Umsebenzi Wokwenza Imithetho

Isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi esisebenzayo sincike enqubweni yezimiso ezihleliwe ukuhumusha umphakathi ube umthetho ophoqelelwe. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka phakathi kwezimiso zephalamende nomongameli, izinsika eziyinhloko (i-introduuu, ukuhlola kwamakomiti, impikiswano, nokuvota) ezihlala zingaguquguquki. Le nqubo ayikona nje ukuklanyelwa ukuzimisela ukunciphisa ukwenza izinqumo, ukuyekethisa, ukudambisa, nokudalula iziphakamiso ukuze zihlolwe ngokuhluze kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuhlola ngokucophelela, ukubeka umthetho ngengozi engenziwangavumelani nomthetho okhona, noma ukungasabeli ezidiyo ezidingweni zawo ezithinta.

Indlela esukela embonweni ukuya ewumthetho ihlanganisa amagumbi amaningi (izimiso ze-bidamaral njenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, ne-Jalimane), amavoti amaningi, namathuba amaningi okushintsha. Isiteji ngasinye sisebenza njengesembozo, siqinisekisa ukuthi izicelo kuphela ngokusekela okukhulu futhi zithuthukiswe ngokwanele. Ukuqonda lesi simiso kunika izakhamuzi amandla okulandela izenzo zabameleli baso futhi kubanze balandise uma inqubo ihluleka.

Ukusuka Ekubeni Imvume Kuya Ekudluleni: Isihluthulelo Seziteji Eziningi

Isivumelwano sokukhipha umthetho simane sifakwe “eqenjini le-Bill. Noma yimuphi ummisi womthetho angasazisa isikweleti, nakuba kwamanye amazwe igatsha eliphetheyo liqala futhi umthetho. Kusukela kulomzuzu, i House of Fixences. Izakhiwo eziningi zidinga izikweleti ukuze zibe nendaba eyodwa yokuvimbela“ ukubhadula kwendlu,” lapho igebe likasheya liyimemezela phansi. Imali ithola inombolo futhi inyatheliswe. Kusukela kulomzuzu, ingena khona umbhalo womphakathi − − [1] isiciso sokukhanya. Izindawo eziningi zidinga izikweleti eyodwa ukuze zivimbele“ ukuvota,” lapho isilinganiso esingaqondani esihambisanayo sokuvota.

Impinda yezezimali. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “iso lenaliti yomthetho.” Icala libhekiselwa ekomitini elinegunya elihambisana nesihloko sayo, ngokwesibonelo, izindleko zezempilo ziya emakomitini empilo, izikweleti zentela zokuxhasa imali. Amakomiti alapho ukuphakamisa okukhulu kokuhlaziya nokulungisa kwenzeka. Babamba khona ofakazi abangochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, namaqembu okuphatha izintambo. Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti iphawula izikweleti zemali yengxoxo yezempilo ne-eposi. Izinhlelo zekhokhithi zingaba zinde lapho ukuphakamisa okukhulu kwendlela yokuhlola nokubulala kwenzeka khona. Izinhlelo zenqubo ziveza ukuqina, noma ukubulala izimemezelo zemithetho. Ikomiti ezithiwayo kuphela. “i-Ulight Collent trans trans trans transporty information traption." labo abatusa inguquko egcwele inguquko.

Isenzo. Lapho isibikiwe ekomitini, isigwebo siyaphansi kwegumbi elikhona. Imithetho elawula impikiswano iyahluka: eMzini wase-U.S., iKomiti yemithetho ihlela imingcele yesikhathi futhi i-antementing comments inganikezwa (isinqumo esithandekile” asivumeli ukuxazulula; “ukubusa okuvulekile” kuvumela abaningi). ESikhungweni, impikiswano ingenamkhawulo ngokomthetho [1] ukuyiswa kwe-filster, inqubo lapho isigebengu sibamba khona indawo ephansi ukuze sivimbele ivote kuze kube khona izintambo ezintathu ze-tentaneti (ukuxoxa). UFlo uvumela amalungu avumela ukuba avumelane, ukuchaza, ukuchaza nokushintsha kokugcina kwemithetho. (inyakaze)

Ukuhlanganisa nokudlulisela. Ngemva kwenkulumo-mphikiswano, ikhambi liyavota. Uma lidlula, liya kwelinye igumbi, lapho inqubo iphinda khona. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlula inguquko ehlukile, ikomiti yengqungquthela (noma “ukuxhumana” kwezinye izimiso) ivumelanisa ukungafani. Inguqulo yokugcina kumelwe ivunyelwe futhi ngawo womabili amagumbi ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumphathi (umholi, undunankulu, umfundisi omkhulu, noma inkosi) ukuze isayinwe noma i-eveto. Kwamanye amazwe, umphathi wenkampani angathumela isigqephu nge-andmentation; kwezinye, kungathi i-vetoodjoith.

