Okwenza Inkantolo Ibeke Izindaba

Uma othile emangalelwa, emangalelwa ngobugebengu, noma edinga ukuxazulula impikiswano, umbuzo wokuqala uvamile: iyiphi inkantolo elalela icala? Impendulo ixhomeke ekutheni indaba ihilela umthetho kazwelonke, umthetho wezwe, noma kokubili. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso akuwona nje owemimeli kuphela [1] kuyindaba yanoma ubani ongase adinge ukuphoqelela isivumelwano, ukubekela umthetho, noma ukuvikela isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho.

I-United States inesimiso senkantolo ezimbili, okusho izakhiwo zokwahlulela ezimbili ezihlukene futhi ezizimele kakhulu zisebenza ngapha nangapha. Isimiso ngasinye sinegunya laso, izinqubo, nezinhlobo zezimo esingazizwa. Lesi sihloko sichaza imithwalo yemfanelo yezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso ngolimi olucacile, iqokomise amacala lapho angadlula futhi anikeze isiqondiso esisebenzayo sokuhamba nazo zombili izimiso.

Izakhiwo ZeNkantolo Yesizwe

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zithola igunya lazo eSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ziklanyelwe ukusingatha amacala ahilela uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, nezingxabano phakathi kwezizwe noma phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene. Lesimiso sihlelwa saba amazinga amathathu ayinhloko:

Izinkantolo Zecala: Izinkantolo Zesigodi ZaseU.S.

Kunezigodi zokwahlulela ezingu-94 zikahulumeni, ngayinye eneNkantolo Yesigodi yase-U.S. Lena izinkantolo zamacala lapho aqala khona amacala. Umahluleli oyedwa uqondisa imicimbi eminingi, nakuba amanye amacala engase ahlanganise ijaji lejaji. Izinkantolo zesifunda zikaFederal zisingatha kokubili izindaba zomphakathi nezezebugebengu, kodwa yilezo kuphela eziwela eziphethe izikhulu zikahulumeni. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ubugebengu bamacala angaphezulu njengokuphanga ibhange, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa ezingxenyeni zikahulumeni, ukukhwabanisa kocingo, nokuphulwa kwezindawo zokufuduka.
  • Amacala e- aveza ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokukhwabanisa ngeziqinisekiso, ukunqabela ukuthembeka, izimpikiswano zomgunyathi nokugunyaza, kanye nokumangalela izinhlangano zikahulumeni.
  • Izehlakalo lapho amaqembu eyizakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene nenani eliphikisanayo lidlula u-R250.00.

Izinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala E - United States: Izinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala

IziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Icala zase-U.S. zibukeza izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda esifundeni sazo. Azinamacala amasha noma zilalele ubufakazi obusha; kunalokho, iziphakamiso zamajaji amathathu zicabangela ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka yini phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. IziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala zifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuchazwa okufanayo komthetho kahulumeni kulo lonke izwe.

INkantolo Ephakeme Yase - United States

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esimisweni sikahulumeni inamajaji abayisishiyagalolunye abezwa izikhalo ezivela eNkantolo Yamacala Amacala, futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, ezinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni lapho kuhileleke umbuzo womthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni. INkantolo ikhetha amacala acishe abe ngu - 100 -50 kuphela ngonyaka ezivumelweni ezingaphezu kuka - 7 000, igxile ezindabeni zokubaluleka kwesizwe noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zafinyelela khona izinqumo eziphikisanayo.

Funda okwengeziwe ngesakhiwo senkantolo kahulumeni ezindaweni zomphakathi.gov.

Izimiso Zezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Ngalinye lamazwe angu-50, kanye nesifunda sase-Columbia nase-U.S., lisebenzisa isimiso salo esizimele senkantolo. Nakuba kunezindlela ezihlukene, izimiso eziningi zikahulumeni zilandela isakhiwo esinemithathu:

Izinkantolo Zecala (Ezibizwa Ngokuthi Ziphakeme, Izigodi, Noma Izinkantolo Zesigodi)

Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwamacala zikahulumeni zingamahhashi asebenzayo ejaji laseMelika. Asingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise:

  • Icala lomthetho wesimo [ ukusuka kumaphutha kuya emacaleni angathi sína njengokubulala, ukuphanga, nokuhlasela.
  • [ umthetho womkhaya [ njengezehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, kanye nobudlova basekhaya.
  • [[UMTH:0] shosho izinto[[[QUL:1] kuhlanganise nefadi, izakhiwo, imikhumbi eqaphile, kanye nokwethenjwa.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izimpikiswano ezibangela ukulimala [, ukulimaza komuntu siqu (amathoyi), izingxabano zangempela zempahla, kanye nezimo ezithatha indawo.
  • Ubuhlongandlebe namacala okuncika.

