Ukuqonda Isakhiwo Esingokomthetho Sokuhlola Impahla Elahliwe

Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kuhlangene nempahla okubonakala kushiywe, umbuzo wokuthi ingabe imvume idingekile yini ungaba nzima.ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni okungacabangeli, kodwa lesosivikelo asisona esiphelele uma impahla idedelwa ngokuzithandela. Ukuqonda indlela izimfuneko ezisebenzayo empahleni eshiywe zibalulekile ngayo ezikhulwini zomthetho, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuvikela amalungelo azo ezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu, hhayi izindawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nasezindaweni zomphakathi, abantu bangahlala belindele ukuba wedwa okunengqondo ezintweni ezithile. Nokho, lapho impahla ishiywe ngempela, ukuthi ukulindela ukuba imfihlo kunciphile, futhi ukugcinwa komthetho kungaseshwa noma kuthathwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Inselele isekunqumeni ukuthi indawo ishiywe yini ngokomthetho futhi uma umniniyo esaqhubeka enesithakazelo somuntu siqu.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Nokulindela Ukuba Wedwa Okunengqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sithi: “Ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ngokumelene nokuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuquleka, ngeke liphulwe, futhi akukho bakwaWarrant abayo, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, besekelwa noma bafakazelwa, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, nabantu noma izinto ezithinjwe. Lolulimi lumisa imfuneko eyisisekelo yemithetho ezindaweni eziningi zokufuna, kodwa iNkanto ePhakathi iqaphele okungavumelani.

Impahla eshiyiwe, umqondo oyisihluthulelo yithemba elinengqondo lemfihlo, elimiswe ku-[FLT]] KAtz v. United States (1967)[FLT]. Ngaphansi kwe Katz, i-Grandmentedment isivikelo kuphela uma umuntu elindele ukubamba imfihlo okulula. Uma impahla ilahlwa, lokho kulindelwe kuyalahleka.

Ukuvivinywa KweKatz Kwaphoqelelwa Ukuba Kushiywe

Ngaphansi kwe-Katz, imibuzo emibili inquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine siyasebenza yini. Okokuqala, ingabe umuntu ubonise ukulindela okubalulekile kokuyimfihlo embonini? Okwesibili, ingabe ulindele ukuthi umphakathi uzimisele ukuqaphela izinto ezinengqondo?

Ukulahlwa NjengoMmangaleli Wamalungelo Esine

Ukulahlwa okungokomthetho kusebenza njengesivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine. Inkolelo-mbono iwukuthi umnikazi unikeze ngokuzithandela noma yisiphi isithakazelo esiyimfihlo embonini, ngakho ukugcinwa komthetho kungaseshwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Lo mlahli wecala akadingi isaziso esingokomthetho noma imvume ebhaliwe. Kunalokho, kuthathwa ukuziphatha komniniyo kanye nezimo ezizungeze indawo. Izinkantolo zihlola izinhloso ezifana nalapho indawo itholakele khona, indlela eyashiywa ngayo, nokuthi ikhona yini, nokuthi umniniyo uthatha yini izinyathelo zokuyibuyisa.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi ukulahla izinjongo zeSichibiyelo sesine kuhlukile emiqondweni yempahla yokulahlwa.

Lokho Izifebe Ezikulahlayo Ngaphansi KoMthetho

Ukunquma ukuthi indawo ishiywe ngokomthetho kudinga uphenyo olucaciwe. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula izimfuneko eziningana zokuqondisa lokhu kuhlaziya, zigxile enhloso yomniniyo nasezimweni zenyama zempahla.

Ukuziphanga Ngokuzithandela

Uma indawo ithathwa kumniniyo ngokumelene nentando yabo noma ishiywe ngemva kokuphoqelelwa amaphoyisa, ingase ingakufanelekeli ukulahlwa.

Ukubonakaliswa Kwezinto Eziwukulahlwa

Izinkantolo zincike ebufakazini obuqotho ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ushiyiwe. Izimpawu ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Isakhiwo sishiywa endaweni yomphakathi enjengendlela ehambayo, emgwaqweni, noma epaki
  • Lesi sakhiwo sifakwa ethinini lemfucumfucu noma ezindaweni zokuqoqa inqwaba yaso
  • Lempahla isesimweni sokungahlaziywa noma kubonakala sengathi ilahliwe
  • Umnikazi akazamanga ukuthatha indawo isikhathi eside
  • Le ndawo isendaweni lapho ukushiywa kuvamile khona, njengesikhungo sokuchitha inhlabathi noma sokuyivuselela

Akukho sici esingelona iqiniso. izinkantolo zihlaziya zonke izimo ndawonye ukuze zinqume ukuthi umuntu onengqondo angakholelwa yini ukuthi umniniyo wayeyishiyile yini leyompahla.

