Ukuqonda Igatsha Lokwahlulela Likahulumeni Wase - United States

Igatsha lokwahlulela liyinsika elinganayo kahulumeni kahulumeni ophethe namagatsha omthetho. Limiswe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo, umthwalo walo oyinhloko uhilela ukuchaza imithetho kahulumeni, ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa, nokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme ihlala emvuthwaneni yalesi simiso njengenkantolo yokugcina yokudlulisa nokuchaza okungokomthetho-mthetho. Ngokungafani negatsha lemithetho elibhala imithetho noma igatsha eliphethe eliyiphoqelelayo, igatsha lokwahlulela lihlola ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zivumelana yini noMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Lokhu kuhlukana kwemibuso kudala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ekulawuleni abanye. INkanto ephakeme, ngokukhipha ukubusa kwalo, ichaza imingcele yegunya likahulumeni nesivikelo nelungelo lomuntu ngamunye.

Ukwakhiwa Nokumiswa KweNkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme okwamanje inamajaji ayisishiyagalolunye: iJaji elilodwa elingu-9 kanye namaJaji angu-88 akanye nawo. Lelinani alizange limiswe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Umthetho ka-1789 wamisa iNkantolo enezitho eziyisithupha, futhi iSishaya-Mkhandlu sashintsha inani izikhathi eziningana phakathi nekhulu leshumi elineshumi elinethoba, kusukela ngo-18699999, inani lilokhu lihlala lingu-9. Isinqumo ngasinye simisa iSishaya - III somthetho, esisho ukuthi amajaji aso "azobamba amahhovisi abo phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle." Le lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuzimela ngokuvikela amajaji ekuphindiselweni kwezombangazwe noma ekucindezeleni okuthandwayo. IMahluleli zingasuswa kuphela ngokungavumelani kwendlu yabameleli nangokuqiniseka yiNkadeli, inqubo eyenze kanye emlandweni kaSamusembhishobhisho ngonyaka ka-180.

Inqubo yokunqunyelwa nokuqinisekiswa kwemininingwane

Indlela eya eNkantolo Ephakeme ihilela inqubo eqinile elinganisela amandla obubanzi nemithetho. UMongameli umisa ummeli, ngokuvamile ekhetha abantu abanomsebenzi ongokomthetho ovelele njengabahluleli, izifundiswa, noma ochwepheshe. Ngemva kokumiswa kwenkulumo, iSigele seKhothameli sithatha izinkambiso zokuqulwa lapho abantu ababukelwayo bephikisana khona ngefilosofi yokwahlulela, iziqondiso zangaphambili, nencazelo yomthetho. Ikomiti ivota ukuthi ingatusa yini i-amnetude eSigqeqekelweni esigcwele. Izingxoxo zeSishaya-mthetho kanye namavoti zifuna ukuba kube neningi elivamile lokuvunyelwa. Lenqubo iye yakhula kakhulu ezikhathini zanamuhla, ngaphandle kokuhlola okukhulu okungathi imingcele yayo empikiswayo. Izibalo zezindaba zembula ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-80% eNkakhulu ePhakakhulu leminyaka, nakuba imiswe inqubo ekhona engamashumini amashumini eminyaka amuva.

Ukwahlulela Okukhulu Nobulungisa Obuhambisana Nabo

UMahluleli oMkhulu wase-United States unesikhundla esikhethekile esihlelweni seNkantolo. Nakuba uMahluleli oMkhulu enevoti eyodwa kuphela emacaleni, ngokufanayo neyodwa ehlangeneyo, indima ifeza imithwalo yemfanelo eyengeziwe. UMahluleli oMkhulu uqondisa izimpikiswano zomlomo, uhola imisebenzi yokuqondisa kweNkantolo, futhi wabelana ukubhalwa kwemibono eminingi lapho ekhetha iningi. Kulesimiso sokwahlulela esibanzi, uJaji oMkhulu ubeka izihlalo zeNgqungquthela yeJaji ye-United States, indikimba eyinhloko yemithetho ye-omgadiary kazwelo. I-Mahluleli eyisishiyagalombili ihlanganyela amandla okuvotasi esigqibo neSikhulu, yenza iNkathi yeNkathi yemithetho ehlangene nesigaba esiyisishiyanayo engokomthetho. Umthetho ngamunye uveza imibono engokomthetho, ifilosofi yomthetho.