Izigodi eziningi futhi zinamankantolo akhethekile amacala okuphulwa kwezimoto, izindaba ezincane, noma izindawo zokuhlala.

Izinkantolo Zokudlulisa Izikhalo ZoMbuso

Izifundazwe ezingaba ngu-40 zinenkantolo ephakathi ehlola izinqumo zenkantolo. Ezifundazweni ezingenalo lelizinga, ukunxusa kuya ngqo enkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni. Abahluleli abahlolwa bahlola umlando ngamaphutha angokomthetho kodwa ababuhloli ubufakazi obuphinde bahlolwe.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme ZoMbuso

Isifundazwe ngasinye sinenkantolo yokugcina eyisiphendu, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme (iTexas neOklahoma inezinkantolo ezihlukene zokudlulisa izikhalo zomphakathi nezezigebengu). Lezinkantolo zisingatha izikhalo zokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho kahulumeni futhi zichaze umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Ezizweni eziningi, inkantolo ephakeme yengamela imingcele yesifundazwe futhi ilawula ukuziphatha kwabameli.

[ Izinkundla zenkantolo yesifundazwe eNational Center for State Courts.

Icala: Lokho Inkantolo Nganye Engakuzwa

Icala liyigama elingokomthetho lenkantolo i’ amandla okuzwa icala. Izinkantolo ze-Federal ziyizinkantolo zegunya elilinganiselwe [, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizinkantolo zegunya [. Lomehluko uyisisekelo.

Isinqumo Semibuzo KaFederal

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokuqala emacaleni aqulwa ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., imithetho kahulumeni, noma izivumelwano. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukulawulwa kwemibuzo kahulumeni. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Kuthiwa ngaphansi koMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu (42 U.S.C. . . . 1983).
  • Amacala e - bankiruptic (ahlanganisa ukubusa kukahulumeni).
  • Icala elingenamdlandla nelingenamgunyathi liphazamisa ukumangalelwa.
  • Izindaba ezihilela imithetho kahulumeni yendawo ezungezile njengoMthetho Ohlanzekile Wamanzi.

Ukulahlwa Okuhlukahlukene

Ngisho noma icala lisekelwe emthethweni kahulumeni, inkantolo yesifundazwe ingalizwa uma amaqembu eyizakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene (izinhlobonhlobo eziphelele) nesilinganiso sempikiswano sidlula u-R35 000. Lomthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi izithakazeli zemali zangaphandle zesifundazwe aziphathwa ngokungafanele enkantolo yendawo. Nokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyosebenzisa umthetho ongokwesimo ongokwezwe i̱ umthetho ongaphansi kwemfundiso ye-Erie.

Concirect Juriction

Ezinye izindaba ziwumbuso kuphela, njengalokho kuwiswa kwamalungelo emali, umthetho osemthethweni, namacala amelene nohulumeni wase-U.S. ngaphansi komthetho we-Federal Tort Antiess Act. Ngokufanayo, umthetho womkhaya, iprobate, kanye nezindaba zobugebengu zikahulumeni zizimele. Kodwa izindaba eziningi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilela kokubili iziphakamiso zikahulumeni nombuso, ziwela ngaphansi kombuso [ [[FLT]] isho ukuthi i-pastff ingakhetha ukuhlanganisa amafayili enkantolo yombuso noma yesifundazwe.

Indlela Imisebenzi Yokusola Umbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhulu lokulalela noma iliphi icala elingagcinelwanga izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa cishe zonke izimpikiswano eziphakama phakathi kwemingcele kahulumeni i̱. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zichaza imithetho yombuso, imithetho yombuso, nomthetho-mthetho kazwe. Zifaka futhi umthetho wezimiso ezivamile.