Udoti Nezakhiwo Zasogwini

Enye yezindlela ezivamile nezinesizotha kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kwemfundiso eshiywe ihlanganisa udoti osele ukuze kuqoqwe. [[FLT]] ICalifornia v. Greenwood (1988), iNkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine asikwenqabi ukuphenywa okungenamthetho kwemfucumfucu enqabeni yeqoqo. Inkantolo yacabanga ukuthi izikhwama zemfucumfucu ezishiwe emgwaqweni ziyatholakala ezilwaneni, ezinganeni, ezinabantwana, nezinye izigebengu zomphakathi, ngakho akukho kulindele okunengqondo kwemfihlo. Lesi sinqumo asikho futhi sisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi siyitshe lempahla eshiyishiwe.

Iziphambeko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

Amacala amaningana aseNkantolo Ephakeme aye athonya indlela engokomthetho yokuhlola impahla eshiywe dengwane.

Greenwood (188)

Luhlaza [[FLT:], amaphoyisa ayenesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ummangalelwa wayehileleke ekushushumbisweni kwezidakamizwa. Ngaphandle kokuthola imvume, acela umthuthi wadoti ukuba athathe izikhwama zemfucumfucu futhi aziphendulele ukuze afune. Ukufuna kwanikeza ubufakazi obaholela ekuqinisekeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ukuphenywa okungenasiqinisekiso kwakusemthethweni ngoba ummangalelwa wayengalindele yimfihlo ngenxa yokuthi ucingo lwemfucumfucu lwemfucu eshini eshiywe. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi udoti ungene kalula emphakathini nokuthi ummangalelwa wayewuchazile obala ngokuwushiya obala.

Amanye Amacala Asebenzayo

Ku ku-United States v. Jones (202), iNkantolo yakhuluma ngeGPS ilandela imoto kodwa futhi yaxoxa ngokushiywa kwemoto edicta, iqaphela ukuthi ukugxambukela kukahulumeni ngokomzimba emotweni kwahlelwa ukuphenya. Nakuba kungengenxa yokuyekwa ngokuqondile, icala ligcizelela ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sinciphe kakhulu esiphathelenelweyo esimweni sempahla nezenzo zikahulumeni. [United States] v. Indawo (1913), iNkanto ecatshangelwa ukuthatheka imithwalo futhi yaphawula ukuthi umuntu olahla impahla ilahlekelwa yisithakazelo kuyo. Lezi zimo ezihlangene zokuthiyo: uma intengo yempahla ingekho, kodwa uma ingekho imfuneko, izimfuneko ezivamile, kodwa uma kusetshenziswa izimfuneko ezivamile.

Ukuze kucaciswe kabanzi iziphetho zeSichibiyelo sesine, [FLT][1] Cornell Legil Information Institute's Fourter trandment transfer inikeza isikhombo esibanzi.

Lapho Kusadingeka Khona Izindawo Zokulwa

Naphezu komthetho ovamile wokuthi impahla eshiywe ingase ihlolwe ngaphandle kwemvume, kunemingcele ebalulekile. izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izinto ezibonakala zishiyiwe ezingaphandle kwesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sesine.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwempahla Yangasese

Uma indawo eshiyiwe isendaweni eyimfihlo umnikazi angayivulelanga umphakathi, ukuhlaziya kungase kuhluke. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu eshiya ifenisha endaweni yokugcina eqashiwe, iyunithi ngokwayo ingaba impahla yangasese. Ukugcinwa komthetho kungadinga isiqinisekiso sokungena embonini futhi uphenye igumbi, ngisho noma izinto ezingaphakathi zishiywe ngokwesayensi. Umehluko oyinhloko uwukuthi indawo lapho indawo ikhona ngokwayo ingelula yini emphakathini noma isithakazelo esiyimfihlo.

Ukuba Umnikazi Okungavumelani Nakho

Uma ukuba nendawo kuphikiswana noma kungacaci, izinkantolo zingadinga imvume ngaphambi kokusesha. Uma abantu abaningi bethi banesithakazelo kulento, noma uma indawo ibonakala ilahlekile kunokuba ilahlekelwe ngamabomu, ukugcinwa komthetho kufanele kuqhubeke ngokuqapha. Ukufuna impahla okungatholakali kungeyesidala kungaphula iSichibiyelo sesine futhi kuphumele ekususweni kobufakazi.

