Table of Contents

IBill of Rights ingenye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezomthetho waseMelika, esebenza njengesisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesimiso somthetho-sisekelo e-United States. Lezi zinguquko zagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791, futhi zakha lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "Izikhundla Zamalungelo Abantu" ngaphezu kwezincwadi ezingokomlando, le qoqo lemiyalo yokuqala eyishumi elungisweni yomthetho-sisekelo liyaqhubeka lihlela zonke izici zomthetho waseMelika, kusukela ezinqunyweni zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho kuya enkululeko, futhi lihlala liyincwadi ephilayo echazwa futhi izinselele zanamuhla.

Ukuqonda Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Isisekelo Senkululeko YaseMelika

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo zakha iSikhathi samaLungelo. UJames Madison wabhala izinguquko njengekhambi lokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngoMthetho-sisekelo. Lencwadi yesisekelo yavela ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu zezombangazwe futhi imelela ukuhlehliswa okubalulekile okwenza ukuba ukwenziwa kwemithetho-sisekelo kube nokwenzeka. IBhili leMalungelo linikeza izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo ngobuhlobo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, imisa imingcele ecacile yokuthi uhulumeni uhulumeni awunakwahlukana.

Bachaza amalungelo ezakhamuzi uma kuqhathaniswa nohulumeni osanda kumiswa ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. Izinguquko zihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zesivikelo, kusukela enkundleni engokwenkolo nenkululeko yokukhuluma kuya ezimisweni zokwahlulela zomthetho nakukwenzelwa kwemibuso kanye nabantu ngabanye. Ingxoxo ngayinye eqondene nezinkathazo ezikhethekile ezavela phakathi nenkathi yokusungulwa, nokho izimiso zabo zisenendima enkulu kakhulu ezinkingeni zanamuhla zobuchwepheshe, zomuntu siqu, nenkululeko yomphakathi.

Umlando: Okwenza IMelika Idinge Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Isivumelwano Somthetho - sisekelo Nezithakazelo Zaso

Indaba yeBill of Rights iqala ngeSivumelwano soMthetho-sisekelo sango-1787, lapho izihambeli zahlangana khona ukuze zakhe uhlelo olusha lukahulumeni waseMelika. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wagunyaza lelohlobo ukuba ushiye ihlobo elalizophikisana nempikiswano ephawulekayo. Phakathi nezimpikiswano eziphathelene nokuthathelwa uMthetho-sisekelo, abaphikisi bawo bamangalela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo obekwe phansi wawungavula indlela yokucindezela uhulumeni omkhulu. Lokhu kukhathalela kwakungasekelwe nje kuphela embonweni we-"ne"""'isus stoms'osocio abaholist mayelana nokubusa kweBrithani.

Intsha ezingqondweni zabo kwakuyinkumbulo yokwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kwaseBrithani ngaphambi naphakathi kweNguquko. Abanqobi bamakoloni babebone ngawabo lokho okwenzeka lapho uhulumeni okude ephethe amandla anganqandwa: ukuphenya ngokungenangqondo nokuquleka, imingcele yokuhlangana nokukhuluma, ukuphoqelelwa kwamasosha ukuba angene emakhaya, nokulingwa ngaphandle kwemiyalo. Lokhu kwabangela ukulwa okujulile kwegunya eliphethe isigaba esiphakathi nokuzimisela ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa okunjalo kuhulumeni omusha waseMelika.

Mason wayengomunye wabameleli abathathu ababekhona ngosuku lokugcina lomhlangano abenqaba ukusayina uMthetho-sisekelo ngoba wawungenawo umthetho wamalungelo. Ukwenqaba kukaGeorge Mason ukusayina, kanye nowe-Elbridge Gerry noEdmund Randolph, kwaqokomisa ukungathiya kwalokhu kushiyeka. Umbhali uDavid O. Stewart uphawula ukukhishwa kweBhili lamaLungelo eMthethweni wokuqala ngokuthi "impoqoso yezombangazwe yesilinganiso sokuqala", ukubekwa kwemithetho ecishe yaphazamisa wonke umsebenzi womthetho-mthetho.

Abaqondisi bempi: Impikiswano Enkulu

Izimpikiswano zokuvikela ezalandela i-Constitution ye-Constitution zembula uqhekeko oluyisisekelo emcabangweni wezombangazwe waseMelika. Lezi zinguquko zangeniswa ukuze zikhulumele izinkathazo zabalwisi-Antifederalist, abamelana nokuntuleka kokuqala koMthetho-sisekelo kwezimiso ezicacile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Abalwi be-Anti-Federalist, kuhlanganise nezinga eliphakeme njengoPatrick Henry noRichard Henry Lee, baphikisa ngamandla ukuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile, amalungelo abantu ngabanye ayeyokwenqandwa uhulumeni.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uJames Madison nabanye abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wamalungelo wawungadingekile ngoba - "uhulumeni ungenza amandla achazwe nguMthetho-sisekelo kuphela" iFederalists yakholelwa ukuthi njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo wanikeza imibuso eqondile, ebalalwe kuphela kuhulumeni kahulumeni, sasingekho isidingo sokubala lokho uhulumeni angenakukwenza. Bakhathazeka ngokuthi ukudweba amalungelo athile kwakungase kusho ukuthi amalungelo angahloniselwanga avikelwe.

Nokho, iqiniso lezombangazwe laphoqelela ukuvumelana. Imihlangano eminingana yesifundazwe ekuhlonishweni kwayo okungokomthetho koMthetho-sisekelo yacela ukulungisa okunjalo; abanye bagunyaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuqonda ukuthi lolushintsho luzonikezwa. Lokhu kuqonda, ikakhulukazi iMassachusetts Ehlanekezela, kwabonakala kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo eziyinhloko futhi kwacabela indlela iBhili Lamalungelo.

