Izishaya-mthetho zinegunya elikhulu ekulolongeni ushintsho lwezemthetho zomthetho nabezimiso zamaphoyisa kulo lonke elase-United States. Izinqumo zazo zinquma indlela eyakhiwe ngayo imithetho, ilungiswe, noma ilungiswe ngayo, ithonya ngokuqondile ukusebenza kwezimiso zobulungisa nokuphepha komphakathi. Ngokumisa iziqondiso zokuqondisa ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa, abamisi-mthetho basebenza njengabashayeli abayinhloko bokushintsha esimisweni esithinta izigidi zabantu unyaka ngamunye. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela izishaya - mthetho ezithonya ngazo ukwahlulela kobugebengu, izimiso ezithile eziye zamisa, kanye nezingathakazelo ezibanzi zomsebenzi wabo.

Indima Yemithetho KaHulumeni Ekulungeni Kwezigebengu

Ama-padson oMbuso anomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza nokumisa imithetho elawula ukuziphatha kobugebengu, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho, neziqondiso zokugweba. Leligunya lihlanganisa ukusungulwa kwamacala amasha, ukuguqulwa kwezijeziso ezikhona, kanye nokubiwa kwezimali zezinhlelo zobulungisa ezihlobene. Ngokungafani nohulumeni wezwe, okhuluma ngobugebengu obuphakathi kwesifundazwe nohulumeni, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilawula amacala amaningi obugebengu e-United States, kuhlanganise nobugebengu obunobudlova, ubugebengu bempahla, kanye nobugebengu bezidakamizwa.

Imithetho futhi inamandla okusebenzisa izinguquko ezihloselwe ukunciphisa izilinganiso zokuboshwa, ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga, nokukhuthaza ukuphatha umphakathi. Ububanzi balobumbuso busho ukuthi izinqumo zesimiso sombuso sezezinga eliphezulu zingaba nemiphumela esheshayo nefinyelela kude emiphakathini yendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, isishaya-mthetho singakhetha ukuqeda insangu encane, simise isimiso sokulungisa ibheyili, noma sigunyaze ukuqondisa okuzimele kweminyango yamaphoyisa (all) ngaphandle kokulinda isenzo sombuso.

Izinhlelo Nezimiso Zomthetho

Inqubo yomthetho yokulungisa ukwahlulela kobugebengu iqala ngokufakwa kwesivumelwano ngomphathi wesivumelwano noma ummeleli wezwe. Khona - ke lomthetho ubhekiswa kumakomiti asebenza ngobulungisa bobugebengu, njengeKomiti yobuKhosi, iKomiti yobuSawulo-mthetho, noma iKomiti yobuProfethi. La makomiti aphethe abaphathi bemithetho, ochwepheshe, abameleli, nezikhulu zomthetho zinikeza ubufakazi. Umbono womphakathi, ukwaziswa, kanye nemizamo yokuthonya kakhulu i-tractive of the regivertime.

AmaKomiti angalungisa, avume, noma abulale izikweleti ngaphambi kokuba afike egumbini eligcwele ukuze avote. Ezifundazweni eziningi, isigaba sekomiti silapho kwenzeka khona izinguquko ezicubuzelayo, njengokulungisa izinhlu zezahlulelo noma ukwenezela izimali zezinhlelo zekhamera yendikimba yamaphoyisa. Ngemva kokudlulisa ikomiti, izimali ziya phansi egumbini elisukayo ukuze kuqhutshwe impikiswano kanye nokuvota. Uma zidlula, zidlulela kwelinye igumbi, lapho lenqubo iphinda khona. Ngokuvamile, ukungezwani phakathi kwalamane amabili kuxazululwa ikomiti yekhamera yengqungquthela ngaphambi kokuba inguqulo yokugcina ithunyelwe kumbusi ukuba asayine.

Ithonya Lamaqembu Anokuhloba Nokucwaninga

Izinhlangano zobufundisi ezinjenge-American Civil Liberaties Union, iVera Institute of Justice, ne-Brennan Center for Justice zinendima enkulu ekulolongeni umthetho wezwe. Lamaqembu anikeza izikweleti zesibonelo, imibiko yokucwaninga, nobufakazi obuqaphelisa abenzi bomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, Brennan Center [ inyathelise ukwaziswa okubanzi kokunciphisa amanani amajele nokususa izigwebo ezithiwa kakhulu, eziye zasetshenziswa yizishaya-mthetho eziningana zenguquko.

