Table of Contents
Ukuqalisa Ukuba Nemizimba Emibili
Isimiso sokwehlelwa kabili siyisisekelo somthetho wobugebengu ovikela abantu ekulingweni noma ekujezisweni kaningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Sisekelwe emasikweni asendulo angokomthetho amaRoma kuya kumthetho wesiNgisi ovamile . Lemfundiso ihloselwe ukuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba aphikelele ngokuphindaphindiwe umuntu, ongaholela ekuhlukunyezweni, ekuxhashazweni kwegunya, nasekujezisweni okungafanele. E-United States, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zivikelwe ngokucacile yiSiphendulo sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo, esithi akukho muntu ozobekwa isigwebo esifanayo ngokuphindaphindiwe, ukuba abekwe esichengeni esiphindwe kabili sokuphila noma isitho somthetho.""" Lesivikelo asiwona umthetho nje umthetho owezodwa; uhlanganisa isibopho esiyisisekelo sokulunga, sokugcina, nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye phakathi nesimiso sobulungisa.
Emnyombweni wayo, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziqinisekisa ukuthi uma umuntu esekhululiwe noma eboshiwe ngobugebengu, umbuso awunakuphishekela ukumangalelwa kwesibili ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo esisekelwe emaqinisweni afanayo. Lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise imithombo yawo emikhulu ukuze acindezele ummangalelwa, abeke izinhlu zemizwelo kanye nezimali, noma agweme isinqumo esingafanele. Ukuqonda izinga, ukulinganiselwa, nokungaqondi okuphindwe kabili kwengozi kubalulekile kubafundi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo ekusebenzeni kobulungisa bezephula umthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izivikelo eziyinhloko, amacala ahlukene, amacala ephawuliziwe, nendima eqhubekayo yokuvikela izigwebo ezigebengwini eziphindaphindiwe ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo.
Ukuqonda Ingozi Ephindwe Kabili
Umqondo wengozi ephindwe kabili unezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando. E-Athene yasendulo, isimiso savimbela ukuzama umuntu ngemva kokumlahla. Umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi waveza isicelo se u-autrefois sixegir[ [ukukhulula ngaphambili] [ukukhulula okungagunyaziwe] kanye ne-[FLT] iziboshwa zecala [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [okuthi ngaphambili] [ukwamuthi]] [umthetho] [umthetho] owenziwayiboshelwayo] ukuba inqaba ngokulandelana. [[5] Amacala amaningi achazwa ngokuthi ingcwabon, inhloko yecala, i-Dintshile, futhi isebenza nge-Cellanston ku-Greastting [5] [5] [5] [3] [3] [3] [3]
UJeopardy "obophayo" eqophelweni eliqondile enkantolo. Uma icala liphela ngokugweba (isinqumo sokukhipha icala) noma ukuqulwa kwecala, lapho inkantolo ifunga ukuthi inecala, linamathela lapho inkantolo iqala ukuzwa ubufakazi. Uma izingozi zixhumene, ummangalelwa uthola isivikelo esiphelele se-Reopardy Clause. Uma icala liphela ngokugwetywa (isinqumo sokungabengi icala) noma ukuqulwa, umbuso awunakumvivinya ummangalelwa ngecala elifanayo, ungekho isigwebo esihlukile. Lesivikelo futhi sinwebela ezijelweni eziningi: umbuso awunakubeka imigwebo elandelanayo uma inhloso yesijeziso esisodwa.
Isivikelo Esiyinhloko Esinikezwa Ngokuphamba Okukabili
- Ukuzivikela ekumangalelweni kaningi ngesenzo esifanayo. Ngemva kokuthethelelwa noma ukuqiniseka, uhulumeni akanakuqalisa icala elisha lokuziphatha kobugebengu okufanayo, ngisho noma kunezindawo ezintsha zobufakazi. Lokhu kunikeza ujuqu futhi kuvimbele umbuso eku "kubhikisheni" ijaji elilungile.
- [ Ukhuseleko ekujezisweni okuningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo. U-Claus uvale isijeziso esingaphezu kwesisodwa ngecala elifanayo, ngaphandle uma isishayamthetho sigunyaza ngokuqondile ukuhlanganisa izijeziso ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene.
