Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili singenye yezindlela zokuvikela ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisemthethweni wobugebengu, ukuvikela abantu ekumangalelweni noma ukujeziswa kaningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Lemfundiso ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba angasebenzisi imithombo yakhe emikhulu ukuze ajende ngokuphindaphindiwe umuntu ngesenzo esisodwa sobugebengu, kanjalo kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isiphetho sokugcina nokulunga esimisweni sobulungisa. Nakuba lomqondo ubonakala ucacile, ukusebenza kwawo kuba yinkimbinkimbi lapho isenzakalo esisodwa sobugebengu siveza amacala amaningi. Ukuqonda uma ukumangalelwa okuphindwe kabili noma isijeziso kubalulekile kubamangalelwa, abameli, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo ebulungisani bobulungisa bobugebengu.

Kuyini Ukuphazamiseka Okukabili?

Ingozi ephindwe kabili isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esisekelwe eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, esithi akekho umuntu ozobekwa icala elifanayo ukuze libekwe kabili engozini yokuphila noma isitho. " lesi simiso sinezici ezijulile ezingokomlando, ezisukela emuva emthethweni wasendulo wesiGreki neRoma, futhi ziqashelwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingxenyeni eziningi zezimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke. E-United States, isilinganiso esiyingozi sisebenza kokubili kuhulumeni nakumacala ezwe nge-Inth Rendements &squo; i-Scrolls Claus Claus.

Umqondo oyinhloko uwukuthi uma umuntu esebekwe icala ngokomthetho futhi icala seliqalile, uhulumeni kufanele abe nethuba elilodwa lokulondoloza isiqinisekiso. Uma ummangalelwa ekhululekile, uhulumeni akanakudlulisa icala noma alilungise. Ngokufanayo, uma kutholakala isiqinisekiso futhi kukhishwa isigwebo, ummangalelwa akanakuqulwa icala futhi abekwe icala elifanayo. Lokhu kuvikelwa kunamatheliswe ezigabani ezihlukene: ukuqulwa kwecala, ukufakwa engozini lapho ijaji lifumbelwe; ukuqulwa kwebhentshi, lapho ufakazi wokuqala efungelelwa; futhi uma enecala, lapho inkantolo ivuma isicelo.

Isu elibangela izingozi ezimbili linezinto eziningi. Ivimbela uhulumeni ekuhlukumezeni abantu ngokuqulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, ulondoloza ukuphela kwezahlulelo, unciphisa umonakalo ongokomzwelo nongokwezimali kubamangalelwa, futhi usekela ubuqotho besimiso sobulungisa. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iphawulwe [[FLT: 0] Luluhlazaw v. United States [1957], izingozi eziphindwe kabili zaklanyelwa ukuvikela umuntu ukuba angazifaki engozini yokuqulwa kwecala futhi angakhohliswa kanye ngecala.

Ukumangalelwa Okuningi Kobugebengu Obubodwa

Isenzo esisodwa sobugebengu singaphula imithetho eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukweba ibhange kungase kuhlanganise ukweba (ukuthatha imali), ukuhlasela (ababikezeli bemali ngesibhamu), nokusebenzisa isibhamu okungekho emthethweni. Zonke lezizenzo ziwukwephula umthetho okuhlukile, kodwa zonke zibangelwa isenzakalo esifanayo. Ngokufanayo, ukushayela utshwala kungaphumela ekumangaleleni iDuI, ukushayela ngokunganaki, nokuhlasela uma othile elimele.

Abamangaleli banokuqonda okukhulu kokumangalela ummangalelwa ngecala elikhulu elisekelwa ubufakazi, uma nje icala ngalinye lihlangana nezici zalo ezingokomthetho. Lomkhuba uvamile ngoba uvumela ummangalelwa ukuba ahlanganise zonke izici zokuziphatha kobugebengu futhi anikeze abahluleli isithombe esiphelele. Nokho, umbuzo uphakama: Kunini lapho ukumangalela amacala amaningi ngesenzo esisodwa kulimaza izingozi ezimbili?

Impendulo ixhomeke ekutheni amacala abhekwa njengecala eliyi- " ngokwezinjongo ezimbili eziyingozi. Uma amacala amabili efana ngokomthetho ohlukene, uhulumeni angaqungatha isici esisodwa kuphela, kodwa uma icala ngalinye liqukethe isici esisodwa esingase sithathwe kwesinye, angamacala ahlukene futhi angaqulwa kanye noma ngisho nasezilingweni ezihlukene. Lomehluko usemathubeni okuhlaziywa kabili kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili ezicatshangelweni ezithatha isilinganiso esiphindwe kabili.