Imisebenzi YeNkantolo Ephakeme YeCore

INkantolo Ephakeme ifeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile egatsheni lokwahlulela egcina wonke umthetho - sisekelo ulawula futhi uvumelane ngokomthetho kulo lonke elase - United States.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kumelela ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu leNkantolo. Limiswe embukisweni wecala [[FLT: 0]] ukuma okuqinile. UMadison, leligunya livumela iNkantolo ukuba imeme imithetho, izenzo zezikhulu, nezinqumo eziphansi zenkantolo ezingavumelani nemithetho. UMahluleli omkhulu John Marshall's uveza umthetho oqinile nesibopho somnyango wesifunda sokusho ukuthi isifundazwe. Inkantolo iyavuma ukuthi umthetho uyini. Ngokubukeza umthetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa ukuthi udluliswe yiSishayamthetho nezenzo ezihambela umthetho. Lawo amandla anweba imithetho kahulumeni, imithetho, imithetho, imithetho, nemithetho yendawo. Inkantolo isebenzisa leligunya njalo, izinhlelo ezihambisana nemithetho yomthetho. Kusukela kumthetho ka 2000, imithetho ephawulekayo izigaba zemithetho ye-R.[3][3][3][3]

Igunya Lokugcina Lokuhlasela

INkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengenkantolo yamacala okugcina athathwa kuwo wonke amacala avezwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Izigebengu ezilahlekelwayo ezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni noma izinkantolo eziphakeme zinganxusa iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ibukeze nge-cretiari ewuhlwele. LeNkantolo ithola izicelo ezingaba ngu 7 000 kuya ku-8 000 kodwa inikeze ukubukeza okugcwele emacaleni acishe abengu 80 kuphela, cishe 1% walawo angenisiwe. Inkantolo imukela amacala abalulekile ahilela umthetho-mthetho, ukuxabana kwezinkantolo eziphansi ezindabeni ezibalulekile zezezezomthetho, noma ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Le nqubo engakhethi, elawulwa "umthetho wesine," isho ukuthi ahlulelo amane kumelwe avume ukubuzwa icala ngaphambi kokuba lihlolwe ngokuphelele. Inkantolo ye-certiari kumelwe ibonise icala elingokomthetho elihambisana nemali enkantolo.

Iphutha Lokuphetha Isiqalo

Imfundiso ye inikeza ukuguquguquka nokungaguquguquki komthetho waseMelika, okusho "ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe," ikha isisekelo sesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yokwenza. Uma inkantolo ishaya imithetho engokomthetho, ukubusa kuba yisibonelo sazo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi phakathi kwesimiso sombuso. Lesimiso sinikeza ukuguquguquka nokubikezela emthethweni waseMelika. INkantolo Ephakeme ilandela izibonelo zayo ezicathulweni eziningi kodwa ngezinye izikhathi igumbula izinqumo zangaphambili lapho izimo zithethelela ukuphuma ezinqumweni zangaphambili. Izibonelo zihlanganisa [[FLT:] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo[FLT][F3] [FLT] [5] [5] [evote] ezimweni ezihlukene, ngokwezinye izimo zezenyuko], ifuna ukuguqulwa kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho eqinile, futhi ifuna ukuguquko] izinqulu.[5] Izinqulu oluthi oluthi oluthi oluthi oluthi "ibili, ngokwezibili, izimo oluqinile, izinqu

Ukuxazulula Izingxabano Zezwe Nezimo Zezwe

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigungu seNkantolo Ephakeme igunya lokuqala ngokuphathelene nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amacala anjalo aqala ngokuqondile eNkantolo Ephakeme kunokuba aqhubekele ezinkantolo eziphansi. Inkantolo ixazulula izingxabano ngamalungelo amanzi, izingxabano zomngcele, nezinye izindaba ezihlukene. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa Kansas v. Colorado ngokuphathelene namalungelo amanzi eGribaleni lase-Arkansas nase-irthraise eNew Jersey v. ngokuqondene nemithetho yeSiQhingi se-Engizimu. INkathi yeNkathi ye-Esahlulo ixazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kukahulumeni wombuso nezwe ngalinye, ukulondoloza ukulinganisela komthetho phakathi kwezwe negunya lombuso ezindaweni ezinjengesimiso sendawo, ukuvalela ukuvalela ukuva ezindaweni ezizungezile, ukuvalela ukuva ezwe, nokuvalwa kwesizwe.