Ukuguqula nokuhola kukaJames Madison

Mhlawumbe akekho owayebaluleke kakhulu ekusungulweni kweBill of Rights kunoJames Madison, naphezu kokuphikisa kwakhe kokuqala lomqondo. UJames Madison, owake waba umphikisi omkhulu weBill of Rights, wasungula uhlu lokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo ngoJune 8, 1789, futhi "waqinisa asebenza nabo" ukuze avikele igebe layo. Yini eyabangela lokhu kushintsha okuphawulekayo esikhundleni sikaMadison?

UMadison wayeseyazisa ukubaluleka kwabavoti abanamathele kulezisivikelo, indima yokuzifaka eMthethweni - sisekelo ekufundiseni abantu ngamalungelo abo, nethuba lokubanezela ababebaphikisayo babengase bavimbele abamelene nabo ekwenzeni izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu kulo.

Ushintsho lwahlongozwa uJames Madison ukuze athole ukusekelwa kuzo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu nezifundazwe. Wagxila ekulungiseni amalungelo ahlobene, engakunaki ukusikisela okuzoshintsha uhulumeni. Lendlela ehleliwe yasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukulungisa kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngaphandle kokuguqula isimiso somthetho-sisekelo abaFederali ababesebenze kanzima kangaka ukusenza.

Inqubo Yokuhlunga: Kusuka Ekwenzeni Umthetho

Iziphakamiso Nezinguquko Zomthetho

Indlela esuselwa ezihlongozweni zokuqala zikaMadison ukuya ku-Bill of Rights yokugcina yayihlanganisa impikiswano ephawulekayo yengqungquthela kanye nokubukeza. Uhlelo lokuqala lweSigqi samalungelo luqukethe izinguquko ezicishe zibe ngu-20. UMadison waqala ukunikeza izinguquko cishe ezingu-20 ukuze ahlolwe, ngokuyinhloko zisekelwe eSivumelwaneni sama - Virginia sama - Rights, i- English Bill of Rights, kanye namalungelo achazwe kuyi-Magna Carta, edweba emakhulwini eminyaka esiko lomthetho sase-Manglo - America.

Indlu yadlulisela isinqumo esihlangene esihlanganisa izinguquko ezingu - 17 ezisekelwe esihlongozweni sikaMadison. ISigele sashintsha isinqumo esihlangene sokuhlanganisa izinguquko ezingu-12. Indlu neKomiti yeSishaya-mthetho yazinzisa izingxabano ezazisasele ngo-September. Le nqubo yokumiswa kwemithetho yayihilela ukuxoxisana nokuhlehla, njengoba abameleli babefuna ukulinganisela izinkathazo nezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene.

Ngo-September 25, 1789, iSishaya-mthetho sokuqala sase-United States sahlongoza ukushintshwa kwekhulu leshumi nambili kuMthetho-sisekelo. Laba abayishumi nambili bahlongoza ukubuyiselwa kwabe sekuthunyelwa ezifundazweni ukuze kuhlatshwe inqubo eyayizothatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili.

Ukukhishwa Kwezimpahla Kahulumeni Nokutholwa Kokugcina

Ngo-October 2, 1789, uMongameli Washington wathumela amakhophi ezindlela ezingu-12 zokulungisa ezamukelwa yi-Congress ezindaweni. Inqubo yokuhlobisa yayidinga ukuvunyelwa yizindlu ezintathu ezine zombuso, ibhande eliphakeme elaqinisekisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kwalezi sivikelo eziyisisekelo.

NgoDecember 15, 1791, iVirginia yaba yizikhundla zeshumi kwezingu-14 zokuvumela izinguquko ezingu-10 kwezingu-12, ngaleyondlela inikeza iBhilibo Lomthetho owenziwe imfuno kahulumeni odingekayo ukuze ibekwe ngokomthetho. Ukuhlukunyezwa kweVirginia kwabonakala kungujuqu, kunikeza inani elidingekayo lesithathu samane. Ngokuthakazelisayo, amazwe amathathu agunyaza iBill of Rights ekhulwini leminyaka nengxenye kamuva: iMassachusetts, iConnecticut, neGeorgia.

Kulezo zinguquko eziyishumi nambili ezahlongozwa, eziyishumi kuphela ezagunyazwa ngo-1791. Ukulungiswa kokuqala okuhlongozwayo, ngokuphathelene nokumelelwa kwe-cononionation, akuzange kugunyazwe. Ukulungiswa kwendlela yesibili ehlongozwayo ngokuphathelene "nokunciphiswa kwezinxephelo zezinkonzo zabaBameli nabameleli" ekugcineni kwagunyazwa ngoMay 5, 1992 njengeNguqulo yama-27 kuMthetho-sisekelo. Lenqubo ephawulekayo yeminyaka engu-203 edinga ukumiswa kwemithetho edingayo ibonisa ukubaluleka okuhlala njalo kwezinkinga zabasunguli.

Izinqumo Eziyishumi: Ukubukeza Okunezaba

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

ISishaya - mthetho ngeke senze mthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukwenqabela ukuyisebenzisa kwayo ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko emihlanu eyisisekelo eyakha idemokrati yentando yeningi yaseMelika: inkolo, ukukhuluma, iphephandaba, ingqungquthela, nesicelo.

Izigaba zenkolo zimisa isivikelo esiphindiwe: Ukumiswa kuka-Claus kuvimbela uhulumeni ekudaleni inkolo engokomthetho noma ukukhetha enye inkolo ngaphezu kwenye, kuyilapho i Free Expressice Clause ivikela amalungelo abantu ukuba basebenzise ukholo lwabo olukhethiwe. La malungiselelo avela ekuqondeni kwabasunguli ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo yayibalulekile enkululekweni yomuntu ngamunye nokuthi ukuhileleka kukahulumeni enkolweni ngokomlando kwakuholele ekushushisweni nasengxabanweni.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma nezokuvikela kwezindaba yenza ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zikwazi ukuxoxa ngempikiswano eqinile, ukugxeka uhulumeni, nokuphana ngenkululeko kwemibono edinga ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Lenkululeko idlulela ngalé kwenkulumo yezombangazwe ukuze ihlanganise ukuveza ubuciko, inkulumo yezentengiselwano, kanye nokuziphatha okungokomfanekiso. Amalungelo okuhlangana ngokuthula nokunxusa kukahulumeni aqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingaveza imibono yazo ngokuhlangene futhi zifune izikhalo, zinikeze izinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuvota.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

UMilitia ebekwe kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, ngeke ishaywe indiva. IsiHlanzi sesibili siye sadala impikiswano enkulu ngobukhulu nangencazelo yaso, ngezingxoxo ezigxile ebuhlotsheni phakathi komthetho wemibutho kanye nelungelo lomuntu lokuphatha izikhali.