- Ukhuseleko phakathi namasigaba ahlukene enqubo yomthetho. Ukwehlelwa okuphindwe kabili akusebenzi nje ekulingweni kokuqala kodwa futhi nasekwahluleleni ukuzwa, ukunxusa, nokuqulwa ngemva kokuhlola noma ukudluliswa kwesicelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isiqinisekiso sishintshwa ngenxa yobufakazi obunganele, umbuso awunakumvumela ummangalelwa ngoba lokho kuzoba umzamo wesibili ngemva kokulahla.
- Isivikelo ekumelaneni nokuvikela i-estonel estole ezicaleni zobugebengu. Imfundiso ye-conteral estoppel (imposiso yangaphambi kokwenziwa) iyingxenye yengozi ephindwe kabili. Uma ukugwetshwa kwangaphambili kunqume impikiswano eyiqiniso ekwamukeleni kommangalelwa, umbuso ngeke uyibeke futhi leyompikiswano ngokulandelana enkantolo yobugebengu obuhlukile. Lokhu kwasungulwa ku-[FLT] Asche v. Aspeson[FLT:][12] [1970].[FLT:]
Lesivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abaquliswa ngokuphindwayo ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo, okungacindezela futhi kusaphaze imithombo yokwahlulela. Basekela ukuthembeka kwesinqumo futhi bakhuthaza ukuqiniseka ekuqondeni kwesimiso.
Ukulinganiselwa Nokukhishwa Kwezici
Nakuba izingozi ezimbili zinikeza isivikelo esiqinile, lemfundiso ayiphelele. izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuhlukana okuningana nokulinganiselwa okuvumela ukuqulwa kwecala noma izijeziso ezilandelanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa
Okuphawuleka kakhulu imfundiso yobukhosi obubili. Ngaphansi kwalesimiso, izinhlangano ezizimele ezihlukene zenza ibhange njengohulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni wezwe, noma amazwe amabili ahlukene .(ingamangalela umuntu oyedwa ngesenzo esifanayo uma ukuziphatha kuphula imithetho yawo womabili amakhosi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu ephuca ibhange eligunyazwe umthetho, uhulumeni wezwe ungakhokha ibhange lokuphanga, futhi uhulumeni ungamangalela ukuphanga ukuphanga. INkathiswa okuphakeme inkantolo isekela lemfundiso ngokuphindaphindiwe, muva nje kakhulu uma ikwephucwa ] imbulela ibhange ngokusemthethweni yayo. [FLD]] [2010:]] [2010]]. Abagxeki abaphikisa ukuthi ubukhosi obuhlukene bululaza umoya wokuphanga, kodwa abasekeli bayo balondoloza inzuzo ewusekelayo.
Izimo Ezingalungile Neziwuphawu Olubalulekile
Uma icala liphela ephutheni phambi kwesinqumo, ingozi ephindwe kabili ngokuvamile ayiyivaleli inkantolo. Nokho, umshushisi kumelwe abonise "isidingo esikhulu" secala elingafanele, njengejaji eliboshiwe (ijaji elinecala) noma ukuziphatha okubi ummangalelwa. Uma ukuqulwa kwecala kubangelwa umshushisi noma iphutha lokwahlulela ngaphandle kwemvume yommangalelwa, ukuqulwa kabusha kungavinjelwa uma uhulumeni enza ngokholo olubi ukuhlohla ummangalelwa ukuba ahambele inkundla eyiphutha. Lokhu kwasungulwa [OLT].
Ukukhanga Ngokumangalela
Ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, uhulumeni angadlulisa umthetho osukiwe ngaphambi kokuba ukhululwe noma isinqumo sangemva kokulahlwa esiphumela ekunxenxekeni. Uma ummangalelwa ewina ukuhlehliswa ekudlulisweni kwecala futhi icala libuye libekwe futhi liphinde lihlolwe, usongo oluphindwe kabili aluzitholi ngokuzenzakalelayo ibhamu futhi ngaphandle kokuba ukubuyiselwa kusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele, obulingana nokulahlwa. Ngokufanayo, uma ukuvunyelwa kuhlehliswa kubekwe ezisekelweni ezisekelweni ezisekelweni ezisekelweni ezisezandleni eziphezulu, umbuso ungaphinde ubekezelele ummangalelwa. Kodwa uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi ubufakazi abufanele ukusekela ukuthembeka, ummangalelwa ngeke abuphinde buphinde buvunywe.