Icala Lenkantolo Eliphakeme Lathonya Umlando WaseMelika

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zawuthonya kakhulu umphakathi waseMelika ezingxenyeni eziningi zokuphila kwesizwe. Ukuqonda lamacala kukhanyisa indlela amandla eNkantolo achaza ngayo imiphumela yangempela.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

INkantolo Ephakeme yadlala kokubili indima eziqondile nezimbi emalungelweni omphakathi kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) ngokudume kakhulu yakholelwa ukuthi ama-Afrikan America ayengenakuba izakhamuzi, isinqumo kamuva esaphendulwa yizinguquko zeMpi Yomphakathi. [ekhulu lama-2010], iNkantolo yaba imoto yokuthuthukiswa kwamalungelo abantu. [[FLT:] brown v.[FLT][FLT] [56]] [196] (196]) savuma ngokuvumelana ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni ezikoleni zasemthethweni kuphula iSivikelo somthetho se-Genearderst. [F6] Isinqumo sesinqumo sesinqumo sokuvikelwa kweze-nyuko yomthetho.[19] [12]

Ukukhululeka Kwabantu Ngabo Babodwa Namalungelo Abodwa

INkantolo iye yaqaphela isivikelo somthetho-mfantu sokuvikela imfihlo yomuntu ngamunye nokuzibusa. Griswold v.Connecticut (65) yamisa ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha imfihlo emongweni wemibhangqwana eshadile ekuvimbeleni. Roe v. [[FLT][FLT][12] [73] [773]] [imikhakha]) yandisa lesi simiso sokufihla imfihlo emalungelweni okukhipha isisu, nakuba iNkantolo kamuva yasiphula leso sinqumo e-mthethweni e [[FLT:] v. Jackson's Organization’Anglet [[FLT:] Inhlangano yezempilo yezelelwa ukuba iqhubeke i-ogcomposo yocingo, futhi iphinde ikhiphe izigwebo ezingekho-mfaza, iphinde ikhiphe ikhiphe i-mgesayensi engekho yomthetho engekho yomthetho esemthethweni, iqhubeke iqhubeke iqhubeke iphinde ikhiphe izi

Umbuso Wama - compal Nezentengiselwano UClaus

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza amandla eSishaya-mthetho ngaphansi kwe-Choomer Claus ukuze ilawule umsebenzi wezezomnotho, futhi lezincazelo ziye zashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Wickard v. Filburn [192]) (i-1922) ubukhulu bezingamandla ezombangazwe okulawula ukolweni okhula ngenxa yokusetshenziswa komuntu siqu. [Amashumi eminyaka, lombono omkhulu wamazwe usekela umthetho wemithetho esukela emalungelweni omphakathi [FLT] [2] [2] owawenqabela ukucwasana kwezindawo zomphakathi ezimele imingcele yendawo ezungezile. Muva nje, [[FLT] [FLT] ingu-United States v v.[FLT] Imithetho ephakeme ye-Aspoint.[5] [inani elingaphezulu] [inani elingumbuso wombuso wombuso wombuso ophakeme] [umbuso] [umbuso onamandla athe ukusekela izinyukelelene] [unyuko] [unyunyunyu] [unyunyu] [unyu].[19

Icala Lokuqala LeNkantolo Ephakeme Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Ekhethekile

Ngalé komsebenzi wayo wokukhipha izintambo, iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa igunya lokuqala ezinhlangothini ezithile zecala. ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza igunya lokuqala leNkantolo ephethe amanxusa, ezinye izikhonzi zomphakathi kanye nalezo izikhulu zikaHulumeni ezizobe iPhakathi.. i-Judiciary Act ka-1789 kanye nomthetho olandelayo uveza ukuthi i-gudule yeNkantolo ihlanganisa izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, amacala awezinye izinduna ezithinta amanxusa, nezinye izigilathiso eziletwayo ezilethwe yizakhamuzi zamanye amazwe noma amazwe. INkantolo inegunya lokuqala elimalunga ne-10,% yechweba. Ngokuvamile lezi zihilela amalungelo abalulekile njengamanzi emazweni ogwadule asentshonalanga, imikhawulo yezwe, nezindaba zikahulumeni. INka inkantolo ehlela isikhulu esikhethekile somthetho futhi iqoqelwa umthetho omthetho.

Indlela I - Operate YeNkantolo Ephakeme Esebenza Ngayo: Inkulumo, Izinqubo, Nokwenziwa Kwesinqumo

Isigaba seNkantolo Ephakeme siqala ngoMsombuluko wokuqala ngo-October futhi ngokuvamile siqala ekupheleni kukaJune noma ekuqaleni kukaJuly. Leligama lihlukaniswa libe yizikhathi ezimbili ezishintshanayo: amasonto amabili ezimpikiswano zomlomo alandelwa amasonto amabili enkathi yokubhala nokucabangela imibono. Phakathi nezikhawu zempikiswano, iNkantolo izwa amacala amabili noma amathathu ngosuku, ngalinye lithatha ihora elilodwa lempikiswano. Uhlangothi ngalunye luthatha imizuzu engamashumi amathathu ukunikeza icala lalo, nakuba izahlulelo zivame ukuphazamisa iseluleko ngemibuzo. Ukubuza kwembula izimpikiswano zezahlulelo futhi ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuthambekela kwalo ezingxoxweni.