Ukucwaninga okuphathelene nokuhlola kuthinta futhi le nqubo. Ukuhlola ukuphumelela kokuvalelwa kwangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ithonya lemisho emide yokufuna ukubuyiselwa komthetho, kanye nokuhlola izindleko zokugcinwa kweziboshwa kanye nezinye izindlela ezikhokhwa njalo kucashunwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwemithetho. Abenzi bomthetho bancike kakhulu ekumisweni kwezimiso ezisekelwe ebufakazini, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezinamahhovisi okucwaninga ngemithetho athandwayo.

Indlela Imithetho Kahulumeni Ethonya Ngayo Izimiso Zokuziphatha Ezikhuthazayo

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilawula ngokuqondile izimiso zamaphoyisa ngemithetho elawula ukuziphatha komthetho, ukusekela imali, nokulandisa. Imithetho e-United States ngokuyinhloko iyindima yendawo, kodwa ihlela uhlelo olungokomthetho lapho iminyango yendawo isebenza khona. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuchaza izinga lamandla amaphoyisa, ukumisa izimfuneko, nokwakha izakhiwo zokwengamela.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho Yamabutho

Enye yezindawo ezilwa kakhulu umthetho wokusebenzisa amaphoyisa. Ngemva kwezenzakalo eziphezulu ze-profile zamandla abulalayo, imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho evimbela izimo lapho izikhulu zingasebenzisa khona amandla abulalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe manje zifuna izikhulu ukuba zikhiphe zonke ezinye izindlela futhi zisebenzise amasu okunqanda impondo ngaphambi kokuba zisebenzise amandla. Eminye iye yavala imigoqo nemithetho yokuvala. Lemithetho ivame ukuklanyelwa ukuvumelana nezindinganiso zesizwe, njengalezo ezikhuthazwa yi- i-National Conference of Leglatures .

Iziqulo zemithetho zinquma futhi imiphumela engokomthetho kubaphathi abaphula imithetho ephoqelelwe. Kwezinye izifundazwe, ummeli omkhulu angamangalela izikhulu ngempoqo ephakeme, kuyilapho ezinye izifundazwe ziye zakha amabhodi okuzihlola azimele anamandla angaphansi. Umehluko kulezimiso ubonisa ukuhluka kwezinto eziza kuqala zezombangazwe namandla ezinyunyana zamaphoyisa ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene.

Isicathulo Somzimba Nokubona ngale

Enye indawo yethonya lomthetho imfuneko yokuba amaphoyisa afake amakhamera omzimba. Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho elawula ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera omzimba, kanye nemithetho yokuthi kufanele avulwe nini, ukuthi izinyawo zigcinwa kanjani, futhi uma zingadededelwa kumphakathi. Lemithetho ifuna ukwandisa ukubonakala nokuziphendulela, kodwa futhi iphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwendlela yokusebenza. Ezinye izishaya-mthetho ziye zahlanganisa amalungiselelo okuxhasa imali yokusiza iminyango yamaphoyisa ukuba ithenge amakhamera futhi igcine indawo yokugcina ukwaziswa.

Ukuchitha Imali Nemithombo Yezinto

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilawula izimali zezinhlangano zamaphoyisa kahulumeni futhi zivame ukunikeza izimali noma izinhlelo zokusekela ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo. Ngokulungisa amazinga okuxhasa imali, izishaya-mthetho zingafaka izivumelwano ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, imibuso inganikeza izimali ezengeziwe eminyangweni emukela izindinganiso ezigunyaziwe, izinhlelo zomphakathi zobupolisa, noma ihlanganyele ekuqeqesheni izifo zengqondo. Ngokuhlukile, izishaya-mthetho zingavimba imali eminyangweni ethile ehlulekayo ukuhlangabezana nemithetho yebhentshi ethile.

Ukuqondisa Nokulandisa Komshini

Imithetho ingadala noma inikeze amandla amaquader anjengezikhungo zokubukeza ezivamile, amaphoyisa, noma abahloli-kakhulu besifundazwe. La zinhlangano zingahlola izikhalo, izihloko ezingaphansi kwe-poena, futhi zituse izenzo zokuyala. Ezinye izifunda-mazwe ziye zamisa imithetho enqabela izikhulu eziphethe imibango yokuziphatha okubi ngokuthumela phakathi kwezinhlangano ngaphandle kokuveza `inqubo eyaziwa njenge-decrecter' noma i-a ephathi-mpini.

Izibonelo Eziyinhloko Zethonya Elingokomthetho

Izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa ithonya langempela lezwe lokuthatha umthetho kahulumeni ekulungiseni ubugebengu nakubuphoyisa. Indawo ngayinye ibonisa indlela abenzi bemithetho kahulumeni abaye basebenzisa ngayo igunya labo ekuletheni ushintsho.

