Isingeniso

Imiqondo yenqubo efanele nobulungisa bezenhlalo ayiyona nje imicabango engekho ngokomthetho, kodwa iyizinsika ezimbili umphakathi olungile nongalingani okhiwa kuzo. Kubenzi, othisha, nakanye nezakhamuzi ezibophanayo, ukuqonda indlela lezizimiso ezihlangene ngayo, kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele inqubo yobuzwe enikezwa ulwazi, nokuqhubeka kuphishekelwa kokulingana. Nakuba inqubo efanelekile inikeza ukuhleleka okungokomthetho okuvikela abantu esenzweni esiwumbuso esiwubulungisa, ubulungisa bezenhlalo bufuna ukuba imiphumela yaleso simiso iqondane kuwo wonke amaqembu. Lesi sihloko sihlola ubuhlobo obujulile phakathi kwenqubo efanelekile nobulungisa bezenhlalo, ukuhlola izincazelo zabo, ukuhlangana kwabo, izingxabano eziphakamayo, nendima yemfundo eqhubekayo kuwo womabili.

Ukuchaza Inqubo Elindelekile: Izinga Elivamile Neliyingi

Inqubo elindelekile ifakwa ezinzibeni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane zoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., eziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "wasungulwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho" lesi simiso sinezakhi ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile igxila entweni yesenzo sikahulumeni. Kudingeka ukuba lapho uhulumeni ethatha isinyathelo esihlupha ukuphila komuntu, inkululeko, noma impahla, alandele izinqubo ezilungile. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa isaziso esanele, ithuba lokuzwakala, isinqumo sokungakhethi, umakhi wesici, nelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi kanye nokunqambula ofakazi. Icala eliyinhloko leNkanto enjenge . Amathes v. Elditridge [ asungula ukuhlola ngokulinganisela isithakazelo sangasese, ingozi yokuswela okungalungile, nenzalo kahulumeni ekusebenzeni kahle. Inqubo ephakeme yecala enjenge-'Foctive', ukuving'iairrow, ngisho nesikole sokulalela.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile engabonakali idlulela ngalé kwenqubo yokuvikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni nguhulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo esetshenziswayo ilungile kangakanani. Lamalungelo ahlanganisa ilungelo lokushada, lokuba nabantwana, ukusebenzisa ukuvimbela inzalo, nokuzilawula komzimba. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokufihla imfihlo ngaphansi kwenqubo edinga inqubeni, njengoba iguqukela ezimweni ezinjengeze [Grislold v. kanye [FLT] ne- v. Texas. Abalweli bezomthetho ngokuvamile baphendukela enqubeni enqubeni efanelekile ukuze baphikise imithetho elimazayo ngokulimazayo, ukuphikisa imithetho enjalo emelene nenkululeko yomuntu siqu.

Ukuqonda Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo: Kusuka Ekulinganiseni Kuya Ekulinganiseni

Ubulungisa bezenhlalo buwumbono wokuthi wonke umuntu ufanelwe ukulingana ngokwezomnotho, ngokwezombangazwe, nangamalungelo ezenhlalo. Kudinga ukuba ukwabiwa kwengcebo, amathuba, namalungelo emphakathini kube nokulunga futhi imingcele elawulayo yokulingana iqedwe. Nakuba leligama livelele ngezinhlangano zefilosofi nezenkolo, inkolelo yobulungisa yanamuhla ibangelwa kakhulu isazi sezombangazwe uJohn Rawbles, esasithi umphakathi olungile ungaba yilowo ongcono kakhulu kuwo ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ubulungisa bezenhlalo buvame ukusebenza ngemiqondo emibili eyisihluthulelo: ukulingana kanye [FT:2] nokulingana . Ukulingana kusho ukuphathwa wonke umuntu ngokufanayo, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo afanayo namathuba. Nokho, kuqaphela ukuthi abantu abahlukene baqala ezikhundleni ezihlukene futhi bangadinga imithombo ehlukene noma ukusekela ukuze bafinyelele imiphumela efanayo. Isibonelo, isimiso esifanele esinikeza ummeli oyedwa ukuba alinganise ngokusemthethweni kodwa angalinganiswa ngokungenakulinganiswa uma umcebo uvimbela abanye ekwazini noma ekucwaningeni.