Impikiswano ende ephikiswanayo enkulumweni yezombangazwe, engokomthetho, nengokwenhlalo, iSichibiyelo Sesibili besilokhu siwumsuka wezinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme yanamuhla. Inkantolo yanamuhla ePhakeme iqaphele ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nezibhamu ngezinjongo ezingokomthetho, kuyilapho futhi ivuma ukuthi lelilungelo alilinganiselwe futhi lingaba ngaphansi kwezimiso ezinengqondo.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuvikelwa Ekuqungeni Amasosha

Ngesikhathi sokuthula, akukho Soldier oyobekwa yingxenye yanoma yimuphi umuzi, ngaphandle kwemvume yoMnini, noma ngesikhathi sempi, kodwa ngendlela ezogunyazwa umthetho. Nakuba lokhu kulungisa kungase kubonakale kungabalulekile namuhla, kwakhuluma ngezikhalo eziphawulekayo zamakoloni futhi kwamisa isimiso esibalulekile ngobungcwele bempahla nezindlu zabantu.

Ngaphambi kweMpi Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo, imithetho yanikeza amasosha aseBrithani ilungelo lokuthatha amakhaya abantu. Lomkhuba wawucasulwe kakhulu amakoloni, futhi iSichibiyelo Sesithathu siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni omusha waseMelika ngeke ungene ngendlela efanayo ezihlalweni zasekhaya.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa

ISichibiyelo sesine simisa isivikelo esibalulekile sokwethulwa komuntu siqu nokulondeka ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Kudinga ukuba ukuphenya nokuquleka kube okunengqondo futhi kusekelwe ekutheni yini okungenzeka ihlolwe futhi ichazwe ngokuqondile ukuthi yini ezoseshwa noma ithathwe. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu enkathini yanamuhla, njengoba izinkantolo zizama ukusebenzisa izimiso zazo kubuchwepheshe obusha obunjengomakhalekhukhwini, iGPS, nokuxhumana ngemishini.

LesisiVumiso siye saba nethonya elikhulu ekusebenzeni kwesimiso somthetho sobugebengu baseMelika. Sivimbela lokho ukugcinwa komthetho okungakwenza kanye nohlobo lokwaziswa abangaluqoqa ngezakhamuzi. ISichibiyelo sisebenza kubo bonke abantu, kusukela kumaphoyisa endawo kuya ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni njenge FBI ne-NSA. Umthetho wokuzihlukanisa, ovimbela ngokungemthetho ukuba kusetshenziswe ubufakazi enkantolo, usebenza njengenqubo eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sesine.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Ekuzixazululeni

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza isivikelo esiningana kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Sisho ukuthi amacala angathi sína kumelwe aqaliswe yijaji elikhulu. Umuntu akanakuqulwa kabili ngecala elifanayo (ingozi ephindwe kabili) noma athathwe impahla ngaphandle kokukhokha. Abantu banelungelo lokuzilahla futhi abanakuboshwa ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho (izinqubo zokuphatha nokulingwa).

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sidlulela ngalé kwezemthetho. I-Pures Claus ifuna ukuba uhulumeni anikeze isinxephezelo uma idinga impahla yangasese ukuze isetshenziswe emphakathini, ilinganisele izidingo zomphakathi namalungelo empahla. I-Gast Proce Claus Claus itolikiwe ukuvikela amalungelo angaphansi komthetho osemthethweni, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umthetho.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Okumangalelwa Ngezigebengu

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha sinikeza izinhlelo ezibanzi zokuvikela abamangalelwa, siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala ngokufanelekile namathuba abalulekile okuvikela, zihlanganisa amalungelo enkantolo esheshayo nenomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, isaziso sokumangalelwa, ukuxabana kofakazi, inqubo ephoqelelwe yokuthola ofakazi abahle, nosizo lweseluleko.

KuGideon (1963), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukushintshwa kwecala kwaqinisekisa ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho kuzo zonke izinkantolo zombuso nohulumeni. Lesi sinqumo esiwuphawu lwezenzakalo saqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokululeka libalulekile ekuqulweni kwecala elilungile futhi kufunwa amazwe ukuze kunikezwe abameli abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abamelene nemithetho, ngokuyisisekelo kuguqule isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Sinelungelo Lokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezakhamuzi

ISichibiyelo seSember siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lombango emacaleni omphakathi kahulumeni asingatha iziqulo ezithi zingaphezu kwamaRandi angamashumi amabili. Futhi ivimbela amajaji ekuthatheni izibalo ngokweqile emacaleni kahulumeni. Lokhu kulungisa kulondoloza indima engokwesiko yamajaji ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso enkantolo, kugcine i-exake ekwahluleleni komthetho.

ISichibiyelo seSember sigcwalisa lelogebe ngokugcina ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala cishe kuwo wonke amacala omphakathi. Lokhu kungavamile kakhulu, ngisho nalawo ayingxenye yesiko elingokomthetho lamaNgisi, awadingi izigijimi ezisemthethweni zomphakathi. Inguquko iveza ukuzimisela kwabasunguli ukuqulwa kwecala njengesivikelo kuhulumeni ophambanisayo nowenza izinqumo ngokuzimisela.

Isichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Ukuvikelwa Esijezisweni Esidlulele

Lendlela yokulungisa ikhuluma ngezinkathazo ezintathu ezihlukene: ibheyili elingana ngokungenangqondo, imali engalingani namacala, nesijeziso esinonya noma esingavamile.