Ukukhohlakala Nokwenza Izidakamizwa Zibe Yizidakamizwa Ngokomthetho

Kuleminyaka eyishumi edlule, imibuso eminingi iye yanciphisa izijeziso zokuthola insangu encane, futhi eminingi isebenzise impela ukuzilibazisa. Lezinguquko zomthetho ziye zanciphisa kakhulu ukuboshwa kwensangu, okuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi emincane. Ngokwemininingwane evela [ku-] Inhlangano yeJaji, isho ukuthi ukuncishiswa noma ukuvunyelwa kwensangu kwabona ukwehla okukhulu ekuboshweni kwezidakamizwa, ukukhulula imithombo yezeluleko zomthetho ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína.

Ngaphandle kwensangu, ezinye izifunda ziye zanciphisa izijeziso zezinye izigwebo zezidakamizwa, njengokuba nesilinganiso esincane seheroin noma icocaine, ukushintshela ezindleleni zokwelapha eziqondene nezindlela zokwelapha. Nokho, ijubane lenguquko liyahluka kakhulu, ezinye izizwe zigcina izigwebo eziqinile ezithi azidingeki kakhulu zokushushumbisa izidakamizwa.

Isithwebuli Somzimba Sikhanyisiwe

Ngemva kokufa kukaMichael Brown e-Forguson, eMissouri, ngo-2014, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kulo lonke izwe zasungula izindleko ezifuna amaphoyisa ukuba afake amakhamera. Ngo-2023, izifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-40 zase zimise umthetho othile wekhamera. Lemithetho ifuna ukuba iminyango isungule imithetho yokusebenzisa ikhamera, isungule izimiso zokuthatha izinyawo zomphakathi, futhi iqophe amarekhodi ezimweni ezithile. Ezinye izizwe, njengoColorado noConnecticut, seziye zaqhubeka ngokufuna ukuba ikhamera yekhamera ikhululwe phakathi nezenzakalo ezithile ezilandelayo ezihilela ukulimala okungathi sína noma ukufa.

Ukugweba Izinguquko

Ukugwetshwa kwenguquko kuye kwaba yisigxilo esikhulu sezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Izifunda eziningi ziye zasusa noma zanciphisa izigwebo eziphoqelelwe ngenxa yobugebengu obungenabudlova, zandisa ukufaneleka kwesigwebo sesigwebo, futhi zandisa ukusetshenziswa kokunye ukugwetshwa njengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa nezinkantolo zempilo yengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California’s Prosigniment 47 (ekwenziwa yimzamzabalazo kodwa eshintshwa njalo yizishaya - mthetho) ziphinde zahlela kabusha impahla ethile kanye nezigebengu zezidakamizwa njengezingakhokhisi, kuholela ekunciphekeni okukhulu kwenani leziboshwa zezezombuso. Ngokufanayo, iLouisiana ne-Mississippiney iye yadlulisela imithetho yokudlulisa izigwebo ezinde kakhulu ngenxa yemilaniso yezidakamizwa nezindawo zempahla.

Uhlu lwezinguquko: Izibonelo zezinguquko ze-Roumes commandislature[

Note: Ithebula elilandelayo linikezwa ngendlela yemibhalo ukuze kucaciswe. Izinhlamvu ezinqindi zikhombisa izenzo eziyisihluthulelo zomthetho.

  • [[I- ICalifornia: Isusa izinga eliyisibopho ekutholeni imilaliso eminingi enecala (2015).
  • INew York: Ibuye incishiswe imithetho yezidakamizwa yeRockefeller, inciphisa izijeziso zamacala ezidakamizwa aphansi (2009).
  • :[ izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa ezixhaswe izigebengu ezigula ngengqondo, ukunciphisa inani lamajele (2017).
  • Oklaoma: Idluliswa imvume yokukhipha izinguquko ezakhulula amakhulu eziboshwa (209).

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Nemithetho Yokulandisa

Ngokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni zamisa imithetho evimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa. UMinnesota, lapho kwabulawa khona uFloyd, wamisa ukuvinjelwa kwemibhede futhi kwadingeka izikhulu ukuba zingene uma umngane esebenzisa amandla aphakeme. Amanye amazwe, kuhlanganise neNew York neWashington, aye anqabela ukufunwa kwe-kkickingings futhi ayala ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera ekusebenzelaneni nomphakathi. Amanye amakhemisi aye asungula ukuphenywa okuzimele kwenani lamaphoyisa afaka izinhlu zamaphoyisa abulawa yizifo, asusa umthwalo kubashushisi bendawo abavame ukusebenza eduze namaphoyisa.

