ezihilela ukunqabela inkolo. kumacletick Titchep, Ltd. Colorado Civil Rights Commission [2018], iNkantolo yalahla impi engaphansi, ibusa ukuthi ikhomisha yayibonise ukungavumelani nenkolo. Izimpikiswano zoqobo ziye zacinezelwa futhi emaphutheni ahilela imithetho yendawo yokuhlala nohlelo lwenkululeko yokuzingavumelani kwezenkolo. I-Coloradoma eqhubekayo mayelana namalungelo afanayo kanye kanye kanye no-19208 [iintest progreessss] ukuzama noma ngabe inikeza izimpendulo ezihlukene zomthetho ezihlukene.

Isiphetho: Indima Yokuzalwa Kwabantu Besandulela Ikusasa Lokulingana Komshado

Impikiswano ngobufandamentali kanye nomshado ofanayo ayiwona nje umlando; iye yasebenza kaningi njengoba kuphakama imibuzo emisha. Ngokwesibonelo, ingabe incazelo yokuqala ye-Currect Procesme Claus ivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokushada nobulili obuqinisekisiwe? Ingabe i-Exctal Protection Claus Protective ivimbela ukucwasana okusekelwe ekubukezeni ubulili ezindaweni ezingalé komshado, njengokutholwa, umsebenzi, noma indawo yokuhlala?

Okuvela ezincwadini zakuqala kusemqoka kakhulu kunamalungelo amabili “obuqaba awenqabela umshado oxubile” noma“ ukubusuka kuyakuvumela.” Indlela idinga ukuhlaziywa kokucophelela kombhalo, isimo, umlando, nesibonelo. Njengoba isikole esingokomthetho siqhubeka sicwenga inkolelo ye-ligBTQ, isimo se-LGBTQ ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo siyohlala siyisisekelo esiqinisekisa amandla efilosofi ukusingatha amalungelo anamuhla ngaphandle kokulahla izibophopho zawo eziyisisekelo. Ukuqonda lezimpikiswano kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda izimiso ezijulile zomthetho-sisekelo eziphikisana kakhulu nezimpikiswano zethu ezingokomthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[FLT: 0] uMthetho-sisekelo ophawulweyo oGunyathini lweSichibiyelo seshumi nane , Justice Scalia’s 's [[FLT:]] e-Obergefell[, kanye ne-Randy Barnett [[[FLT:]] article on progrem nenkululeko [[FLT:]]. Imibono eyengeziwe ingatholakala kuSteven Calbresi’s [[FLT:]] [FLT:] kanye no-Milkgnoll’s [FLT] yencazelo yokuqala]