Isijeziso sonya nesenqaba u-Claus siye saba indaba yokubekwa kwecala okukhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nesijeziso sokufa nezimo zokuvalelwa. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza lesi sisho ngokuthi umuntu "izindinganiso ezibonisa inhlonipho," okusho ukuthi lokho okuwubuhluku nokungajwayelekile kungashintsha njengoba izindinganiso zomphakathi zishintsha.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Angenazo Izigwegwe

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth sithi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni akusho ukuthi abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo angachazwanga.

Kwakuhloselwe ukuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba avimbele ukuthi uma ilungelo lingaphathwa eMthethweni, alivikelwe futhi lingase libekelwe imingcele. LesisiMinziso esizisholo esicacile ukuthi amanye amalungelo akhona futhi ayasebenza. Nakuba iSichibiyelo seNinth singesona sodwa isisekelo sezinqumo zenkantolo, siye sacashunwa ekusekeleni amalungelo ahlukahlukene angagunyazwanga, kuhlanganise namalungelo omuntu siqu.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agciniwe Kahulumeni Nabantu

ISichibiyelo seshumi sithi uHulumeni uhulumeni umane ubeke lawomandla eMthethweni. Lokhu kuqinisa isimiso sobuzwe ngokuzibekelela ngokuqondile ezifundazweni noma kubantu yonke imibuso engaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe ezizweni.

Lokhu, ukulungiswa kokugcina kweBhili yamaLungelo, imizamo yokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni ngokunika izifundazwe noma izakhamuzi wonke amandla angadwetshwanga ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo seshumi sisebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungowombuso olinganiselwe, olinganisiwe, futhi lowo ophethe ukulondoloza ubukhosi obubalulekile phakathi kwesimiso sombuso.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Nesimiso Sezomthetho SaseMelika

Ukulinganiselwa Kokuqala Kwemiphumela Nokuvinjelwa Kokwahlulela

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo okuyisisekelo namuhla, iBill of Rights yaba nethonya elincane ngokumangalisayo emthethweni waseMelika esikhathini esiningi somlando wayo wangaphambili. IBhili yamaLungelo yaba nethonya elincane ekwahluleleni eminyakeni yokuqala engu-150 yobukho bayo; emazwini kaGordon S. Wood, "Ngemva kokuqiniswa, amaMelika amaningi avele akhohlwe ngokushesha ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo okuqala okuyishumi." Lokhu kubangelwa yizici eziningana, kuhlanganise nokubekwa kwemithetho elinganiselwe, ukugxila kwezinye izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kanye nokulinganiselwa okubalulekile kwesicelo sikaBill somthetho - ngokomthetho.

Ekuqaleni, iBhili of Rights yavele yawuvimbela uhulumeni kahulumeni, hhayi ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni. Lomngcele waqinisekiswa ngokucacile kuBarron v. Baltimore (1833), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yayithi ukuthatha KwesiHluzi Sesihlanu u-Claus kwakungasebenzi ezinyatheloni zikahulumeni. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ohulumeni bakahulumeni bangawephula amalungelo amaningi avikelwe yi-Bill of Rights ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-Constitution.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana: Ukudlulisela Amalungelo Ezwe

Ubuhlobo phakathi kweBhili leMalungelo nohulumeni bezwe bashintsha ngokuyisisekelo ngemva kokubekwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngo-1868. Nokho, ekhulwini lama-20, amalungiselelo kaBill amaningi asetshenziswa ezizweni ngenqubo yeSiphendulo se 14(a esaziwa njenge-Prefection. Ngemfundiso ehlangeneyo, iNkantolo Ephakeme isekela amalungiselelo amaningi eSigqi Samalungelo Engcwele nge-Anversandmenter’s Procespital Clause futhi ngenxa yalokho isebenza kuhulumeni bendawo.

Le nqubo yokuhlanganisa yenzeka kancane kancane phakathi namashumi amaningi eminyaka, iNkantolo ifaka ngokukhetha amalungiselelo ahlukahlukene asekelwe ekutheni athathwa njengabalulekile yini ekuyaleni inkululeko noma asekelwe ngokujulile esikweni laseMelika. Inkululeko yokuzinzisa Yokuqala yokukhuluma yayiphakathi kwenkululeko yokuqala yokuhlanganisa, kuyilapho amanye amalungiselelo alandela emashumini eminyaka alandela. Namuhla, cishe wonke amalungiselelo eSivumelwano samaLungelo asebenza kohulumeni, kanye nezingxenye ezimbalwa kuphela ezingaphandle kweSithathu seSichibiyeli neSigqi.

Ukuchaza Ukwahlulela Nokuziphendukela Komthetho - sisekelo

INkantolo Ephakeme inendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni iBhili yamaLungelo nasekusebenziseni izimiso zayo ezimweni ezintsha nasezinseleleni. Njengoba iNkantolo yaphawula, umqondo weSigqi samalungelo "kwakuwukususa izikhonzi ezithile empikiswaneni yezombangazwe, ukuze zishicilelwe ngaphandle kokufinyelela kwezikhulu nezikhulu futhi zimiswe njengezimiso ezingokomthetho ezizosetshenziswa izinkantolo." Yingakho "amalungelo angokwengqondo angangeniselwa ekuvotini; ancike emphumeleni wokhetho."

Lendima yokwahlulela isho ukuthi incazelo nokusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo e-Bill of Rights kungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba izinkantolo zibhekana nobuchwepheshe obusha, izinguquko zezenhlalo, nezinselele zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo siye sadluliselwa ekuthumbeni i-metainting, i-GPS, ukuthungatha i-exploging, nokuhlola ucingo lwe-cell abasunguli bengeke bacabange. Ngokufanayo, isivikelo seSimemezelo sokuqala seSichithi se-Gradictic siye sasetshenziswa ezimweni ezintsha zokukhuluma nokuxhumana, kusukela kuma-movie nasemidlalweni yamavidiyo kuya ku-inthanet-network nase-methodies.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Nendinganiso Kahulumeni

Nakuba iBill of Rights imisa isivikelo esiyisisekelo, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi lamalungelo awaphelele. Ezimweni eziningi, izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele amalungelo abantu ngabanye ezinkonzweni ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni, njengokuphepha komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma ukuphatha ngokulunga. Izinguquko ezihlukene namalungelo ahlukahlukene athola amazinga ahlukene okuhlola kokwahlulela, kanye namanye amalungelo athola isivikelo esiqinile kunezinye.