Imingcele Ekhokhwa Kaningi

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ibeka imingcele emibili eyinhloko lapho kuvela amacala amaningi esenzo esisodwa sobugebengu: ibopha ukuqulwa kwecala okuphindwe kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo, futhi ibopha izijeziso eziningi [ ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Umbuzo onzima uwukuthi izikhalo zingenza i " icala elifanayo. " i-Countss isebenzisa uvivinyo oluningana ukwenza lesisinqumo, oluvelele kakhulu luyi-Blockburger.

Isivivinyo Se - blockburger

u-'withburger v. United States (1932]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa i- " i-samentinsis " ukuhlolwa: uma umthetho ngamunye udinga ubufakazi bento omunye engafunwayo, khona - ke amacala ahlukene futhi ayithiyanga ukuboshwa okuphindwe kabili noma izijeziso. Njengesibonelo, ukuphanga kudinga ukuthatha impahla ngempoqo noma usongo, kuyilapho ukuhlasela kudinga ukulimaza noma ukuphatha okucasulayo. Ubugebengu ngabunye buhlanganisa isici esintula (ukuthatha impoqo; ukuhlasela kudinga ukuxhumana ngomzimba noma ukuzwelana kwayo), ngakho kudinga ukuhlukanisa ngisho noma ukujeziswa kwezenzo ezifanayo.

Ngokuphambene, uma icala elilodwa liyicala elingaphansi elinecala eliphindwayo lelinye (zonke izici zabaphansi ziyadingeka ukuze kufakazelwe ukuthi zinkulu), khona - ke liyicala elifanayo ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili. Isibonelo, ukubulala kwesibili kuyicala elingaphansi komthetho elilalelwe ukubulala ngenxa yokuthi zonke izici zokubulala komzuzwana kumelwe ziqiniswe ukuba zivunyelelwe ekubulaleni kokuqala okungagunyaziwe (uhlelo oluphindwe kabili). Ummangalelwa akanakwahlulelwa ukubulala kokubili.

Ukuhlolwa kweBlockburger kusetshenziswa ngokubheka izincazelo zemithetho, hhayi amaqiniso akhethekile ecala. Uma kuvela amacala amabili ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo kodwa anezici ezingafani, abhekwa njengamacala ahlukene.

ICollateral Estoppel Ezimweni Zesigebengu

Omunye umngcele osuselwa engozini ephindwe kabili imfundiso yokumelanisa i-estopel, evimbela uhulumeni ukuba aphinde anqume iqiniso elase linqunywe kakade kuyi-&rsquo ummangalelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa ekhululwa ekubulaleni ngenxa yokuthi ijaji lathola ukuthi ukufa kwazenzakalela, uhulumeni ngeke kamuva amangalele ummangalelwa ofanayo ngokubulala ngokufa okufanayo, ngoba indaba yengozi yasuselwa kakade. INkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa lesi simiso Ashe v. Shweson, lapho ummangalelwa akhululwa khona ngokuphanga esinye isisulu kodwa kamuva wazama ukuphanga esinye isenzakalo esifanayo; iNkanto evunayo yokuqala eyayingatholi ummangalelwa.

Ukujeziswa Ngezikhathi Eziningi

Ngisho noma kungabekwa amacala amaningi enkantolo eyodwa, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zilinganisela isijeziso esingatholwa ummangalelwa. Uma amacala amabili etholakala njengecala elifanayo ngaphansi kwe-Blockburger, inkantolo ingamane ibeke isijeziso esisodwa. Lokhu kuvame ukuvela lapho ummangalelwa ekwahlulelweni okuthiwa khona ngecala elikhulu nelingaphansi, eliphiwe. Inkantolo kumelwe ikhiphe icala elingaphansi noma ifake imigwebo ukuze igweme isijeziso esiphindwe kabili. RUTLED v . United States[FLT] [196]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yayiphethe ukuthi uzungu lokusakaza izidakamizwa futhi ihileleke ebhizinisini lobugebengu (CCE) yayiyicala elifanayo ukuze kugwetshwe izinjongo zokujeziswa.