Ukuhlangana Kwenqubo Efanele Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwenqubo efanele nobulungisa bezenhlalo buyinkimbinkimbi futhi bunamandla. Inqubo ivame ukuba imoto eyinhloko engokomthetho lapho izikhulu zezenhlalakahle zithuthuka khona. Uma amaqembu angaphansi efuna ukuphoqelela amalungelo awo, athembela ezivikelweni ezingokomthetho zenqubo efanelekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amazwi awo azwakala enkantolo, izinhlangano eziqondisayo, nasemacaleni emithetho. Ngokuhlukile, izinhlangano zomthetho ziye zabhebhebhethekisa amalungelo enqubo afanele emaqenjini angazange ahlanganiswe, njengeziboshwa, abantu abangezona i - 76tizen, nabantu abakhubazekile.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Enye yezinqamulo ezibucayi kakhulu ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni. Lesi sinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1963 esinqumweni sezeNkantolo esingumthetho Gideon v. Wainright sathi iSichibiyelo seSithandathu seseluleko sisebenza kuhulumeni abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli. Isinqumo sasiwukunqoba okukhulu kobulungisa bezenhlalo, futhi saqaphela ukuthi ubumpofu akumelwe bunqume izinga lokuzivikela komuntu. Nokho, amashumi eminyaka kamuva, izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela zingaphansi kwemithetho, futhi abamangalelwa abaningi basabhekene imingcele emikhulu yokungamela inqubo efanelekile kanye nokungenayo okungalinganiyo kuhlala kuyinto ethinta umphakathi.

Ukulingwa Okufanele Namajaji Angakhethi

Inqubo elindelekile iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuphatha abahluleli abangakhethi abathathwe ku-memeleli onqamulegrain =castry yomphakathi. Abameleli bamalunga ezenhlalo baveza ukuthi ukukhetha i-curpication commone system system system system projects system project, okunjengoba ukukhulula okusekelwe ohlahleni . Inkantolo ePhakathi- [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [[1986] inselelekathi ezithiyo zomphakathi azikwazi ukufinyelela imithetho esebenzayo ngaphandle kokulawula inqubo yokulungisa inqubo.

Ukuhlola Kwecala Okungokomlando: Izifundo Ezivela Esimisweni Sezomthetho SaseMelika

Ukuhlola amacala aphawulekayo kucacisa indlela inqubo efanele nobulungisa bezenhlalo okuhlangana ngayo — ngezinye izikhathi ngokuzwana, ngezinye izikhathi lapho kungqubuzana.

Abafana AbayiScottsboro: Ukuhluleka Kwenqubo Efanele Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ngo-1931, intsha engu-9 e-Afrika yamangalelwa ngokuqamba amanga abesifazane ababili abamhlophe e-Alabama. Bathola icala elijahile, elingaphucuzekile, nejaji elimhlophe lonke i-"%32. Naphezu kokuntuleka kobufakazi obukholekayo, abayisishiyagalombili bagwetshelwa ukufa. Icala laya eNkantolo Ephakeme kabili: okokuqala Powell v. [FLT] [FLT] [1935] [1932] [icala], elalithi ilungelo lokululeka emacala angokomthetho wequluko liyinqubo eyisisekelo efanelekile; futhi kamuva Nors] v. [[FLT] [FLT] [3] [35], elathola ukuthi ukukhishwa kwama-Afrika e-Julimeomeclective [eute]. Nakuba i-Scoult Clausleans] inqubo yesinqumo sokuvikelwa ekugcineni, isiza ekuvinyweni kwezenzwe iminyaka egciniwe.

Brown v. Board of Education: Inqubo Efanele njengethuluzi lokwahlulela komphakathi

Isinqumo sango 1954 Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo ivame ukubhekwa njengokunqoba kobulungisa bezenhlalo, kodwa futhi ixhomeke enqubeni efanelekile yokucabanga. INkantolo yathi izakhiwo zemfundo ezibekwa ngokwemithetho azibonakali, ukuncisha abantwana baseMelika isivikelo esifanayo semithetho eqinisekiswe ngeSiphendu sezeNguquko seshumi nane. Nakuba ukubusa kungabheki inqubo efanelekile, umqondo wokuthi isifunda kumelwe siphathe zonke izakhamuzi ngokwesilinganiso somthetho oyisisekelo . Brow uveza indlela izicelo zobulungisa zomphakathi ezingabuyisela ngayo inqubo efanelekile nokufinyelela ekufinyeleleni.