Ngokwesibonelo, imingcele esekelwe ekukhulumeni ithola ukucubungula okuqinile, izinga elifuna kakhulu lokuhlola ukwahlulela, kuyilapho okuqukethwe kuthola isikhathi, indawo, nezindlela zokuvimbela. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali liye laqashelwa njengelungelo lomuntu ngamunye, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zasekela imithetho ehlukahlukene yezibhamu evumelana neSichibiyelo Sesibili. Lokhu kulinganisela kuvumela isimiso somthetho ukuba sivikele amalungelo ayisisekelo kuyilapho sisingatha izithakazelo eziwusizo nezithakazelo eziphikisanayo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Omphakathi EMahlulelweni Ezobugebengu

Ukuvikela Ummangalelwa: Umsebenzi Owumgunyathi

Mhlawumbe akukho lapho iBhili of Rights ibaluleke khona kakhulu kunesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu, lapho ukulungisa okuningi kusebenza khona ndawonye ukuze kuvikele abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. ISine, seSihlanu, seSiyisithupha, nesesi - 8 sihlanganisa iSichibiyelo samalungelo abantu simisa uhlelo olubanzi lwesivikelo semiklamo ebusa indlela uhulumeni angaphenya ngayo amacala, abamangalelwa, futhi akhiphe isijeziso.

Lezisivikelo zibonisa isimiso esiyisisekelo: kungcono ukuvumela abanye abantu abanecala bahambe bakhululeke kunokuba babophe abantu abangenacala noma bavumele uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise kabi amandla abo ekuphishekeleni izinkolelo. Lesisimiso, esisekelwe emthethweni ovamile waseNgilandi nasekwenzeni amakoloni, siqaphela ukuhlukana okukhulu emandleni phakathi kukahulumeni nabamangalelwa ngabanye futhi sifune ukuthuthukisa indawo yokudlala.

Ukubusa Kwama - Explosion Abagxeki Bawo

Enye yempikiswano ebaluleke kakhulu − neyamachaniss" ye-Speedting Foursement i-application systems, umthetho owehlukanisayo, ovimbela uhulumeni ekusebenziseni ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephula amalungelo omthetho-mthetho. Lomthetho wamajaji owenziwe, owasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 futhi wasetshenziswa ezizweni ngawo-1960, usebenza njengekhambi eliyinhloko lokwephulwa komthetho omthetho ekuhloleni ubugebengu.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wokuzihlukanisa uvumela abamangalelwa abanecala ukuba bagweme isijeziso esisekelwe ezicini ezithuthukisiwe nokuthi awukuvimbeli ngokuphumelelayo ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa. Abasekeli bathi ngaphandle komthetho ohlukanisayo, isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo besiyoba esingenangqondo, njengoba uhulumeni ubeyoba nazo zonke izisusa zokwephula amalungelo uma besengasebenzisa ubufakazi obulandelayo. Impikiswano ngokubusa okukhishwayo iyaqhubeka, lapho izinkantolo zishintsha izinga lazo futhi ziqaphela ukuhlukahluka kwazo kuyilapho zilondoloza umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko.

Ilungelo Lokwalulwa Kwemizwa Neseluleko

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu ekuzixazululeni ngokwaso kanye nelungelo leSiphendulo sesithupha sokunikeza iseluleko siye sasetshenziswa ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme eye yajwayelana nanoma ubani oye wabukela amaphoyisa ewaqamba. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) wadinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasola amalungelo awo ngaphambi kokuphenywa ngelungelo, adala izixwayiso ezidumile "IManda" eziye zafana nokuboshwa kwempucuko yaseMelika.

Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko liye landiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi bonke abamangalelwa bangabameleli ababalulekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banekhono lokukhokha. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekusungulweni kwezimiso zomphakathi zokuzivikela nezinhlelo zezeluleko ezimiswe inkantolo, nakuba izinga nokungagunyazi kokuzivikela kuseyinselele enkulu emikhakheni eminingi. Lezivikeli ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwesimiso somthetho kwenza ukuba usizo olungokomthetho lube olubalulekile ekuqulweni ngokulunga.

Inkululeko Yokuqalisa Yesichibiyelo Emphakathini Wanamuhla

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Enkathini Engokwezinombolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala seSichibiyelo senkululeko yokukhuluma siye saqala ukuvikelwa kakhulu kule nkathi yezokuxhumana, njengoba i-Internet ne-website yezokuxhumana kuye kwashintsha indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo futhi baxoxelana ngayo. Izinkantolo ziye zanikeza iziphetho zeSichibiyelo sokuqala enkulu enkulumweni ye-intanethi, ziqaphela ukuthi i-inthanethi iyindawo ebalulekile enkulu yenkulumo yomphakathi. Nokho, kuye kwavela izinselele ezintsha ngokuphathelene nezindaba ezinjengokuhlukunyezwa nge-intanethi, ukudukiswa, ukulinganisela okunezelwe yizindawo zomphakathi, nokuqashelwa kwe-inthanethi kahulumeni.

Umbuzo wokuthi izimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala zisebenza kanjani eziteshini zezokuxhumana ziye zaphikisana kakhulu.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nokwakhiwa KukaClaus

Izigaba zeSichibiyelo sokuqala senkolo ziyaqhubeka ziveza izikhangiso eziphawulekayo nempikiswano. I-Admimental Claus iye yahunyushwa njengeyenqabela ukuvunyelwa uhulumeni enkolweni, kodwa inquma ukuthi yiziphi izimvume ezingase zibe inselele. Izinkantolo ziye zalwa nezimpikiswano ezisukela emthandazweni ezikoleni zomphakathi kuya emibusweni yenkolo kahulumeni kuya ekuxhaseni izimpahla zikahulumeni ezinhlanganweni zenkolo.