Inqubo Yomhlangano Neyokuvuselela Imishini

Ngemva kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, abahluleli bahlangana engqungqutheleni yangasese ukuze baxoxe futhi bavote emacaleni. Abahluleli kuphela abaya kulemihlangano, bengenazo izabelo zomthetho, izisebenzi, noma izingqwema ezibhalwe phansi. UMahluleli Omkhulu uhola ingxoxo, ufushanisa icala ngalinye futhi unikeze umbono oqinile. Umahluleli uveza imibono yabo ngokuhleleka kobudala. Ngemva kwengxoxo, abavoti ngokuphambene nomthetho owenziwe ngemithetho ephezulu, inqubo engcono kakhulu yokuvota. Lenqubo ivimbela abahluleli abakhulu ukuba bathonywe amavoti abo aphezulu. Ivoti eningi inquma umphumela, ngokubophela kwesinqumo senkantolo ephansi lapho ukwahlulela kuphinde kuthathwe noma lapho iNkathi enkantolo eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kuphela.

Ukubhala Umbono Nokungavumelani

Lapho uMahluleli oMkhulu evota neningi, banikeza amacala okubhala avumelana nomthetho. Uma uMahluleli omkhulu ephikisana nomthetho, inqubo ephetheyo yeJaji enkulu kakhulu enzisa isabelo. Izahlulelo eziyabelweyo zihlela umbono ochaza ukucabanga kweNkantolo nezimiso ezingokomthetho. Imibono ejikelezayo phakathi kwezindawo, inikeza imibono, icela izinguquko, noma isho ukuthi ziyohlanganyela embonweni. Lenqubo yokuhlela nokuxoxa ithatha amasonto noma izinyanga. Amajaji angabhala imibono evumelanayo nomphumela kodwa anikeze imibono ehlukile, noma aphikisa imibono echaza ukungavumelani kwabo. Ukuvuma imibono, nakuba ingenawo amandla angokomthetho, ngokuvamile ithonya izinkantolo zesikhathi esizayo nemfundo engokomthetho. Ukuphikisana kwezomthetho kungathatha amacala noma izinyanga.

Ubuhlobo Benkantolo Ephakeme Namagatsha

INkantolo Ephakeme isebenza phakathi kwesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuchaza ubuhlobo bayo noMkhandlu noMongameli. Nakuba iNkantolo ingakhipha umthetho njengongavumelani nomthetho, iKhomishane inethonya elikhulu ekwahluleleni ngemithetho yayo engokomthetho. UKhomishane unquma ubukhulu beNkantolo, isimo, kanye nokulawula. Nakuba iSishaya-mthetho singawushintshi ububanzi beNkantolo kusukela ngo-18669, amandla okulawula anika iSishaya-Mkhandlu igunya eliqinile. ISishaya - mthetho sibuye silawule izimali zeNkathi yeNkantolo futhi singamisa izinqumo eziqondile. UMongameli uthinta iNkantolo ngesinqumo kodwa ingenakho kulawulo oluqondile lwezokwahlulela. INkantolo ilondoloza ukuzibusa kwayo phakathi nokuphila nehholo eliyishumi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme ayinayo indlela yayo yokusebenza futhi incike egatsheni eliphetheyo ukuze isebenzise izinqumo zayo. Lokhu kuncikanisa kudala ukucindezeleka lapho umphathi ephikisana nezinqumo zeNkantolo. Kubikwa ukuthi uMongameli uAndrew Jackson usho ukuthi [Worcester v. Georgia[ [1832], "uJohn Marshall usenze isinqumo sakhe; manje makasibekezelele. UMongameli Richard Nixon ukuvumelana [[FL:2] eUnited States v.[FLT:][FLT][127]] [127]) ufune ukuba akhulule amakhase, aholele ekulahleni kwakhe izigwebo. Ukumelana kwenkantolo kuye kwenzeka kuwo wonke umlando, kusukela ekukhipheni iziyalezo ezinkantolo zika-196065 kuya ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zomthetho ezingokomthetho, kodwa kusekela ezinye iziyalo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zokuthi.