Izinqumiso: Ubuciko Bokubuyisela Imithetho

Izinqumiso ziyingxenye yenqubo yemithetho. Zivumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba balungise amaphutha, balungise imininingwane yesimiso, bahlanganise ukwaziswa okusha, futhi bavumelane nokuhlehla. Ngaphandle kwekhono lokulungisa, amafakthe kungaqina futhi akunakwenzeka ukuqoqa izivumelwano ezidingekayo ukuze zidlule. Inqubo yokulungisa ikhona ezindaweni eziningi: ekomitini, phakathi nengxoxo yasesitezinsi, ngisho nangemva kwengxenye ehlukene (ngezikweletu ezihlukene” noma ngezenzo zobuchwepheshe).

Izinqumiso zingashintsha ulimi lwemali, isibalo, imali, noma izinqubo zokuphatha. Zihlongozwa yizishayamthetho ngazinye, amakomiti, noma ngezinye izikhathi igatsha eliphethe. Imithetho nge-]germanesion[. Ukuba khona ukunqanyulwa kwemali kumelwe kuvumelane nendaba yemali yemali, qhaza. Endluni yase-U.S., House Reals ifuna ukuba ukubuyiselwa kwesakhiwo sobuso kube yi-i - grenane, kodwa eSikhungweni, okungesona i-germane mpends zivunyelwe njalo, kuholela “iziphathi ezifaka imithetho engavumelani izivumelwano zokudluliswa kwemali (ngokuhlanganisa umthetho wendawo esendaweni ezungezile).

Izinqumo Eziphambene Nezobuchwepheshe

Izinguquko ze-sobstantive zishintsha isimiso esiyinhloko semali. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezokwelapha ungalungiswa ukuze kususwe ukhetho lomphakathi, wengeze i-rever efuna izifundazwe, noma ushintshe izimfuneko zokungaguquguquki. Lezi zinguquko ziphikisana kakhulu ngoba zisusa izithakazelo. Zinganikezwa yiqembu elikhulu ukuze kwenziwe isikweleti esivumelanayo, noma idlanzalo yokudalula amaphutha noma ukuphoqa amavoti anzima.

Izinguquko zezentengiselwano zilungisa amaphutha omlando, izilinganiso ezilungile ezi-odayo, ukuhlanganisa ulimi lwe-statory, noma ilungiselelo eliphikisanayo. Nakuba ngokuvamile kungezona i-actroversial, zibalulekile ekuqondeni okungokomthetho. Igama elilodwa elilahlekileyo emethinini lingaqala iminyaka yokuzihlela. Izinketho zobuchwepheshe eziningi zihlanganiswe phakathi “kokulungiswa kwemiklamo yensimbi” izikweleti ezidlula ngengxoxo encane.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuhleliwe Kweziphetho

Ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa umthetho, izinguquko zifeza izinjongo ezisemthethweni neziwubuqili. iphilisi elinobuthi” liklanyelwe ukwenza isibhamu singamukeleki komunye umkhakha noma kubaphathi bemali. Ngokwesibonelo, ushintsho lokuhlanganisa isimiso sempikiswano engokwemali ebhalisweni lungaphoqelela ukuvotela ngokulinganisela ngokumelene nohlelo lwemali. [[FLT:] ukuvotela kwayo kanye nokuvota ubuso. [[FLT:]]“ Keller amrendments"[ inhloso yokunqoba umlomo ngokwawo ngokuwenza ungabi naphutha. [FLT], [FFLT]

Iziphendu zingasetshenziswa futhi ekuvivinyeni amanzi . Ummisi-mthetho anganikeza inguquko ukuze ahlole ukusekela komthetho wesikhathi esizayo. Uma ukubuyiselwa kwemali kuhluleka, umxhasi uyazi ukuthi kunesisekelo sokusakhela. Uma kudlula ngokumangalisayo, bangahamba bezokwethula isikweleti esigcwele. Lendlela ivamile emakomitini lapho izigxobo ziphansi khona futhi impikiswano igxile kakhulu khona.

Elinye lamathuluzi okulungisa anamandla kakhulu yi- i-substitute elungisayo, ethatha indawo yalo lonke umbhalo wesibhaka-bhaka ngenye inguquko. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziswa yidlanzana ukuhlobisa ipulani yabo. Nakuba kuqabukela ukuba isetshenziswa uma iningi lihlangene, liphoqelela iningi ukuba livikele iqophelo lalo lokusondela.