I-Free Exenice Claus ivikela amalungelo abantu okuqhuba inkolo yabo, kodwa lelilungelo ngezinye izikhathi kumelwe lilinganiswe kwezinye izithakazelo zikahulumeni. Izenzakalo zamuva ziye zaphendula imibuzo ephathelene nokungadingi kwenkolo emithethweni evamile esebenzayo, njengemithetho yempilo, imithetho elwa nokungahleleki kohlanga, nemithetho ye-COVOVID-19. Lezi zimo zihilela ukuncishiswa kwemigqa phakathi kokuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo azilona imvume yokulimaza abanye noma ukugwema izibopho ezingokomthetho.

Inkululeko Yokubona Izindaba Nohulumeni Ngokubona Okuqondile

Inkululeko yezindaba isebenza njengokuhlolwa okubalulekile kwamandla kahulumeni, okwenza izintatheli zikwazi ukuhlola futhi zibike ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, zigcine izikhulu zinecala, futhi zazise umphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi inkululeko yokucindezela ibalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, ivikela izintatheli ezivimbeleni zangaphambi kokunyatheliswa nokunikeza imithombo ethile eyimfihlo.

Nokho, inkululeko yokunyathelisa ayiphelele, futhi izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela izimo ezihlukahlukene lapho izithakazelo zikahulumeni zingawacindezela khona amalungelo. Izinkinga zesizwe, amalungelo okuqulwa komthetho, kanye nezinto zomuntu siqu konke kungathethelela imingcele ethile ekucinezelweni kwenkululeko. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko yokunyathelisa nezinye izindinganiso kuhlala kuphikiswa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengokuthola ukwaziswa okungatholakali, ukuvikelwa kokwaziswa okuhlelwa ngokwezigaba, kanye necala lokunyathelisa izincwadi ezivuzayo.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye badala izinselele ezingakaze zibonwe zeSichibiyelo sesine sezokuvikela imfihlo. Omakhalekhukhwini banemininingwane eminingi yomuntu siqu, baphakamisa imibuzo emayelana nokuthi amaphoyisa angayifuna nini. I-GPS ivumela ukuqashwa kwabantu okuqhubekayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa komphakathi busiza ekutholeni abantu ezindaweni zomphakathi. Ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yemisebenzi yomthetho kanye nezinkampani ezizimele kuveza imininingwane eminingi yemisebenzi yabantu, izintando zabo, kanye nezinkampani ezibophanayo.

Izinkantolo seziqalile ukulwa nalezi zinselele, ziqaphela ukuthi izimfundiso ezingokwesiko zeSichibiyelo sesine ezakhelwe ukuphenya ngokomzimba zingase zingakuvikeli ngokwanele ukufihla imfihlo enkathini yokusebenza kwamanani. Izinqumo zeNkantolo yamuva nje zidinge imvume yokuhlola ucingo nokwenza i-GPS i-gs, zivuma ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bungaveza imininingwane ejulile ngokuphila kwabantu. Nokho, imibuzo eminingi ayikaphenduli, futhi umthetho uyaqhubeka uguqula njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha buvela.

Amalungelo Ezibhamu Nokulondeka Komphakathi

ISichibiyelo Sesibili singenye yamalungiselelo aphikisana kakhulu eSigqebhezana Samalungelo Abantu, nezimpikiswano ezinamandla ngokuphathelene namalungelo ezibhamu kanye nokungavunyelwa kwemithetho ehlukahlukene yezibhamu. Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zaqaphela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nezikhali zokuzigoma ekhaya, kodwa futhi ziye zavuma ukuthi lelilungelo alilinganiselwe futhi ukuthi iziqondiso ezihlukahlukene ziyavunyelwa.

Inselele yezinkantolo nabenzi bemithetho ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izimiso ezivumelana neSichibiyelo sesibili naziphi iziphakamiso eziphazamisa amalungelo ezibhamu. Lokhu kudinga ukulinganisela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuphatha izikhali ezingokomthetho ekuvikelekeni komphakathi nasekuvimbeleni ubugebengu. Izindawo ezihlukene ziye zathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene, okuholela ekusungulweni kwemithetho yezibhamu ezweni lonke nasekuncintisweni okuqhubekayo ngomthetho ngokomthetho wazo.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Izinkinga zokulondeka kwesizwe, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo - September 11, 2001, ziye zaphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko yomphakathi.

Lezimpikiswano zibonisa ukungezwani okuyisisekelo emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo: indlela yokuvikela kokubili ukulondeka nenkululeko lapho kubonakala sengathi kunezingxabano. Nakuba abanye bephikisa ngokuthi ukulondeka kumelwe kuze kuqala ezikhathini eziyingozi, abanye baphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko yomphakathi ibaluleke kakhulu uma besongelwa kakhulu. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukulawula lokhu kucindezeleka, ngezinye izikhathi zibhekisela ezahlulelweni zomthetho - sisekelo kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi zigcizelela ukuvikelwa komthetho - sisekelo ngisho nasezimweni zesizwe eziwundabeni zokuphepha.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Njengamazwi Aphilayo

Indlela Yokuhumusha Nemfundiso Yomthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo kufanele ziyichaze kanjani iBhili of Rights? Lombuzo uye wadala impikiswano enkulu phakathi kwamajaji, izazi, nomphakathi. Abakholelwa ekudalweni kwakuqala baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi lapho ugunyazwa, unikeza ukuzinza nokulawula kokwahlulela. Izazi zomthetho sisekelo eziphilayo ziphikisa ukuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezibanzi kufanele zisetshenziswe ezimweni zanamuhla, zivumele ukuba zivele ngokushintsha kwezindinganiso nezimiso zezenhlalo.

Lezizindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza zingaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene emacaleni ahilela iBill of Rights. Ngokwesibonelo, izazi zakudala zingabuza ukuthi yikuphi ukuphenya okungenangqondo okushiwo ngo-1791, kuyilapho abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo bengase bagxile ekuvikeleni amathemba alinganiselwe ezindaba zomuntu siqu emphakathini wanamuhla. Zombili izindlela zinamandla nobuthakathaka, futhi impikiswano ngokuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho iyaqhubeka ihlela indlela iBhill of Rights eqondwa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nokushintsha Kwezenhlalo

I-Bill of Rights iye yafeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ushintsho lwezenhlalo nasekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane. Kusukela ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo omphakathi kuya elungelweni le-LGBTQ ukuya elungelweni lenkolo eliyingcosana, i-Bill of Rights iye yanikeza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokubekela inselele ukucwasa nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sokuvikela inkulumo nemihlangano yesifunda siye sasiza izinhlangano zokubhikisha nokuhlela izombangazwe. Izimiso zokuvikela ezilinganayo ezithathwe kusuka ku-LGBTTY ku-D5 no-141, ziye zasetshenziselwa ukubekela imithetho nemikhuba yokulahla ubandlululo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iBill of Rights ngezinye izikhathi iye yancengwa ukuze imelane noshintsho lwezenhlalo, ngokusho kwenkululeko engokwenkolo noma ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile okusetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele imithetho emelene nokungahleleki kohlanga noma ezinye izinguquko eziqhubekayo. Lokhu kucindezeleka kubonisa indima yeSigqizo samalungelo njengazo zombili izikhundla zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesithiyo esingase sithintelwe ekwenzeni izinqumo zentando yeningi. Ukuvimbela lokhu kucindezeleka kudinga ukunaka ngokucophelela ezinjongweni ezingaphansi komthetho-mthethweni kanye nezici eziphikisanayo ezihilelekile.

Ithonya Lomhlaba Wonke Nemibono Eqhathaniswa

IBhili of Rights iyaqhubeka iyisibonelo kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe amaningi aye amukela izivumelwano zomthetho ngokomthetho zamalungelo aphefumlelwe isibonelo saseMelika, nakuba ngokuvamile enezinguquko ezinkulu ezibonisa amasiko angokomthetho ahlukene, okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando, nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho. Umthetho womthetho ohlukile wemithetho-sisekelo unikeza imibono ewusizo ngendlela izinhlangano ezihlukene ezilinganisela ngayo amalungelo abantu nemibuso kahulumeni, zinikeza ukuqonda okunganikeza ukuchaza komthetho sisekelo waseMelika.

Umthetho wezizwe zonke wenkululeko yabantu uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, enezincwadi ezinjenge - Universal Declaration of Human Rights nezivumelwano ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba wonke ezimisa izindinganiso zembulunga yonke zokuvikela amalungelo abantu.

Umphumela Ongokoqobo Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esikuvikela Ngayo

IBill of Rights ithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwamaMelika ngezindlela eziningi, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuqaphela abantu. Uma uveza imibono yakho ngezokuxhumana, uya enkonzweni yenkolo, noma uhlanganyela ekubhikisheni, usebenzisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Uma amaphoyisa edinga imvume yokuhlola ikhaya lakho noma imoto, yiSichibiyelo sesine esisebenzayo. Uma ungeke uphoqelelwe ukuba ufakazele ngawe ngokwakho noma unelungelo lommeli uma umangalelwa ngobugebengu, labo bangamaGada namaSihlanu.

Lezi zisivikelo zidlulela ngalé kwezimpi ezinkulu zasenkantolo zidlulele ekuxhumaneni okuvamile nohulumeni. Zilinganisela lokho izikhulu zikahulumeni ezingakufuna kuwe, imingcele ezingayibeka kuwe, nendlela okumelwe zikuphathe ngayo uma umangalelwa ngokwenza okubi. Ukuqonda isivikelo seBhill of Rights kukunika amandla okuqinisa amalungelo akho futhi ubeke uhulumeni icala uma lawomalungelo ephulwa.

Ukulinganiselwa Nokukhishwa Kwezici

Nakuba iBill of Rights inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi lamalungelo awaphelele futhi awenziki alinganiselwe. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asikuvikeli ukuhlanjalazwa, ukusongelwa kwangempela, noma ukugqugquzelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo. ISichibiyelo sesine sivumela uphenyo oluhlukahlukene olungagunyazi ezimweni ezixekiwe noma ngemvume. ISichibiyelo sesibili sivumela izibhamu ezinengqondo. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iBhili lamaLungelo elisebenza ngayo ngokoqobo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iBhili of Rights ivimbela kuphela izenzo zikahulumeni, hhayi ukuziphatha kwakho siqu. Abaqashi bomuntu siqu bangakuvimbela ukukhuluma kwakho, abanikazi bempahla bangakukhipha empahleni yabo, futhi izinhlangano ezizimele zingamisa imithetho yazo siqu. Nakuba eminye imithetho kahulumeni nezinye izimfundiso ezingokomthetho zinikeza isivikelo kubadlali abazimele, iBill of Rights ngokwayo ilinganisela kuphela lokho uhulumeni angakwenza.

Ikusasa Lezincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu

Ukunqwabelana Kwezinselele Namathuba

Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguqula, izinselele ezintsha kuBill of Rights ziyovela ngokungenakugwenywa. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nomshini kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuzifihla, inqubo efanele, kanye nesivikelo esifanayo. Isayensi yesayensi yokwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo nokwaziswa okungokofuzo kudala izinkinga ezintsha. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nezinselele zendawo kungase kudinge ukulinganisela amalungelo abantu kanye nezenzo ezihlangene. Ukushintsha kwenqubo yemishini kuyaqhubeka kuguqula indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo, abahlanganyela ngayo, futhi bahlanganyele nohulumeni.