Izakhi Ezifanayo (I - sickburger)
I-Repall Jeopardy Claus ivimbela ukuqulwa kwecala okulandelanayo kuphela ngenxa "yokungalungi." izinkantolo zisebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-“stamburger : "Lapho isenzo esifanayo noma intengo ihlanganisa ukwephula amalungiselelo amabili ahlukene, ukuhlolwa okuzosetshenziswayo ukuze kuthole ukuthi kukhona amacala amabili noma elinye kuphela ukuthi ilungiselelo ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi beqiniso elinye elingalidingiyo." Uma indinganye i-althrithi elinye lidinga iphuzu elingalidingi elinye, icala lithathwa njengelihlukile, futhi ukuqulwa okuhlukene. Isibonelo, ukuphanga nokuhlasela kokubili kungavela esimweni esifanayo kodwa linezakhi ezihlukile, kungazanywa icala elincane. Uma isijeziso esiphakathi secala (igggle, isigwebo esincane) sihlanganisa ukubulalana.
Ukukhokhwa Kwezigebengu Nokujeziswa Ngezigebengu
I-Bible Jeopardy Claus isebenza kuphela ezijezisweni zobugebengu, hhayi ezijezisweni zomphakathi. Uhulumeni ungaphoqelela ukulahlwa komphakathi noma izinhlawulo zomphakathi ezisekelwe ekuziphatheni okufanayo okwaholela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu, uma nje ukuqhubekela phambili kwesizwe kungagwetshwanga ngokwemvelo kangangokuba kuthathwe njengecala. Inkantolo ePhakamileyo [[FLT]] [FLT] [1] [United States] v. Ursery [1966] ikholelwa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwemidanti ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni yezidakamizwa akuzange kube yisijeziso sesijeziso sengozi esiphindiwe kakhulu uma ukulahlekelwa yiyo kungenziwangakhonziswa ngokuyinhloko (indlela.g., ukususa impahla esetshenziswayo engekho emthethweni). Lokhu kubangela ukuphikisana nokuphikisana nomthetho wobugebengu obusemthethweni.
Izifo Eziwuphawu Zilimaza I - “goutrardy ” Ephindwe Kabili
Blockburger v. United States (1932)
U - Ashe noSwenson (1970)
Indaba ye- Ashe v. SUNTY yaqinisekisa ukuthi i-Reopardy Claus yenzeka njengesimiso sokuhlola i-estoppel. Ummangalelwa wazanywa ngokuphanga omunye wabadlali abayisithupha bepoker. Ngemva kokungamchazi ngenxa yobufakazi behluleka ukumbona, umbuso wamzama ukuphanga umdlali ohlukile esimweni esifanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi i-Asterective wayengeyena omunye wabaphangi ````''''.
Benton v. Maryland (1969)
Bhenton v. Maryland yahlanganisa i-Reopardy Claus ehlangene nezifundazwe nge-Sivumelwano seSiphendulo se-14th Claus. Phambi kwalelicala, isivikelo sezingozi eziphindwe kabili sasihluka kakhulu ngokwezwe ngalinye. INkantolo yathi isigqekezo somthetho waseMelika siyisisekelo senqubo yobulungisa futhi kanjalo sisebenza ekumiseni izigilamkhuba zobugebengu. Lesinqumo siqinisekisa isivikelo sikahulumeni esifanayo kubo bonke abamangalelwa becala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakhanselwa kusiphi isifundazwe.
I - United States v. i - DiFrancesco (1980)
Ku i-Diansco, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngendaba yemigwebo eyengeziwe ekudluliseleni isikhalo sikahulumeni. INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi i-Revilic Jeopardy Claus ayiwuvimbeli uhulumeni ukuba ungabhebheki umusho uma umthetho wesikhalo ukuvumela, uma nje ummangalelwa engakatholi ithemba "lokugcina" emaphuphisweni. Lokhu kuvumela imilandulo ethile yandisa ngemva kwecala, uma nje ukuphila kommangalelwa noma isitho sakhe singaphinde sibekwe esichengeni.