Impikiswano: I - Enjini Yokuzimela Kwentando Yeningi

Impikiswano iguqula inqubo yomthetho ekubenila nje amavoti abe yindawo yempikiswano enengqondo. Kulapho abamisi-mthetho bechaza khona isizathu esiyisisekelo sezikhundla zabo, bebekela iziphakamiso zabaphikisi babo inselele, futhi bazinikele obala ekuzibekeleni imvume. Ezimweni ezisebenza kahle, izishaya-mthetho zifundisa kokubili abahlanganyeli nomphakathi. Ingaguqula imibono, idalule ukudayisa okufihlekile, futhi yakhe ukuvumelana okunganqamuki.

Isimo sempikiswano siyahlukahluka kakhulu. Endlu yase-U.S., impikiswano ihlelwe kahle kakhulu: iKomiti yeMiyalo ibekela abasekeli nabaphikisi imingcele yemizuzu eqondile ehlukene: i-senester ingabamba indawo ngokukhuluma njalo, ngezinye izikhathi usuku, ukuhlehlisa noma ukuvimbela ukuvota.

Indlela Impikiswano Eshintsha Ngayo Imiphumela

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa amandla empikiswano. Phakathi nomthetho ka-1964 we-Civil Rights Act, i-Sentator Strom Thurmond yamelana nesivumelwano samahora angu-24. Nakuba inkulumo yakhe ingawuqedanga umthetho, yashukumisa ukunaka komphakathi futhi yaphoqelela izikhundla zomphakathi ukuba zithonye ivoti yokugcina. Ubude benkulumo futhi bavumela isikhathi sokuxoxa okwaholela ekulungiseni izinqumo, kuhlanganise nokufakwa kwesihloko se-VII (isivikelo semisebenzi).

Muva nje, impikiswano ye-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ngo-2009-2010 ihilela izinyanga zokuchotshelwa kwamakomiti, izinkulumo zaphansi, namahholo asemadolobheni akhiwe ngethelevishini. Impikiswano enzima yaholela ezinguqulweni eziphawulekayo . njengokuyeka ukukhetha komphakathi nokunezela “intela ye-Cadillac” ngokuhlela okuphezulu . Ukuqinisekisa ukuvota okudingekile. Nakuba le nqubo yayinencithanekile, ukuqonda komphakathi ngezimiso zempilo kwakhula, futhi eziningi zezinhlelo zomthetho zathuthukiswa ngemijikelezo ephindaphindiwe.

Impikiswano futhi ifeza umsebenzi [[QUL:0] odluliselwayo. Abenzi bomthetho bamelela izigodi zabo nezifunda-zwe, futhi impikiswano ivumela ukuba bakhulumele imibuso yabo. Ngisho noma isigwebo sinqunywa ukudlula noma sibhuntsha, isenzo sokukhuluma embhalweni siveza isikhundla abavoti abangasihlola ekukhetheni okulandelayo. Le sinqumo siyitshena lentando yeningi yabameleli.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwenqubo Yanamuhla Yomthetho

Izinzuzo ezicatshangelwayo zokulungisa nokuphikisana zivame ukuncishiswa izithiyo ezisebenzayo. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, izishaya-mthetho emhlabeni wonke ziye zabhekana nokwanda partisan , okunciphisa ukuzimisela ukuyekethisa nokukhuphula amasu okuvimbela umthetho. ISishaya-mthetho sase-U.S. ikakhulukazi kuye kwabonakala ukwanda okuphawulekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-incroberster kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho evaliwe eNdlungwini, kunciphisa ithuba lokusetshenziswa kwe-asesiteji.

Enye inselele yithonya lezithakazelo ezikhethekile. Izigwegwe zivame ukubuthwa abangenisi futhi zinikezwe yizishayamthetho ezinozwela. Nakuba ukunxusa ngokwako kuyinkulumo evikelekile, ukungalingani kwemithombo yezemboni ezithuthukisiwe nakumaqembu athathiwe kakhulu asiza umphakathi angasisusa inqubo yokulungisa. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa okuxhaswa yizisebenzi ezinkulu zenkampani kuvame ukumukelwa, ikakhulukazi emakomitini lapho ukunakekela komphakathi kuphansi.