Inguquko Engaqondakali

Ukuguqulwa kwezesigwebo sesigwebo sangaphambili kuye kwaba enye ingxenye ebalulekile yomsebenzi womthetho. Izifunda eziningana, kuhlanganise neNew Jersey, California, neNew York, ziye zasebenzisa izimiso zazo zebheyili ukuze zinciphise ukuthembela ebheyilini yemali kubamangalelwa abangenabudlova. I-Beil 2017 ye-Beil ihotela yaholela ekuncipheni kwe 35% kubantu basejele likahulumeni phakathi neminyaka emibili, kuyilapho futhi zilondoloza amazinga okubukeka enkantolo. Nokho, ezinye izifunda ziye zaguqula inkambo ngemva kokugxekwa kwangaphambi kokukhululwa kwabamangalelwa abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abamangalelwa ngokumangalelwa ngobudlova. Lokhu kumuva-kamuva-ka-ka-ka-2017 kubonisa ukuncishiswa kwenkulumo - mpikiswano yezombangazwe ehlobene noshintsho lomthetho wobugebengu.

Ukusulwa Nokuqoshwa Kwemigexo

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho ezizibophayo noma ezivala amarekhodi athile obugebengu, ikakhulukazi lawo ahlobene nezenzo zobugebengu zentsha noma insangu. Lemithetho ifuna ukunciphisa imiphumela eqinisekisiwe yerekhodi lobugebengu, njengemingcele yomsebenzi, indlu nemfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-"Decreator Slate" yomthetho kaMichigan, emiswe ngo-2020, isusa izifungo ezithile ngokuzenzekelayo ngemva kwesikhathi sokulinda ngaphandle kokufuna abantu ukuba babhale isicelo. Imithetho enjalo ivame ukuvikelwa yizimende kokubili abakhi bomthetho ababambelele ezindinganisweni zomthetho abakhululekile futhi abakhululekile njengendlela yokunciphisa ukuvusekeli bemali futhi ikhuthaze ithuba lokuthola imali.

Ithonya Elibanzi Ekwahlulelweni Kombuso Nenhlangano

Ukumiswa komthetho owenziwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kungaholela ezinguqulweni ezinkulu zezenhlalo. Uma kwenziwa kahle, izinguquko zinciphisa amazinga okuboshwa, ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga, futhi zithuthukisa ukwethembana phakathi kwemiphakathi nokugcinwa komthetho. Nokho, ithonya liyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokusetshenziswa nokugcinwa.

Ukunciphisa Izinga Lokushintsha

Amazwe aye amukela izinguquko ezibanzi zokugweba izinguquko aye ancipha kakhulu kubantu basejele. Ngokwe- Pew Charitables , phakathi kuka- 2008 no-2021, inani lamajele ase-U.S. lehla cishe ngamaphesenti ayishumi, liqhutshwa yizinguquko zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, lisho ukuthi i-New Jersey, California, ne-Texas yanciphisa inani labejele, ibekela inselele umqondo wokuthi ukuphepha kudinga ukufakwa kwabantu abaningi. Nokho, ukwehla kuye kwancipha, kanti amanye amazwe andisa inani labo basejele ngenkathi efanayo.

Ukubhekana Nobandlululo Lwezinhlanga

Ukwahlukana kwezinhlanga kuseyinkinga engapheli ekwahluleleni kobugebengu. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zazama ukusingatha lokhu ngezimiso ezinjengokususa ibheyili yemali, ukuqeda ukubhalisa ngokohlanga, nokwakha izindikimba zobubonisi. Ngokwesibonelo, iWashington yanikeza umthetho ofuna ukugcinwa komthetho wokugcinwa kwezimoto ngokunqanda igebengu, ivumela isishayamthetho ukuba sazi futhi sihlukanise. Ngokufanayo, iColorado yamisa umthetho olinganisela ukusetshenziswa kokunqanda ukumiswa kweminywa kwemidanti yezimoto ezincane, leyo abameleli ababeyisebenzisela ukuhlasela abashayeli bemibala emibala. Noma kunjalo, intuthuko iye yathatha kancane, futhi yasusa ukuboshwa, izinkolelo, izivumelwano, nokugweba okuqhubekayo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ubuhlobo Bamaphoyisa