Ukulahla Okukhayo

Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zawuqaphela umqondo wokulahlwa okwakhayo, lapho impahla ibhekwa njengeshiywe ngenxa yezimo ngisho noma umnikazi engayilahlanga ngokuqondile. Lokhu kuvame ukuvela ezimweni lapho umuntu ebalekela ukugcinwa komthetho futhi ashiye impahla ngemva. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu kubonisa yini inhloso yokushiya impahla. Ukulahlwa yindawo kuphenya okuyiqiniso futhi kungabekelwa inselele ngabamangalelwa abangazimisele ukushiya impahla unomphela.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Ngisho noma impahla ingalahlwanga ngempela, ukugcinwa komthetho kungase kuphenyelwe ngaphandle kwemvume ethile ebekwe kahle. Lokhu kuvame ukufana nokuhlaziywa kokulahlwa.

Umbono Ongamanga

Ngaphansi kwemfundiso esobala, izikhulu zingabamba izinto ezisobala uma zikhona ngokomthetho endaweni. Uma impahla eshiyiwe ibonakala endaweni yomphakathi noma endaweni lapho isikhulu sinelungelo elingokomthetho, akukho gunya elidingekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhwama sihlezi ebhentshini lasepaki futhi okuphakathi kusobala, izikhulu zingabuka futhi zithathe isikhwama ngaphandle kwemvume. Imfundiso ecacile isebenza noma ngabe impahla ishiywe ngokomthetho, kodwa ngokuvamile idlalwa ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Izimo Ezibi

Izimo ezixoshiwe zingathethelela ukuseshwa okungenasiqinisekiso ngisho noma indawo ingalahlwa. Uma kukhona usongo olusheshayo ekulondekeni komphakathi, ingozi yobufakazi obubhujiswe, noma isimo esishisayo sokufuna, izikhulu zingangena futhi zifune indawo ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukufuna impahla eshiyiwe ngokuvamile kuhambisana nezimo ezixegayo, njengalapho umcabangeki elahla izidakamizwa lapho exoshwa amaphoyisa. Kulezi zimo, ukufuna okungenasiqinisekiso kuthethelelwa kokubili ngokulahla imfucucu kanye nokungagunyazi.

Ukuhlola Okuvunyelwe

Uma umnini-ndlu evuma ukuseshwa, akukho mvume edingekayo. Nokho, imvume kumelwe inikezwe ngokuzithandela, futhi umuntu onikeza imvume kumelwe abe negunya phezu kwempahla. Kuseyayale impahla, indaba yemvume ayibalulekile ngoba umniniyo useyekile kakade ukulawulwa. Kodwa ezimweni zomngcele, ukuthola imvume kumniniyo okusobala kunganikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho esicacile sokuseshwa.

Izizathu Ezingokoqobo Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Ukuqonda imingcele yomthetho wempahla olahliwe kubaluleke kakhulu ezikhulwini ezihlolayo. Amaphutha kulendawo angaholela ekucindezeleni ubufakazi necala lokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuqeqeshwa Nezimiso Zokuqeqesha

Iminyango yamaphoyisa kufanele inikeze ukuqeqeshelwa izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokufuna impahla eshiywe. Abaphathi-mikhosi badinga ukwazi ukuthi bangazi kanjani ukubhala izimo ezisekela ukutholwa kokulahlwa, kuhlanganise nezithombe zendawo nesimo, izimemezelo zokufakaza, nobufakazi benhloso yomniniyo. Izimiso ezilotshiwe kufanele ziqondise izikhulu lapho imvume idingeka nalapho ukushiywa kwempahla kusebenza. Ukuziqeqesha njalo kubalulekile uma umthetho uguqula.

Ubufakazi Obungaqondakali

Uma uthola ubufakazi ngokufuna impahla engenamvume kamuva ezimisele ukungayekwa, umthetho wokuzihlukanisa ungasebenza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubufakazi abunakusetshenziswa enkantolo. Abashushisi kufanele bahlole izimo zanoma yikuphi ukuphenywa kwempahla okulahliwe ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi ihlangabezana nendinganiso engokomthetho. Abameli bazohlola ukuthi ukulahlwa kwalempahla kwakungokuzithandela yini nokuthi indawo yayitholakala ngempela emphakathini. Izikhulu zomthetho kufanele zilungiselele imibiko enemininingwane efakazela isisekelo senkolelo yabo yokuthi impahla yashiywa.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi

Kubantu ngabanye, ukuqonda lapho indawo ibhekwa njengelahliwe kungasiza ekuvikeleni amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu futhi kusize ekugwemeni ukuphazanyiswa kwamalungelo eSichibiyelo Sesine.