Ukwehluka Okuyinhloko Ezimweni Zasenkantolo

Nakuba zombili lezi zimiso zenkantolo zilandela izici ezifanayo (isib., ukuncenga, ukuthola, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukudluliswa kwecala), kunomehluko ophawulekayo:

Imithetho Engokwesayensi

Izinkantolo zikaFederal zisebenza ngaphansi kweMithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Procediture, i-Federal Rules of Criminal Procedeure, kanye neMithetho ye-Federal of Ubufakazi. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zinemithetho yazo efanayo, ehluka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zilandela i-̴ i-Platice i-” indinga efanayo nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuyilapho ezinye zidinga imininingwane eminingi kakhulu i-#820; ukunxusa. ”

Ukuvivinywa Kwejury

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala labahluleli likhona kuzo zombili izimiso zecala lomphakathi nelobugebengu, kodwa ubukhulu bejaji nesinqumo esidingekayo kungahluka. Izikhulu zomphakathi ngokuvamile zinamalungu ayisithupha kuya ku-12 futhi kumelwe zivumela izinqumo ezingu-5/6 ezicatshangelweni zomphakathi.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Esimisweni sikahulumeni, izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ziya eNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-U.S., bese ziya eNkantolo Ephakeme (nge-ceretari). Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, lendlela ingahlanganisa inkantolo ephakathi futhi inkantolo ephakeme. Uma kuhileleke indaba yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke, iqembu lingase linxuse iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu yase-U.S. ukuze libukeze isinqumo senkantolo ephakeme yezwe i-̱ izinqumo.

Lapho Izindaba Ziya Ngemuva Kwezimiso

Ngezinye izikhathi abamangaleli bazama ukuthutha icala kusuka kuzwe ukuya enkantolo kahulumeni, noma kusuka kweyaku-Australia. Ukuqonda uma kungenzeka kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingokomthetho.

Ukubuyiselwa ENkantolo Yesifunda

Ummangalelwa omangalelwe enkantolo yesifundazwe angase asuse icala enkantolo yesifunda uma ummangalelwa wayengalifaka lapho ekuqaleni. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka emacaleni ahlukene noma emacaleni ahilela icala likahulumeni. Ukususwa kumelwe kube okufike ngesikhathi, futhi bonke abamangalelwa kumelwe bavume. Uma sebesusiwe, inkantolo kahulumeni isebenzisa imithetho yayo siqu.

Ukuzigcina Nokusebenza

Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zikaFederal ziyenqaba ukuzwa amacala ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile yomthetho kahulumeni noma izenzakalo zikahulumeni eziqhubekayo, ngaphansi kwezimfundiso ezinjenge insizwa ibambe noma . i-Prompman [ ukubopha. Lezimfundiso zihlonipha indima yezinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi zigwema ukungezwani okungadingekile phakathi kwezimiso ezimbili.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwemibuzo

Lapho inkantolo kahulumeni ibhekana nempikiswano exazululiwe yomthetho kahulumeni, ingase iqinisekise lombuzo enkantolo ephakeme yesifundazwe ukuze ithole impendulo eqinisekile.

Ukukhethwa Kwemithetho

Indlela yokukhetha abahluleli ihluke kakhulu phakathi kwezimiso, ezingathinta indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo.

AbaHluleli Abazimele

ISiphakamiso III samajaji sikhethwa nguMongameli futhi siqinisekiswa yiSigele. Basebenza ekumiseni izivumelwano zesikhathi eside, ezisuswayo kuphela ngokunganaki. Lokhu kuzimela kuhloselwe ukuvikela ukwenza izahlulelo ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

AbaHluleli Bezwe

Abahluleli bamazwe bafinyelela ibhentshi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: ukhetho oluhlukanisayo noma olungayi ngxenye, ukumiswa umbusi, noma ukukhethwa (isib. iMissouri Plan). Amagama asukela eminyakeni embalwa kuya ekuphileni, futhi amazwe amaningi adinga ukuba kukhethwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngezinye izikhathi ukhetho lugxekwa ngokubangela ukucindezela kokwamukelwa kombono othandwayo ngezimiso zomthetho.

Funda ngokukhethwa kwezwe e-American Bar Association.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zezakhamuzi Nezamabhizinisi

Ukwazi ukuthi isiphi isimiso senkantolo esingasebenza kungathonya yonke into kusukela lapho ufaka khona icala ukuze ubone ukuthi leli cala lihamba ngokushesha kangakanani. Cabangela lezi zimo:

Amabhizinisi Amancane Nezingxabano Ezikhona

Ibhizinisi elithengisela amakhasimende ezifundazwe eziningi lingase likhethe inkantolo kahulumeni ukuze lithole isivumelwano uma imali ingaphezu kuka - R250 000 futhi izikhungo zihlukene.