Izinguquko ezigunyaza ukuvezana nokuziphendulela zingaqinisa ubuhlobo bamaphoyisa. Izinhlelo zekhamera yendikimba, amabhodi abaphathi abasemagunyeni, nokusebenzisa iziqondiso eziphoqelelwe zonke zinikela ekuboneni ukulunga. Lapho imiphakathi ibona ukuthi izikhulu zinecala lokuziphatha okubi, ukuthembana kungabuyiselwa. Nokho, izinguquko ezithile ziye zaphikiswana nezinyunyana zamaphoyisa nabenzi bomthetho, ziphikisa ukuthi zivimbela umthetho wemipayini futhi ziholela ekwandeni kobugebengu. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwezikhulu nesikhulu sokuziphatha kuhlala kuyimpikiswano kahulumeni ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwezinguquko Ezisemzimbeni Kahulumeni

Naphezu kwentuthuko, izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ekumiseni inguquko enengqondo. Ukubekwa kwezombangazwe ngokuvamile kuvala imizamo yokuzimela, futhi ithonya labaqaphi bomthetho lingase linciphise izinyathelo zokulandisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko ezibonakala zithembisa ephepheni zingahluleka lapho zisetshenziswa ngenxa yokungatholi imali eyanele, ukungaqeqeshwa, noma ukumelana nempi.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Inguquko yomthetho wezomthetho yake yaba yindaba yomthetho we-bipartisan, abamisi-mthetho ababambelele "ekuqondiseni ubugebengu" ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuthatha isinyathelo nokusekela ukulunga kwezenhlalo. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, lempikiswano iye yahlukahluka. Ezinye izizwe ziye zabona ukuphikisana kwemizamo yenguquko, abashaya imithetho besola izinqubo eziqhubekayo zokukhuphuka kwezinganga lobugebengu, cishe lapho ukwaziswa kungakuxhasi ukuhlobana. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuncipheni kwenguquko kwezinye izindawo futhi ngisho nasekuphazamiseni ezinye, njengokuguqula izakhiwo ze-beal ezisebeni ezithile eNew York.

Igebe Eliyiphutha

Ngisho noma isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni sidlulisa isikweleti senguquko, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho kungafana. Iminyango yamaphoyisa ingamelana nemithetho emisha, abashushisi bangase bagweme injongo yomthetho ngokumangalela abamangalelwa ngaphansi kwezinye izimiso, futhi izinkantolo zingase zintule imithombo yokusingatha izinhlelo ezintsha zokuzihlela. Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho edinga ukuqeqeshwa okunzima ezikhulwini, kodwa ukuqeqeshwa kungase kungagunyaziwe noma kuxhaswe, kuholele ekutholeni ukutholwa kwabanye abantu. Ukuqondisa komthetho nokulandelela izifundo kudinga izinhlelo ezintsha zokuzikhuthakazelisa.

Imiphumela Engahlosiwe

Ezinye izinguquko ziye zaveza imiphumela engahlosiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ibheyili yokulungisa ibheyili kwezinye izifundazwe yaholela ekwabeni okuncane kobugebengu obuyindida obenziwa abantu abakhishwe ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe izinkantolo, okubhebhethekisa izingcingo zokuguqula imuva. Ngokufanayo, ukukhishwa kwemithi ethile ngenxa yobugebengu kungaholela ekusetshenzisweni komphakathi uma kungahambisani nokwelashwa okufanelekile nokuncishiswa kwemisebenzi. Ngakho - ke, imithetho kumelwe iklame izinguquko ngokunakekela kokunakekela kokufeza amacebo nokuvumelana nezimo ezisekelwe emiphumelweni.

Isiphetho

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinethonya elikhulu ekwahluleleni komthetho wobugebengu nasezimisweni zamaphoyisa e-United States. Igunya lazo lokumisa izinguquko ezinciphisa ukuboshwa, ukuthuthukisa ukulandisa, nokusingatha ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga alilingani nalutho kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni ombuso. Izibonelo zaxoxa mayelana ne-"kususa ekuthatheni isimilo kanye nekhamera yomzimba zigunyaza ukugweba inguquko ne-beyrhaul − ukuqinisa amandla enqubo yomthetho wokubuyisela isimiso sobulungisa.

Nokho, indlela yokuguqula ayikhona enxanxatheleni. Izinselele zezombangazwe, ukuxazulula izinkinga, nemiphumela engahlosiwe idinga ukunakwa nokulungiswa okuqhubekayo. Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe basebenzise ubufakazi obusekelwe e-openstyre, bahlanganyele nabaxhasi bomphakathi, futhi balondoloze ukuzimisela ukubukeza izimiso ezintsha njengoba kuvela. Ikusasa lobulungisa obuyinguquko liyohlala lilikhulu, hhayi eWashington, DC.