Indima Yengozi Ekabili Ekulungeni Kwanamuhla
Izingozi ezimbili ziseyisivikelo esibalulekile ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Esikhathini lapho ukuqashelwa komthetho kanye nabashushisi beyaleza imithombo emikhulu, ilungelo lokugcina ngemva kwesinqumo liqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abahluliwe abaphishekelwanga ngokungenasiphelo. Lemfundiso futhi iphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba anikeze icala lakhe elingcono kakhulu lapho kuqulwa icala, akhuthaze ukuphumelela nokucophelela. Ngaphandle kwengozi ephindwe kabili, abashushisi bangasebenzisa ukuvivinywa okuphindaphindwayo ukuze bacindezele ofakazi, bakhiphe abamangalelwa, noma balahle imithetho engemihle yobufakazi − nesenzakalo esingaqeda ukwethenjwa umphakathi kulesimiso.
Nokho, izinselele zanamuhla ziye zahlola imingcele yentuthuko ka-Claus. (umz., ubufakazi be-DNA) buphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuncintisana kwabamangalelwa bengenacala lapho kuvela ubufakazi obusha. Okwamanje, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi imemeze ukuthi izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziqashelwe ngemva kokulahlwa ngisho noma ubufakazi obusha butholakele. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kungavumela abantu abanecala ukuba bakhululeke, kodwa abasekela ukuthi izindleko zokudela ukugcina isigwebo ziyoba phezulu kakhulu, kodwa ukuvinjelwa okungasayinwa isimiso lapho kungekho sinqumo esiphelele ngempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhosi obumbaxabanayo namacala ahlukene adinga ukuqulwa kwecala, ikakhulukazi ezicatshalweni ezihilela ukuziphatha okufanayo, njengonyaniso lwamaphoyisa noma ukugqekelelwa kohulumeni. Ezimweni ezinjalo, abamangalelwa kungabhekana nokuquliswa kabili, abanye abamangalelwa, bebheka njengokuvikelwa ngokuvikelwa ngokuvikelwa kwemithetho kabili.
Enye indawo ephazamisayo ubuhlobo phakathi kwengozi ephindwe kabili nempahla yomphakathi. Ngemva kokuba isigebengu siphucwe, uhulumeni angafuna ukulahlekelwa impahla esemthethweni okukholelwa ukuthi ihlangene nobugebengu. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekumangalelweni "ngecala ngemva kokulahlwa" njengesiphelo sokuncishiswa kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu. INkantolo Ephakeme ivumele lomkhuba, kodwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka ziguqula imithetho efunwa yicala ngaphambi kokuthatheka.
Sekukonke, ukulahlekelwa kabili kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla abashushisi kanye nesiqinisekiso senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Kuhlanganisa isimiso sokuthi umbuso akufanele uvunyelwe ukuhlukumeza izakhamuzi phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala okuphindiwe. Kubafundi nochwepheshe bezomthetho, ukuqonda kokubili isivikelo nokuhlukile kubalulekile. Lemfundiso iyaqhubeka ishintsha njengoba izinkantolo ziphikisana nemibandela emisha, kodwa injongo yayo eyisisekelo ivimbela isijeziso esiphindiwe futhi inqande ukuqulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe kwesehlakalo esifanayo.
Isiphetho
Isimiso sokufa ngokuphindwe kabili sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni abantu ekumangalelweni ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yesenzakalo esifanayo. Njengoba sisungulwe emakhulwini amaningi esiko elingokomthetho futhi sibekwe eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu, siqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki, ukuphetha, nokuvinjelwa kwamandla kahulumeni. Nakuba lemfundiso iqaphela ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlukana nokubusa okubili, ukuhluleka, nokunye okungalinganiyo, kanye nokunye ukuvivinywa okufanayo, futhi okunganciphikiswayo, kululaza ukuvikela okuphakathi. Icala elinjengo [[FLT: 0] ibharburger , [[FLT:], [i FLT:2], [i]], ingendlela efana nezindlela ezifanayo zokuvikela, futhi nanoma yisiphi isiphi isilinganiso sobulungisa esingenakulinganiswa. Isilinganiso esikhona sobulungisa esikhona esikhona esikhona esikhona esisekelayo sobulungisa, siyaqhubeka kakhulu, futhi sishiyeka noma yisiphi esinye isilinganiso sobulungisa esingumunye sobulungisa esinguhulumeni esiqinile, sihoxinze noma sihoxinye esingu sikahulumeni esiqinile, sishiye noma si
Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngengozi ephindwe kabili, hlola [[FLT: 0] i-Connell Legil Information ye- ne- Isethi yobulungisa Ye-Manual ku-Double Jeopardy[. Lemicebo inikeza isiqondiso esinegunya sokukhomba nokuhlola.