UGideon uWainwright: Ukuvimbela Amalungelo Esizwe Nezenhlalakahle

Clarence Earl Gideon, indoda empofu esebenzela abantu eboshwe ngokuphula nokungena, yadlulisela isiqinisekiso sayo esidumile ngoba inqatshwe ummeli. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko liyisisekelo sokuqulwa kwecala elilungile futhi lisebenza ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngeSichibiyelo se-14. Lesi sinqumo esithuthukisiwe sobulungisa ngokwezenhlalo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nabamangalelwa abampofu abampofu banelungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho. Nokho, isithembiso [[FLT: 0] [FLT] [ijideon[[[FLT:]]] sihlala singagcwaliseki [izimiso eziningi zomphakathi ezivikela umphakathi] zingenakunikeza usizo oluphumelelayo. Leligebebebebebekuqhubekela phakathi komthetho nokusebenza kuyikhomba elingokomthetho lokulungisa umphakathi.

Izinselele Ezisezikhungweni: Izingxabano Nezinkinga Ezingaxazululwanga

Nakuba inqubo efanele nobulungisa bezenhlalo ngokuvamile kuqinisana, kungabangela futhi ukungezwani. Inqubo ivame ukugxila ekugxileni kwayo ekuzinzeni njalo; iyakubheka njengokubalulekile ukuzinza, isiqalo, nokuqapha. Ngokuphambene, izinhlangano zobulungisa, ngokuvamile zifuna ushintsho olusheshayo lwezimiso ukuze kulungiswe ukungalungi okungokomlando. Lokhu kuphikisana kungabonakala ezindaweni eziningana.

Ubandlululo Olulawulwa Umthetho Nokusetshenziswa Okungalingani

Ucwaningo lubonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi abantu abamnyama nabaseSpain babhekana nokuboshwa okunzima kakhulu ngaphambi kokwahlulela, imisho emide, kanye nezithiyo ezinkulu zokuthola imithombo engokomthetho kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe. Ngisho noma izinqubo ezifanele zingathathi hlangothi ebusweni, ukucwasana okusobala kungaveza imiphumela. Abasekeli bezenhlalakahle baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo efanelekile ngaphandle kokunaka ukulingana kokwakheka ngeke iveze imiphumela elungile. Inselele iwukulungisa izinqubo zokulungisa ubandlululo (_ngesibonelo, ngokuguqula izimiso zemali) ezilawula abantu abampofu abanombala lapho beboshelwa.

Ubumpofu Buyisithiyo Enqubweni Efanele

Izindleko zokumelelwa ngokomthetho, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, nokudluliswa kwezikhalo zidala isimiso sobulungisa esiqinile esinezimbili. Abamangalelwa abacebile bangakwazi ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele amalungelo abo afanele; abamangalelwa abampofu ngokuvamile bamangalela icala noma ngabe abanacala ngoba bengakwazi ukulwa. Lokhu kuholele ekubizeni "ilungelo lokululeka" ezimweni zomphakathi eziyisisekelo ezihilela izidingo ezinjengokuhlala, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, nokufuduka. Ezinye izifunda zezindawo, njengeDolobha laseNew York, ziye zaqalisa izinhlelo zokulawula izindiza zinikeza iseluleko ngokukhululekile sokwehlisa i-24in ehrain ebhekeneea abaqashi ababhekene jdoucrose.

Ukulandisa Okufanelekayo Namaphoyisa

Imfundiso efanelekayo yokuvikeleka ekwahluleleni, imfundiso evikela izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinecala lomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba zeqe umthetho "osungulwe ngokusobala", iye yagxekwa njengesithiyo sobulungisa bezenhlalo. Ivame ukuvimbela izisulu zokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa ukuba zithole izingxebezo ezingekho emthethweni ezinkantolo, ngisho nalapho amalungelo afanele ephulwa. Lemfundiso yayihloselwe ukulinganisela ukulandisa ngesidingo sezikhulu ukuba zenze ngaphandle kokwesaba ukumangalelwa okungenangqondo. Kodwa abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi iye yaba isivikelo sokuziphatha okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho. Imizamo yenguquko kuwo womabili amazwe nasemazingeni ezwe ezwe ifuna ukumelana nokuvinjelwa okufanelekile, ibonakalisa ukuvuma kobulungisa obuphakathi okumelwe kuhlanganise ukulandisa okunengqondo.