Impikiswano Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nesiqondiso SeNkantolo Ephakeme Sesikhathi Esizayo

INkantolo yanamuhla ePhakeme ibhekene nemibuzo enzima engokomthetho ephakamayo ngenxa yokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ivumelana nezimiso zezenhlalo, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe. Icala elihilela iziteshi zomphakathi livivinya izinqumo zokulinganisela zenkululeko yokukhuluma ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe. Imibuzo ephathelene nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukuzifihla kokwaziswa, nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola iphakamisa izimpikiswano ezintsha ezingokomthetho-mthetho iNkantolo okumelwe ibhekane nazo ngezimo ezikhona. Inkantolo iveza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene namalungelo okuvota, izimali zomkhankanka, inkululeko yezenkolo, kanye negunya lezenkolo.

Umphakathi Nomthetho Wezinhlangano

Izibalo zemvume yeNkantolo ePhakeme ziye zashintsha kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, ngokunwetshwa okukhudlwana kwezindawo ezihlukanisa umphakathi. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa abahluleli bamuva, ihlangene nezinqumo eziphezulu ezisemqoka ezindabeni ezihlukanisayo zezombangazwe, iye yanezela ekuboneni ukuthi iNkantolo ngokwayo iye yazinza. Ukuhlola komphakathi kubonisa ukuphelelwa kwethemba eNkantolweni ePhakemente, nakuba amaMelika ebheka lesi sikhungo ngama - renslansi amuva. Imvume yeNkantolo ixhomeke obala ekuvumeni indima yayo njengomphathi wenjongo engokomthetho. Amajaji aye akhuluma ngalezi zibophonophelo ngokugcizelela ukuvumelana kwawo ngokomthetho namasiko, nakuba izimpikiswano ngefilosofi yokwahlulela nezindlela zokuchaza indlela yokusebenza.

Izinguquko Zesayensi Nezinguquko Zezinhlangano

Iziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene zenguquko yeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zathola ukunakekela enkulumweni yasobala. Iziphakamiso zihlanganisa imingcele esemthethweni yamajaji, imithetho elawulayo, izimfuneko zokuqinisekisa ukuthi inkantolo isebenza, nokwanda kwemithetho yecala. Ukulinganisela imingcele yokubekwa kwenkathi kungadinga ukubuyiselwa komthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokuba kufezwe ngezinguquko eziye zabangela ukuma okuphezulu ngokuphumelelayo kobulungisa. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa ukhetho olusemthethweni noma ukukhethwa kwezinkantolo zawo eziphakeme, anikeze ezinye izikhombo. INkantolo yamukela iziqondiso ezingokomthetho zokuziphatha ngo-2023 ekuphenduleni imibandela yezimiso zezimiso zezimiso, nakuba inqubo yokulungisa ingafezeki ngaphandle kokuba inqubo engoko engoko engokomthetho eveza indima yeNkathiwe phakathi kwegatsha lokwahlulela kanye nobuhlobo nobunye nobunye obuphakathi kwamagatsha ohulumeni.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo KweNkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme imisa njengenhlangano ehlukanisayo ekubuseni kweMelika, isebenzisa amandla angavamile ngesinqumo esicatshangelweyo kunokuba isebenzise impoqo noma ukhetho oluthandwayo. Igunya layo lokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo, ukubukeza izenzo zomthetho nombuso, futhi ibeke isibonelo esiqinile sayo yonke inkantolo ye-gundane iyenza ibe umlondolozi wokugcina wezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo ziguqula ukuphila kwaseMelika ngezindlela eziyisisekelo, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ekuchazeni imingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Njengoba amakheli ezwe eveza izinselele zomthetho-mthetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iyaqhubeka ifeza indima yayo engokomthetho-mthetho - ngokomthetho kuyilapho ivumela ukushintsha kwezimo zomthetho-mthetho, isisekelo somthetho wemithetho nesabelayo ezidingwayo, ithonya umthetho waseMelika kanye nomphakathini ukuze kufike. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yeNkakhulu, nokubaluleka komlando kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indima yalo egabeni.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngomlando weNkantolo Ephakeme nemisebenzi, hlola ingosi yeNkantolo Ephakeme ePhakeme enikeza imibono, izimpikiswano zomlomo, nokwaziswa ngezimiso zeNkantolo. Imithombo enegunya engeziwe ihlanganisa i- [oyez Project[ i-Koliji yoMthetho eChicago-Kent, enikeza amacala acubukhali nokuqopha, kanye ne-media, ne-FFLT FL:] Figatel Judicial Center , enikeza ukwaziswa okungoko mayelana nomthetho.