Lezinselele ezisavelayo zizodinga izinkantolo, abakhi bezimiso, nezakhamuzi ukuba bacabange ngokucophelela ngendlela izimiso ze-Bill of Rights ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni ezintsha. Izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezisekela lesivikelo somuntu nenkululeko, uhulumeni olinganiselwe, inqubo efanele, nesithunzi somuntu, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo kumelwe kuhlale kunezimo ezishintshayo. Le nqubo eqhubekayo yokuchaza nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi iBhili lamaLungelo lihlala libalulekile futhi libalulekile.

Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nemfundo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda iBhill of Rights kubalulekile ukuze ube isakhamuzi esinolwazi nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Nokho ucwaningo lubonisa njalo ukuthi amaMelika amaningi awawazi kahle amalungelo awo ayisisekelo ngomthetho - sisekelo nangendlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo. Ukuthuthukisa imfundo yomphakathi nokufunda komthetho - sisekelo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iBhill of Rights iyaqhubeka ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi icindezela igunya likahulumeni.

Lemfundo kufanele idlule ngalé kokubamba ngekhanda umbhalo wenguquko ekuqondeni izinjongo zabo, indlela ezichazwa ngayo futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo, nokuthi kungani zibalulekile. Kufanele ihlanganise ukuqaphela kokubili isivikelo esinikezwa yiBhili of Rights nemingcele yayo. Futhi kufanele igcizelele ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awakona ukuzibulala ngokwawo, ifuna izakhamuzi eziqaphile, izinkantolo ezizimele, nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ezizinikele ezimisweni zomthetho ukuze zihlale ziphumelela.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Esigciniwe

Kuwo wonke umlando, amalungelo omthetho ngezinye izikhathi aye ephulwa noma anganakwa, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zenhlekelele noma lapho kuhlaselwa amaqembu amancane angathandwa. Ukugcinwa kweMikhathi Yamalungelo Abantu kudinga ukuqapha njalo nokuzibophezela kuwo wonke amagatsha kahulumeni nakuzo izakhamuzi ngokwazo.

Lomzamo wokulondoloza uhlanganisa ukusekela izinkantolo ezizimele ezingaphoqelela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngisho nasemakhulwini adumile, ukulondoloza iphephandaba elikhululekile elingahlola futhi libike ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, ukuvikela amalungelo ezikhulumi ezingathandwa namaqembu amancane, nokuphikelela ekutheni kulungile ngisho nakulabo abamangalelwa ngobugebengu obungathi sína. Kudinga futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi amalungelo angokomthetho angawabo bonke, hhayi nje lawo esivumelana nawo, nokuthi amalungelo avikelayo esiwathola elahlwa ngokuvamile adingekile ukuze sivikele amalungelo ethu esiwazisayo.

Isiphetho: Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

IBhili of Rights imelela njengobufakazi bokuhlakanipha kwabasunguli bemisunguli beqaphela ukuthi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye idinga isivikelo esicacile somthetho-sisekelo ekwakheni uhulumeni. Kusuka ekuqaleni kwayo okuphikisanayo ezimpikiswaneni zemifantu kuya ekusebenziseni kwayo okuqhubekayo ekusebenziseni kwayo izinselele zamanje, iBhill of Rights iye yazibonakalisa iyisici esiqinile nesivumelana nezimo eziphawulekayo sokuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo.

Lezinguquko eziyishumi ziyaqhubeka zibumba umthetho nezenhlalo ngendlela ezijulile, zithonya yonke into kusukela ezinqubweni zobulungisa zobugebengu kuya enkululekoni yokubonisa ukulingana phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso. Zibonisa izindinganiso ezihlala njalo(-liberty, isithunzi, ukungalungi, nohulumeni olinganiselwe) ezisasebenza namuhla njengoba zazinjalo ngo-1791. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kweMiyalo Yesivikelo samalungelo abantu kuye kwaqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimiso eziyisisekelo ezilawula le mithetho yemithetho ye-Gradimic.

Ukuqonda iBhili of Rights kubalulekile hhayi nje kuphela kubameli nakumajaji kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifisa ukuqonda amalungelo azo futhi ezihlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Lezi sivikelo akuzona nje izimiso ezingekho ngokomthetho kodwa ziyizisivikelo ezingokoqobo ezithinta ukuphila kwabantu kwansuku zonke futhi ezibavikela kuhulumeni ukuba baphathwe. Ngokufunda ngeBill of Rights, umlando, nangencazelo yayo eqhubekayo, izakhamuzi zingaziqonda kangcono inkululeko ezizijabulelayo futhi zisebenzele ukuzilondoloza izizukulwane ezizayo.

I-Bill of Rights ihlala iyincwadi ephilayo, echazwa futhi esetshenziswa njalo ezimweni ezintsha nasezinseleleni. Impumelelo yayo ayixhomekile nje kuphela ekuchazeni incazelo yokwahlulela kodwa nasemasikweni abanzi okuqaphela amalungelo nesibopho somthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha, izindinganiso zomphakathi zishintsha, futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, i-Bill of Rights izoqhubeka isebenza njengesisekelo esibalulekile sokulinganisela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye namandla kahulumeni, ivikela amalungelo amancane ngokumelene nonyandla, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi leyo nkululeko eyisisekelo iyaqhubeka.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngeSikhungo somthetho-mthetho inikeza imibukiso nencazelo ebanzi yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] inikeza izikhombo zeSikole solwazi lwakuqala futhi inikeza imithombo yemfundo ebanzi yeSikole soMthetho-mthetho-mthetho wesizwe [[[FLT]] [[FLT] [FLT]] inikeza ukwaziswa okufinyelelekayo ngoMthetho-mthetho nomthetho neSigqekezelelwe amaLungelo [[FLT]] [[FLT]] izikhanka ezinikeza izinkonzo zeNhlangano wamalungelo enkululeko neMinyango yezeNkathi Yenkululeko [[FLT]] [FLT] nempahla yokufundisa. ekugcineni, [FT] [FT]