Imithetho Yomuntu Siqu Elimazayo

Izingozi eziningi ezithi zibangelwa umthetho kahulumeni futhi zifakwa enkantolo kahulumeni. Nokho, uma ummangalelwa eyinhlangano kahulumeni noma inkampani evela kwesinye isifundazwe, kungasuswa. I-Plaintiffs ̱ abameli ngokuvamile bakhetha inkantolo yezwe ngenxa yezinzuzo ze-proceda, njengamachibi angcono kakhulu amajaji noma imithetho yobufakazi.

Ukuvikela Kwezigebengu

Abamangalelwa becala kumelwe bazi ukuthi yimuphi uhulumeni obamangalelayo. Ubugebengu bukahulumeni (umz., ukweba imoto) busingathwa enkantolo yombuso. Ubugebengu bukahulumeni (umz., ukwebiwa kwezimoto) busingathwa enkantolo kahulumeni, lapho iziqondiso zokugwema zivame ukuba lukhuni khona. Ezinye izenzo, njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, zingabekwa icala kuzo zombili izimiso ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni nohulumeni bahlukene.

Imvelaphi Nesizinda Esingokomlando

Isimiso senkantolo ezimbili sisekelwe ekwakheni kukahulumeni kahulumeni wase-U.S. AbaseFramers babefuna ukwakha uhulumeni wesizwe olinganiselwe, onezikhundla ezihlukene kuyilapho begcina iziphathimandla eziningi ezindaweni. UMthetho weSigqi sango-1789 wamisa izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni futhi wachaza imingcele yokulawula kukahulumeni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMkhandlu uye wanezela ekwakheni umbuso, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengezindawo ezinamalungelo omphakathi, umthetho wendawo, nezentengiselwano yezwe.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuphambene, zavela enkantolo evamile yamaNgisi nasezinkantolo zamakoloni, bezilokhu ziyinhloko yokuxazulula izingxabano ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Imibono Evamile Eyiphutha

  1. “ INkantolo Ephakeme ingalalela noma iliphi icala. ̵ Amanga. INkantolo Ephakeme inemingcele elinganiselwe yokuqala (umz., izimpikiswano phakathi kwezimo) kanye nokulawula okungaqondisi.
  2. “ izinkantolo zeFederal zingcono njalo. ̵[ Akunjalo. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zingajwayelana kakhulu nomthetho wendawo nemikhuba, futhi ukufakwa enkantolo yombuso ngokuvamile kulula futhi kuyabiza kancane.
  3. “ Uma ulahlekelwa enkantolo yesifundazwe, ungaqala enkantolo kahulumeni. ̵ ngokuvamile ingamanga. Imfundiso ye-res jucata (i-paintspreclusion) ivimbela ukubekwa kabusha kwesinqumo esifanayo. Izinkantolo zesifunda ngeke ziphinde zizwe icala elibekwe ngokuphelele enkantolo yombuso ngaphandle kokuba isaziso esithile sikahulumeni singaphakanyisiwe.

Indlela Yokuthola Lapho Ungafaka Khona Ihele

Uma ucabangela ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho, landela lezi zinyathelo:

  • Ingabe kusekelwe emthethweni kahulumeni, eMthethweni, noma emthethweni kahulumeni?
  • Hlola inani lemali ehilelekile. Ukuze ulawule izinhlobonhlobo, qinisekisa ukuthi ingaphezu kuka - R250 000.
  • Ingabe bonke abamangalelwa bavela ezifundeni ezihlukene kunabo bonke abamangalelwa?
  • Cabangela ukuthi ikhona yini imibandela ekhethekile ewuhulumeni enjengokuwa kwamalungelo abantu noma umthetho ogunyaziwe.
  • Xoxa nommeli ojwayelene nazo zombili lezi zimiso; isinqumo singathinta imithetho ehleliwe, izinombolo zezikhathi, namathuba okuphumelela.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso ziklanyelwe ukuba zihlangane, ngazinye ukusingatha izinhlobo zamacala eziwafanele kakhulu. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha izindaba zokukhathazeka kwesizwe nezimpikiswano ezinqamule imikhawulo kahulumeni, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho ezithinta abantu i̱ ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda ukuthi yiliphi inkantolo elinegunya, uma amacala angashukunyiswa, nokuthi inqubo ehlukene inikeza kanjani izithathi-mza neziluleko zazo inzuzo enzima. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumnini webhizinisi ofaka izivumelwano zomthetho, isakhamuzi esisingatha izindaba zomkhaya, noma umuntu obhekenezomthetho, ukwazi umehluko phakathi kwezinkantolo zombuso nohulumeni, kungakusiza ukuba uqondise isimiso somthetho esingokomthetho ngokuphumelelayo.