Izigebengu Nokucabangela Okungokomthetho

Isivikelo esiphindiwe sengozi asisona esiphelele. Okuningi okungasungulwa kahle kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba aqulise noma ajezise ummangalelwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngenxa yezenzo ezivela esigabeni esisodwa.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa

Okubaluleke kakhulu imfundiso yobukhosi obubili. Ngaphansi kwalemfundiso, isenzo esifanayo singamangalelwa yikho kokubili uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni ngoba bezimele abahlukene. Inkosi ngayinye inemithetho yayo kanye nesithakazelo sayo ekusebenzeni. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ophanga ibhange eligunyaziwe ngokusemthethweni kungamangalelwa ngokuphanga nokuphanga ibhange okukahulumeni; ukuvinjelwa noma ukuquliswa kwecala enkantolo eyodwa akuyibekeli isigwebo kwenye indawo. INkantolo Ephakeme yasiphinda yasifaka kabusha lesi simiso . United States[FLT:] (20) [20]), iphethe ukuthi ukuvinjwa okumba okumbaxabekile akuyibo bonke abalawuli.

Isenzo esisodwa singaqulwa imibuso emibili ehlukene uma isenzo sephula imithetho yabo bobabili.

Ukungezwani Kwezinqubo Zokucathula Ne - Hung Jury

Uma icala liphela enkantolo enephutha ngenxa yesidingo esisobala (njengejaji elilengiswe, iphutha elingokwesiko, noma isimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha), uhulumeni angaphinde aphendule ummangalelwa. Ijaji elilengiwe lenzeka lapho ijaji lingakwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo esihlanganyelwayo; inkantolo imemezela icala elingalungile, futhi icala lingaphinde libekwe ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngoba ummangalelwa akakhululwanga nakwahlulelwanga. INkantolo Ephakeme yabanjwe United States v. Perez[FLT:] [1824]) ukuthi isigwebo esiphindwe kabili asibangenzeki uma ijaji ingenakuvuma.

Isigebengu siyaqhubeka

Isilinganiso sengozi ephindwe kabili sisebenza kuphela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu. Ngisho noma isigwebo somphakathi simelene nommangalelwa ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo, njengokulahlekelwa uhulumeni noma ukumangalelwa ngenxa yengozi. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu oboshelwe ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa angase abhekane nokulahlekelwa imali noma impahla esetshenziswa ebugebengwini. Ngisho noma isigwebo somphakathi sikhishwa ngokungemthetho, asikona ukujeziswa kwendlela yesibili i " u-cristinal " isijeziso ngaphandle kokuba umthetho womphakathi ubhekwa njengobugebengu obuyivela kancane kakhulu (ukuthola). Ngokufanayo, ukugwetshwa kokuhlasela kungabheka ukumangalelwa komphakathi ngenxa yebhethsi esisulweni esilethwe yisisulu.

Ukuphinde Uzitholele Izindawo Ngemva Kokukhanga

Uma ummangalelwa eboshelwa futhi edlulisa isigwebo ngokuphumelelayo, uhulumeni angamvumela ummangalelwa kumacala afanayo. Inkantolo i-’ ukuguqulwa kuqeda ukuqulwa kwecala lokuqala, ngakho ingozi ayikapheli. Nokho, uma ukudluliswa kwecala kuphumela ekuhehehisweni (kungaba yinkantolo ye-applette ngokwayo noma ngenxa yokuthi ubufakazi babunganele), ummangalelwa akanakubuyiselwa ngokusemthethweni. INkantolo Ephakeme Bursks v. United States [17]]) [1988]) wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kobufakazi obungenamaliwe-mali

Ukukhuliswa Kwesigwebo

Izingozi ezimbili azizivimbeli izinkantolo ekucabangeleni izinkolelo zangaphambili njengezici ezithuthukisa ubugebengu obusha, ngisho noma lezo zinkolelo zangaphambili zivela ekuziphatheni okuyisisekelo kanye nalelicala lamanje. INkantolo Ephakeme Witte v. United States [1995] [1995]) yakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa ukuziphatha kwangaphambili ukuthuthukisa isigwebo akusho isijeziso sesibili sokuziphatha, ngoba icala liyicala elisha, hhayi elokuqala.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Nezinyathelo Zokuzivikela