Ukuvikela Imfihlo Yezinto Ezilahlwayo

Uma ufuna ukulahla izinto ezizwelayo lapho ugcina ezinye izinto zomuntu wedwa, cabangela ukuthatha izinyathelo zokunikeza izinto ezingafundeki noma ezingaqapheleki ngaphambi kokuba uzilahle. Ukufaka amabhukwana, ukwephula imishini yogesi, nokuvala izinto ezisebhokisini elifiphele kunganciphisa ingozi yokuba ukugcinwa komthetho noma abanye bangene ekwazini ngasese. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo azidali imfihlo engokomthetho entweni esele. Uma nje into ibekwe endaweni elahlwayo noma ngakwesobunxele, iNkanto i-Supreme Court ibingalindele lutho olunengqondo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Phakathi Nokuhlangana

Phakathi nokuhlangana kwamaphoyisa, abantu kufanele baqaphele ukuthi ukulahla noma ukushiya impahla kungase kubhekwe njengokulahlwa. Uma ufinyelelwa yizisebenzi zomthetho futhi ulahla noma ulahla into ethile, ungatholakala uyishiyile, unika izikhulu ilungelo lokuyifuna ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kuyasebenza ngisho noma ungazimiselanga ukuyilahla unomphela into. Umkhuba ongcono kakhulu ukuhlala uzolile, uqinisa ilungelo lakho lokuhlala uthule, futhi ungalahli noma iyiphi impahla ngaphandle kokuba uqiniseke ukuthi ufuna ukunikeza noma iyiphi inzalo yomuntu siqu kuyo.

Ukuhlukahluka Komthetho KaHulumeni

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sibeka isisekelo sikahulumeni ukuze sivikeleke ngasese, izifunda zinganikeza isivikelo esikhulu ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zazo. Ezinye izizwe ziye zakwenqaba ukucabanga California v. Greenwood futhi zifuna isiqinisekiso sokuphenya udoti ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNew Jersey iphethe ukuthi umthetho-mthethweni uvikela ekuphenyeni kodoti okungagunyaziswe.

Ukugcinwa komthetho nabenzi bomthetho kumelwe baqaphele imithetho eqondile elawulwa yibo. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zingase zichaze ukulahlwa ngokwehlukile, futhi ezinye izifundazwe zinemithetho elawula indlela impahla eshiyiwe engaseshwa noma iphanjwe ngayo amanxusa kahulumeni. Ukuhlola umthetho wecala nomthetho oqondile kubalulekile ngaphambi kokuhlola okungase kubekelwe inselele.

Isiphetho

Ukufunwa kwempahla eshiyiwe kusendaweni ebalulekile kusiSichibiyelo sesine. Umthetho ovamile ucacile: lapho impahla idelwa ngokuzithandela futhi ishiywa endaweni yomphakathi, akukho siqinisekiso esidingekayo ukuze kuqashelwe noma kuthathwe umthetho. Lomthetho usekelwe ekulindeleni okunengqondo kwemfundiso yangasese futhi uye waqiniswa yizenzakalo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezinjenge California v. Greenwood.

Nokho, ukusebenzisa lomthetho akuqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izindaba zobuningi, ukulahlwa, impahla yangasese, kanye nomthetho wezwe ohlukile okwakhayo zingakushintsha ukuhlaziywa. Izikhulu zomthetho kumelwe zisebenzise isisekelo esiqotho sanoma yisiphi isamba sempahla esilahliwe. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde ukuthi ukulahla impahla ezindaweni zomphakathi ngokuvamile kuphazamisa noma isiphi isithakazelo somuntu siqu, futhi kufanele zithathe izinyathelo ezifanele lapho zilahla izinto ezibucayi.

Ekugcineni, imfuneko egunyaziwe isiza ekulinganiseni isithakazelo sikahulumeni sokugcinwa komthetho ngokuphumelelayo nelungelo lomuntu lomuntu lokwethulwa. Emkhakheni wempahla eshiyiwe, ukulinganisela ekubekeni isisekelo somthetho, kodwa kuphela uma impahla igcinwa ngempela futhi ishiywe ngokuzithandela. Ukusebenzisa lezizimiso ngokufanelekile kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenya kungokomthetho, ubufakazi buyinto ehloniphekile, futhi amalungelo omthetho-mthetho kuyahlonishwa.