Izithiyo zesikhathi nazo zilulaza ukucubungula. Ngokuqinisa amakhalenda omthetho kanye nezikweleti eziningi ezisebenzayo, izimpikiswano zivame ukungabi nanjongo. Ezimisweni eziningi zephalamende, isikhathi sokuphikisana sabelwa uhulumeni, esinganciphisa isikhathi sokuphikisa. Ukukhipha izikweleti ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngokukhulukazi amaphakethe amakhulu anjenge-omnibus achitha izikweletu ." Lokhu “kuhlola ngokucophelela ukuphethwa kwemibhobho enziwayo” kushiya igumbi elincane lokuhlola ngokucophelela okuklanyelwe inqubo.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Nemiphumela Yako

Ukuhlahlela ububanzi bezindawo kuye kwalungisa indima yokulungisa nokuphikisana. Ezimweni ezihlukene kakhulu, ukulungisa akuvamile ukusetshenziswa ukuguqula ukuyekethisa futhi kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuveza amaphuzu ezombangazwe. Icebo elivamile yilelo “ i-arama” enqubeni yemali e-U.S. inqubo yohlelo lwemali yegelethi, lapho kunikezwa khona iziphendulo eziningi ezingathanga ze-germanet, kuphoqelelwa ukuba kuthathe izikhundla ezinzima zezombangazwe. Lezi zi-antemplate this zidlula ngokuqaqayo, kodwa ziyabhalwa futhi zingasetshenziswa ekukhankanyeni.

Ukuhlaziywa futhi kukhuthaza ukuvinjelwa kwe-procebral. I-filbuster, eyake yagcinelwa izimpikiswano zezimiso eziphakeme, manje isetshenziselwa ukuvala noma yimuphi umthetho ophikisayo. KuKhomishana ye 113th (2010-2015), engaphezu kuka-200 ukuthatha ijubane lokugoba kwabekwa [ku-"i-intshingx")] kusuka ku-16 kuphela kuma-1960. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekubeni imfuneko yokungavumelani kwezikwenzisi eziyinhloko eziningi, inciphisa ikhono lezinto eziyinhloko zokudlulisa umthetho futhi ngaleyondlela inciphelise inani lokunga phansi, njengoba noma ikuphi ukubuyiselwa kumelwe kuqhubeke usongo lwe-pixpost.

Ezinye izinguquko ziye zahlongozwa ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga. ushintsho oluzenzekelayo lwe-astere , uvuko ‘ lohlelo olungokomthetho” (lapho izikweleti zidlula khona phakathi kwekomiti engaphansi kanye nokuvikelwa kwemithetho yekomiti ngaphambi kwesenzo sephansi), futhi uhlongoze amalungiselelo [[ lawomandla amandla okubuyisela imvume nenkulumo-mendicio-endice-debatice. Nokho, noma iziphi izinguquko kumelwe zihambe phambili izithiyo zezombangazwe ezifuna ukuxazulula.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kokwenza Umthetho Ongaqondakali

Inqubo yomthetho, kanye nokulungisa kwayo nezimpikiswano, ihlala iyinhlangano ebalulekile yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Nakuba izinselele zanamuhla `ukulawula idemokrasi, izithakazelo ezikhethekile, ukucindezela kwesikhathi − kuye kwaphazamisa umsebenzi wayo ohlongozwayo, umqondo oyisisekelo uyaqhubeka: ukuthi imithetho ingcono uma ivivinywa ukugxekwa, ilungiswe ngokulungisa, futhi ithethelelwe ngempikiswano yomphakathi. Lenqubo inciphisa ukwenza izinqumo, kodwa lelo jubane liyisici esivelele, hhayi isiphazamiso. Ivimbela ukushesha, imithetho engafanele kanye namandla okusekela ukwakhiwa kwemifelandawo esekelwe ekukhohliseni kunokuba kusekelwe empendweni kuphela.

Kubantu besizwe, ukuqonda lenqubo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiholela ekuthembiseni okunenjongo. Ngokulandela ukuqulwa kwezindaba zekomiti, ukulandelela ukuhlelwa kwemikhondo, nokubukela izimpikiswano zaphansi (ngokuvamile zikhona kumawebhusayithi ombuso anjenge Conret. Gov[[] noma IPhalamende lemithetho [[[FLT:]]] [FLT]]] [FLT]]] [FLT]]] [ayibekeze]), abameleli bangabona ngokunembile indlela abameleli babo abasebenza futhi bakhulume ngayo. Advocycy , amaqembu angenza i-[FLT:] Bnan [[FLT] noma inqubo yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owembuyisekayo] futhi avule inqubo yemithetho ewudingayo.[FLT: [FT] [FT] [FT]] [FT] [F:7]]