Ukuqonda imingcele ephindwe kabili yengozi kubalulekile kubameli abavikelayo. Uma amakhasimende ebhekene nezinsolo eziningi ezivela esenzekweni esisodwa, isivikelo kumelwe sihlole ukuthi icala lifana yini necala. Uma amacala amabili ehluleka ukuphumelela ukuhlolwa kweBlockburger (ukusho ukuthi, elinye icala elihambisana necala elincane), ukuzivikela kungashukumisela ekulahleni icala elincane noma ukuhlanganisa izinkolelo lapho egwetshwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abameli kumelwe baqaphele ukuqulwa kwecala okulandelanayo. Uma uhulumeni eletha icala ekuqaleni futhi ikhasimende likhululiwe, ukuzivikela kumelwe ngokushesha kuphikisane nengozi ephindwe kabili uma amacala amasha kamuva ebekwe ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Imfundiso yokuvimbela ukunqanda ukubhaliswa futhi ingaba yithuluzi elinamandla ngemva kokuvala icala ngokwengxenye: ijaji eliye lakhipha icala elilodwa kungenzeka ukuthi lanquma ukuthi izikhala ziphinde zahlulele icala elihlobene nalo.

Abashushisi nabo, kumelwe bahlele ngokucophelela izinqumo zabo ezikhokhisayo ukuze bagweme ukukhipha izingozi ezimbili. Ukugada kungaholela ekuxoshweni, ekushintsheni ekudlulisweni kwezicelo, nasekuchitheni izimali zokwahlulela. Kwezinye izifundazwe, izinkantolo zinegunya lokuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba akhethe phakathi kwamacala aphindanayo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa lezizimiso. Endabeni edumile Abantu abaphikisana. Batts (California, 1990), ummangalelwa waboshwa ngokubulala kokuqala nokubulala ngecala elilodwa. Inkantolo ephakeme yaphikisa ukuthi le mibono yokubulala yayiyicala elifanayo futhi yayala enye yezinkolelo ezihlukene. Ngokuphambene, e eUnited States. Dixon] [1993]), iNkantolo ephakeme yayilwa noma idelela inkantolo futhi iphazamele ubugebengu (ase-ault) yayinomthetho ofanayo owehlela izinjongo ezimbili.

Ngokombono wesimiso, isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sezingozi sinomphumela ohlasimulisayo kwabamangalelwa abaqashelwayo. Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esinjalo, uhulumeni ungakhathala ngokuqulwa kwecala ngokuphindaphindiwe, ukhiphe izimali zabo, futhi uvikele izinkolelo zabo ngokuncenga kunokuba ahlulele. Isivikelo futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zamajaji zokukhulula ziwukugcina, okugcina ubungcwele besimiso sabahluleli.

Isiphetho

Imingcele ebekwa ngezingozi eziphindwe kabili ezimweni zobugebengu obubodwa isiza ekulinganiseni i-&rsquo yesifundazwe; isithakazelo sokumangalela ukuziphatha kobugebengu nge-’ ilungelo lokukhululeka ekuhlukunyezweni nasekujezisweni okuphindiwe. Isihluthulelo sisekuhlukaniseni phakathi kwamacala ahlukene (amasuntswana ahlukene ahlukene) kanye necala elifanayo (lapho umuntu ehlangene noma amacala ahlanganyela zonke izici). Nakuba ukuhlolwa kwe-Blockburger kunikeza isisekelo esicacile, ngaphandle kobukhosi obumbaxakile, ukuhlasela okungathandekiyo, nokungavumelani nomthetho womphakathi kwenza indawo ibe lukhuni. Abenzi bezomthetho kumelwe bahlale kanye necala elihambisana necala elihambisanayo, njengoba izinkantolo ziqhubeka zicwelisa imingcele yokuvikelwa kwezingozi ngokuphindizela kabili.

Ekugcineni, ukuqonda lemingcele kunika abamangalelwa amandla kanye neseluleko sabo sokuqinisa amalungelo omthetho-mthetho ngokuphumelelayo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela komthetho sisebenza ngokungakhethi nangokugcina. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi womthetho, ummeli okhuthele, noma umuntu obhekene namacala obugebengu, ukuqonda incazelo eyingozi ephindwe kabili kuyisisekelo sokufunda okungokomthetho nganoma isiphi isilinganiso esibonisa ukubaluleka komthetho.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola [[FLT: 1] i-Cornell Information Institute ’ ukucazululwa kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili, iNkantolo Ephakeme &squo; izinqumo ku sitburger v. United States, kanye nesicelo sanamuhla GUMT] v. United States