Indima Yemfundo Ekulinganiseni Zombili Izimiso

Imfundo iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa kokubili inqubo efanelekile nobulungisa bezenhlalo. Uma abafundi beqonda amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo kanye nemizabalazo engokomlando yokuwavikela, bahlonyiselwa kangcono ukuzisekela bona nabanye. Imfundo yezenhlalakahle eqinile akumelwe ihlanganise nje kuphela umbhalo wenguquko kodwa nezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezabenza baba nencazelo.

Ukuthuthuka Kwemfundo

Izifundo zesikole kufanele zihlanganise izifundo ezicatshangelweni zenqubo ezifanele izimpawu zezenzakalo, njengaye Miranda v. Arizona, ku-Gault (inhloso ehambelanayo enqubeni yentsha), kanye ne[FLT]] "Obergefell v. Hodges[ [ukwambulela umshado ofanayo ngaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile). Lezi zinikeza izibonelo eziqinisekile zendlela izinkantolo ezinamalungelo alingana ngayo nezithakazelo zikahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihloko zokwahlulela ezingokwenhlalo, amalungelo okuvosa, ukuvota, nokulunga okusizwa kobulungisa ngokwendlela efanelekile.

Amakhono Okucabanga Abucayi Nawabantu Abanekhono Lokuzikhohlisa

Ngaphandle kokuthatha ngekhanda, imfundo kufanele ikhuthaze ukuhlaziywa okugxekayo kwegebe phakathi kwemibono engokomthetho nemiphumela yezwe yangempela. Abafundi bangahlola ukuthi kungani isivikelo semisuka esemthethweni singaholeli njalo emiphumeleni elinganayo nokuthi izici ezihlelekile ezinjengobumpofu, uhlanga, kanye nokuma kwezwe zithonye kanjani ukusetshenziswa komthetho. Ukuvivinya kwenkantolo, izimpikiswano, nemisebenzi esekelwe emphakathini kungasiza abafundi ukuba bathuthukise amakhono okusekela izinguquko ezithuthukisa inqubo efanele nobulungisa bezenhlalo.

Ukwahlulela Okuhle Kwezemfundo Njengempikiswano Yobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukufinyelela imfundo ephambili yezenhlalakahle kuyimpikiswano yobulungisa bezenhlalo. Izikole ezisezindaweni ezicebile zivame ukunikeza umthetho oqinile programu ezihlobene, kuyilapho izikole ezingahlawulwanga kahle zingase zintule ngisho nezinto eziyisisekelo kuMthetho-sisekelo. Kungenxa yokuthi bonke abafundi (ezingenakho ukugcinwa kwe-zip.) ukufundisa ngamalungelo abo kubalulekile ekusebenziseni idemokrati. Izinganiso ezifana ne ACLU

Isiphetho: Ngasesimisweni Esisebenza Ngesikhathi Esifanayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwenqubo efanele nobulungisa bezenhlalo abuwona umdlalo we-zerosum; kunalokho, buwumdlalo onamandla odinga ukunakwa njalo nokulungisa. Inqubo elandelanayo inikeza isisekelo sokungalungi okunzima, kuyilapho ubulungisa bezenhlalo bunikeza isiqondiso sokuziphatha esiqondiswe esimisweni somthetho, buwushukumisela ukuba uzenzeke ngokungekhona okulungile. Izimiso ezingokomthetho eziphumelela kakhulu yilezo eziqaphela ukuhlanganiswa kwazo", ukuvikela amalungelo azo kuyilapho zikhuluma ngokuzikhandla ngezimiso ezihlukene.

Kubantu abahlala bekhona, umsebenzi unezimbili: ukuhlala beqaphile ekufuneni ukuba wonke umuntu athole amalungelo enqubo afanele, nokuphoqelela izinguquko ezivala igebe phakathi kwezithembiso ezingokomthetho nezingokoqobo. Noma ngokusekela ukusekela ukusekela ukusekela ukuxhasa kwezimali zomphakathi, ukuqeda ibheyili yemali, noma ukunweba ukunikezwa kweseluleko ezicini zomphakathi, umzamo ngamunye uqinisa kokubili inqubo efanele nobulungisa bezenhlalo. Ekugcineni, umphakathi ozenzayo ngaphandle kobulungisa obungokwenhlalo ungasekela izinqubo lapho uqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani; umphakathi ophishekela ubulungisa obungokwenhlalo ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile ufaka izingozi zezehlongosi eziphethweni zomphakathi. Uma uphishekela kokubili inqubo ye-taniddiod. [Foct:] ungenza imizamo yokuqhubeka, [FOct:]